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1. Factors associated with body weight gain and insulin-resistance: a longitudinal study

Author: Carola Buscemi, Cristiana Randazzo, Anna Maria Barile, Simona Bo, Valentina Ponzo, Rosalia Caldarella, Alexis Elias Malavazos, Roberta Caruso, Piero Colombrita, Martina Lombardo, and Silvio Buscemi
Subjects: Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627
Abstract: Abstract Background Obesity is the result of energy intake (EI) chronically exceeding energy expenditure. However, the potential metabolic factors, including insulin resistance, remain unclear. This study longitudinally investigated factors associated with changes in body weight. Subjects A cohort of 707 adults without diabetes were investigated at the 4-year follow-up visit. The habitual intake of energy and macronutrients during the past 12 months was assessed using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire for the local population. Homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used as a surrogate measure of insulin resistance. Additionally, PNPLA3 was genotyped. Results Eighty-seven participants were weight gainers (G; cutoff value = 5 kg), and 620 were non-gainers (NG). Initial anthropometric (G vs. NG: age, 44 ± 13 vs 51 ± 13 years, P
Published: 2024
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2. Association of C-reactive protein with histological, elastographic, and sonographic indices of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals with severe obesity

Author: Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Simona Bo, Mitra Abbasifard, Thozhukat Sathyapalan, Ali Jangjoo, Seyed Adel Moallem, Wael Almahmeed, Sorour Ashari, Thomas P. Johnston, and Amirhossein Sahebkar
Subjects: Fatty liver, Steatohepatitis, Liver fibrosis, Biopsy, Elastography, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Keypoints Obesity and NAFLD/NASH are commonly accompanied by inflammation. We tested if serum hs-CRP is associated with indices of NAFLD/NASH and liver fibrosis in morbidly obese patients. hs-CRP was significantly associated with any degree of histologically diagnosed liver damage.
Published: 2023
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3. Mycobiota composition and changes across pregnancy in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

Author: Ilario Ferrocino, Valentina Ponzo, Marianna Pellegrini, Ilaria Goitre, Matteo Papurello, Irene Franciosa, Chiara D’Eusebio, Ezio Ghigo, Luca Cocolin, and Simona Bo
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract The gut mycobiota has never been studied either during pregnancy or in patients with gestational diabetes (GDM). This study aimed to analyze the fecal mycobiota of GDM patients during the second (T2) and third (T3) trimester of pregnancy and to compare it with the mycobiota of pregnant normoglycemic women (controls). Forty-one GDM patients and 121 normoglycemic women were studied. GDM mycobiota was composed almost exclusively by the Ascomycota phylum; Basidiomicota accounted for 43% of the relative frequency of the controls. Kluyveromyces (p
Published: 2022
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4. Development and validation of a scoring system for pre-surgical and early post-surgical prediction of bariatric surgery unsuccess at 2 years

Author: Fabio Bioletto, Marianna Pellegrini, Chiara D’Eusebio, Stefano Boschetti, Farnaz Rahimi, Antonella De Francesco, Simone Arolfo, Mauro Toppino, Mario Morino, Ezio Ghigo, and Simona Bo
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective treatment for morbid obesity. However, a simple and easy-to-use tool for the prediction of BS unsuccess is still lacking. Baseline and follow-up data from 300 consecutive patients who underwent BS were retrospectively collected. Supervised regression and machine-learning techniques were used for model development, in which BS unsuccess at 2 years was defined as a percentage of excess-weight-loss (%EWL)
Published: 2021
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5. Compositional Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Rose Flowers and Their Effect on Phenolic Urinary Excretion

Author: Andrea Devecchi, Sonia Demasi, Francesca Saba, Rosalba Rosato, Roberto Gambino, Valentina Ponzo, Antonella De Francesco, Paola Massarenti, Simona Bo, and Valentina Scariot
Subjects: anthocyanins, bioactive compounds, edible flowers, human study, polyphenols, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract: Petals of edible flowers (EF) are rich in biologically active compounds with many proven benefits for human health. However, studies on the effects of EF in humans after consumption are lacking. This pilot explorative study evaluated the changes in urinary phenolic excretion in healthy volunteers to whom different doses of phenolics from edible roses (Gourmet Roses™) have been added to a meal. Rose petals were picked fresh once a week for three weeks, showing significantly increasing values of total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity (measured as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and as DPPH • and ABTS •+ scavenging activities) from the first to the third week. After the meal, direct associations between urinary phenolics and both the EF phenolic content and the antioxidant activity were found in a multiple regression model. These new insights on EF consumption, to be confirmed by larger trials, suggest that the urinary phenolic excretion of healthy volunteers increases with increasing rose phenolic content.
Published: 2021
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6. Effects of statins on mitochondrial pathways

Author: Hamid Mollazadeh, Erfan Tavana, Giovanni Fanni, Simona Bo, Maciej Banach, Matteo Pirro, Stephan vonHaehling, Tannaz Jamialahmadi, and Amirhossein Sahebkar
Subjects: Statin, Myopathy, SAMS, Mitochondria, Apoptosis, Coenzyme Q10, Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, RC925-935, Human anatomy, QM1-695
Abstract: Abstract Statins are a family of drugs that are used for treating hyperlipidaemia with a recognized capacity to prevent cardiovascular disease events. They inhibit β‐hydroxy β‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase, i.e. the rate‐limiting enzyme in mevalonate pathway, reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and increase low‐density lipoprotein clearance by promoting low‐density lipoprotein receptor expression mainly in the hepatocytes. Statins have pleiotropic effects including stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, immunomodulation, anti‐inflammatory properties, improvement of endothelial function, antioxidant, and anti‐thrombotic action. Despite all beneficial effects, statins may elicit adverse reactions such as myopathy. Studies have shown that mitochondria play an important role in statin‐induced myopathies. In this review, we aim to report the mechanisms of action of statins on mitochondrial function. Results have shown that statins have several effects on mitochondria including reduction of coenzyme Q10 level, inhibition of respiratory chain complexes, induction of mitochondrial apoptosis, dysregulation of Ca2+ metabolism, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐2 expression. The use of statins has been associated with the onset of additional pathological conditions like diabetes and dementia as a result of interference with mitochondrial pathways by various mechanisms, such as reduction in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increase in oxidative stress, decrease in uncoupling protein 3 concentration, and interference in amyloid‐β metabolism. Overall, data reported in this review suggest that statins may have major effects on mitochondrial function, and some of their adverse effects might be mediated through mitochondrial pathways.
Published: 2021
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7. Is HDL cholesterol protective in patients with type 2 diabetes? A retrospective population-based cohort study

Author: Giovanni Fanni, Rosalba Rosato, Luigi Gentile, Matteo Anselmino, Simone Frea, Valentina Ponzo, Marianna Pellegrini, Fabio Broglio, Francesca Pivari, Gaetano Maria De Ferrari, Ezio Ghigo, and Simona Bo
Subjects: High-density lipoprotein, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Infectious diseases, Mortality, Medicine
Abstract: Abstract Background The protective role of high HDL cholesterol levels against cardiovascular diseases has been recently questioned. Limited data are available on this specific topic in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to evaluate the association of HDL cholesterol concentrations with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a historical cohort of T2DM patients with 14 years of follow-up. Methods This is a retrospective population-based cohort study involving 2113 T2DM patients attending the Diabetic Clinic of Asti. Survival analyses were performed to assess hazard ratios for overall and specific-cause mortality by HDL cholesterol tertiles, using the middle HDL cholesterol tertile as a reference. Results The mean age was 66 ± 11 years; 51.4% of patients had low HDL-cholesterol levels. After a 14-year follow-up, 973/2112 patients had died (46.1%). The HDL cholesterol tertile cut-off points were 37.5 and 47.5 mg/dL (males) and 41.5 and 52.0 mg/dL (females). No associations between lower and upper HDL cholesterol tertiles respectively and all-cause (HR = 1.12; 95% CI 0.96–1.32; HR = 1.11; 0.95–1.30), cardiovascular (HR = 0.97; 0.77–1.23; HR = 0.94; 0.75–1.18) or cancer (HR = 0.92; 0.67–1.25; HR = 0.89; 0.66–1.21) mortality were found. A significantly increased risk for infectious disease death was found both in the lower (HR = 2.62; 1.44–4.74) and the upper HDL-cholesterol tertiles (HR = 2.05; 1.09–3.85) when compared to the reference. Individuals in the upper tertile showed an increased risk for mortality due to diabetes-related causes (HR = 1.87; 1.10–3.15). Conclusions Our results corroborate the hypothesis that HDL cholesterol levels are nonprotective in T2DM patients. The U-shaped association between HDL-cholesterol levels and mortality associated with infectious diseases should be verified by further studies.
Published: 2020
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8. Critical evaluation of the questionnaires assessing adherence to the Mediterranean diet that are based on servings

Author: Martina Chiriacò, Claudio Tubili, Simona Bo, Mario Parillo, Claudia Vetrani, Arianna Mazzotti, Danila Pistis, Giuseppe Marelli, Ilenia Grandone, and Andrea Natali
Subjects: Nutrition and Dietetics, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Medicine (miscellaneous), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Published: 2023
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9. Strategies to Reduce Acrylamide Formation During Food Processing Focusing on Cereals, Children and Toddler Consumption: A Review

Author: Francesco Pesce, Valentina Ponzo, Davide Mazzitelli, Paolo Varetto, Simona Bo, and I. Sam Saguy
Subjects: General Chemical Engineering, Food Science
Published: 2023
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10. Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Author: Iolanda Cioffi, Andrea Evangelista, Valentina Ponzo, Giovannino Ciccone, Laura Soldati, Lidia Santarpia, Franco Contaldo, Fabrizio Pasanisi, Ezio Ghigo, and Simona Bo
Subjects: Continuous energy restriction, Intermittent energy restriction, Fasting glucose, Triglycerides, Weight loss, Medicine
Abstract: Abstract Background This systematic review and meta-analysis summarized the most recent evidence on the efficacy of intermittent energy restriction (IER) versus continuous energy restriction on weight-loss, body composition, blood pressure and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods Randomized controlled trials were systematically searched from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, TRIP databases, EMBASE and CINAHL until May 2018. Effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Eleven trials were included (duration range 8–24 weeks). All selected intermittent regimens provided ≤ 25% of daily energy needs on “fast” days but differed for type of regimen (5:2 or other regimens) and/or dietary instructions given on the “feed” days (ad libitum energy versus balanced energy consumption). The intermittent approach determined a comparable weight-loss (WMD: − 0.61 kg; 95% CI − 1.70 to 0.47; p = 0.87) or percent weight loss (WMD: − 0.38%, − 1.16 to 0.40; p = 0.34) when compared to the continuous approach. A slight reduction in fasting insulin concentrations was evident with IER regimens (WMD = − 0.89 µU/mL; − 1.56 to − 0.22; p = 0.009), but the clinical relevance of this result is uncertain. No between-arms differences in the other variables were found. Conclusions Both intermittent and continuous energy restriction achieved a comparable effect in promoting weight-loss and metabolic improvements. Long-term trials are needed to draw definitive conclusions.
Published: 2018
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11. Associations between Pre-Bariatric High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Post-Surgery Outcomes

Author: Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Mohsen Nematy, Simona Bo, Valentina Ponzo, Ali Jangjoo, Ladan Goshayeshi, Aida Tasbandi, Nikita G. Nikiforov, and Amirhossein Sahebkar
Subjects: inflammation, bariatric surgery, steatohepatitis, fatty liver disease, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Background: Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with increased circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Bariatric surgery has been reported to be effective in improving both inflammatory and liver status. Our aims were to elucidate the relationships between pre-surgery high sensitivity-CRP (hs-CRP) values and post-surgery weight loss and liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with severe obesity undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Methods: We conducted an observational prospective study on 90 individuals with morbid obesity, who underwent gastric bypass. Anthropometric indices, laboratory assessment (lipid panel, glycemic status, liver enzymes, and hs-CRP), liver stiffness and steatosis were evaluated at baseline and 6-months after surgery. Results: There was a significant post-surgery reduction in all the anthropometric variables, with an average weight loss of 33.93 ± 11.79 kg; the mean percentage of total weight loss (TWL) was 27.96 ± 6.43%. Liver elasticity was significantly reduced (from 6.1 ± 1.25 to 5.42 ± 1.52 kPa; p = 0.002), as well as liver aminotransferases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS) and the grade of steatosis. Serum hs-CRP levels significantly reduced (from 9.26 ± 8.45 to 3.29 ± 4.41 mg/L; p < 0.001). The correlations between hs-CRP levels and liver fibrosis (elastography), steatosis (ultrasonography), fibrosis-4 index, NFS, and surgery success rate were not significant. Regression analyses showed that serum hs-CRP levels were not predictive of liver status and success rate after surgery in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Conclusions: In patients with morbid obesity, bariatric surgery caused a significant decrease in hs-CRP levels, liver stiffness and steatosis. Baseline hs-CRP values did not predict the weight-loss success rate and post-surgery liver status.
Published: 2021
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12. Improve adherence to the Mediterranean diet through an innovative app: a pilot study

Author: Andrea Devecchi, Simona Bo, Luca De Carli, Erik Breda, Valentina Ponzo, and Andrea Pezzana
Subjects: Nutrition and Dietetics, Food Science
Abstract: Purpose The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a sustainable and healthy diet. However, compliance to the MD is still poor. Given this, the authors created a Web app to promote the MD. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Web app YourPappa in terms of adherence to the MD. Design/methodology/approach The authors developed a Web app, YourPappa, with the aim of encouraging virtuous dietary habits through a reward mechanism. After that, a randomized controlled study was conducted. All participants were given written advice on correct nutrition. Moreover, the case group was trained on the use of the app. The MD adherence was evaluated by a validated questionnaire (Medi-Lite). Findings Cases found an average increase in the Medi-Lite scores of +7.1%, whereas controls showed an increase of +0.7% (p = 0.06; effect size 0.60). For most of the users, the Web app helped them to think about what they were buying and to promote the MD. Research limitations/implications Obesity and related diseases are a topical problem. New strategies are needed to counter it. This study showed interesting and encouraging results, which need further research and insight to be validated and supported. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that has evaluated the use of a Web app to stimulate the adoption of the MD through a reward mechanism.
Published: 2022
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13. The microbiota composition of the offspring of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Author: Valentina Ponzo, Ilario Ferrocino, Adriana Zarovska, Maria Bernadette Amenta, Filomena Leone, Clara Monzeglio, Rosalba Rosato, Marianna Pellegrini, Roberto Gambino, Maurizio Cassader, Ezio Ghigo, Luca Cocolin, and Simona Bo
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: The microbiota composition of the offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a common pregnancy complication, is still little known. We investigated whether the GDM offspring gut microbiota composition is associated with the maternal nutritional habits, metabolic variables or pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, we compared the GDM offspring microbiota to the microbiota of normoglycemic-mother offspring. Fecal samples of 29 GDM infants were collected during the first week of life and assessed by 16S amplicon-based sequencing. The offspring's microbiota showed significantly lower α-diversity than the corresponding mothers. Earlier maternal nutritional habits were more strongly associated with the offspring microbiota (maternal oligosaccharide positively with infant Ruminococcus, maternal saturated fat intake inversely with infant Rikenellaceae and Ruminococcus) than last-trimester maternal habits. Principal coordinate analysis showed a separation of the infant microbiota according to the type of feeding (breastfeeding vs formula-feeding), displaying in breast-fed infants a higher abundance of Bifidobacterium. A few Bacteroides and Blautia oligotypes were shared by the GDM mothers and their offspring, suggesting a maternal microbial imprinting. Finally, GDM infants showed higher relative abundance of pro-inflammatory taxa than infants from healthy women. In conclusion, many maternal conditions impact on the microbiota composition of GDM offspring whose microbiota showed increased abundance of pro-inflammatory taxa.
Published: 2019
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14. Affective temperaments and obesity: Is there an association with binge eating episodes and multiple weight cycling?

Author: Giovanni Abbate-Daga, Valentina Ponzo, Fabio Broglio, Marianna Pellegrini, Simona Bo, Ilaria Goitre, Chiara Crespi, Andrea Benso, Franco De Michieli, Ezio Ghigo, Enrica Marzola, Chiara D'Eusebio, Elena Scumaci, and Sara Belcastro
Subjects: Hyperthymic temperament, Personality Inventory, media_common.quotation_subject, Psychological intervention, Anxiety, Depression, Obesity, Personality, Temperament, Humans, Medicine, Depression (differential diagnoses), media_common, Binge eating, business.industry, medicine.disease, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Quality of Life, medicine.symptom, business, Binge-Eating Disorder, Clinical psychology
Abstract: Background affective temperaments have been so far understudied in the field of obesity. Therefore, we aimed to assess affective temperaments in outpatients with obesity reporting symptoms of binge eating (BE) and multiple weight cycling (MWC) and to investigate the likelihood of an association between affective temperaments and risk of both conditions. Methods A total of 300 individuals with obesity seeking treatment at the Obesity Unit of an academic hospital were asked to complete self-report measures of affective temperaments, BE, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and quality of life. Results Even in the absence of full-blown mental disorders, symptoms of anxiety and depression emerged in the sample; 197 individuals (65.6%) reported BE and 162 (54%) MWC. The most frequent affective temperament was the depressive one. Depression symptoms and cyclothymic scores (directly), and age and hyperthymic score (inversely) were significantly associated with BE risk, while being an active smoker (directly) and hyperthymic score (inversely) were significantly associated with MWC risk, after controlling for confounders in a multiple logistic regression. Limitations sample size was small, the study was limited to a single center, no formal definition of weight cycling exists and MWC was self-reported. Conclusions A substantial number of outpatients with obesity reported BE and MWC notwithstanding the absence of a formal psychiatric diagnosis. Cyclothymic scores were positively associated with BE while the hyperthymic temperament showed a protective effect on both BE and MWC. These findings suggest the need for multidisciplinary treatments for people with obesity enhancing research on temperament-based psychological interventions.
Published: 2021
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15. Dysgeusia in Patients with Breast Cancer Treated with Chemotherapy-A Narrative Review

Author: Marianna Pellegrini, Fabio Dario Merlo, Elena Agnello, Taira Monge, Andrea Devecchi, Valentina Casalone, Filippo Montemurro, Ezio Ghigo, Anna Sapino, and Simona Bo
Subjects: Nutrition and Dietetics, breast cancer, taste alterations, dysosmia, chemotherapy, dysgeusia, Food Science
Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer worldwide. Chemotherapy (CT) is essential for the treatment of BC, but is often accompanied by several side effects, including taste alterations, due to different mechanisms. Although dysgeusia is usually underestimated by clinicians, it is considered very worrying and disturbing by cancer patients undergoing CT, because it induces changes in dietary choices and social habits, affecting their physical and psychological health, with a profound impact on their quality of life. Several strategies and therapies have been proposed to prevent or alleviate CT-induced dysgeusia. This review aimed to evaluate the available evidence on prevalence, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical consequences, and strategies for managing dysgeusia in BC patients receiving CT. We queried the National Library of Medicine, the Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature database, performing a search strategy using database-specific keywords. We found that the literature on this topic is scarce, methodologically limited, and highly heterogeneous in terms of study design and criteria for patient inclusion, making it difficult to obtain definitive results and make recommendations for clinical practice.
Published: 2023

16. Compositional Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Rose Flowers and Their Effect on Phenolic Urinary Excretion

Author: Valentina Scariot, Roberto Gambino, P. Massarenti, Francesca Saba, Valentina Ponzo, Sonia Demasi, Simona Bo, Rosalba Rosato, Andrea Devecchi, and Antonella De Francesco
Subjects: Rose (mathematics), Nutrition and Dietetics, Antioxidant, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, medicine.medical_treatment, Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Bioactive compounds, Edible flowers, Human study, Biology, Urinary excretion, medicine, TX341-641, Food science, Food Science
Abstract: Petals of edible flowers (EF) are rich in biologically active compounds with many proven benefits for human health. However, studies on the effects of EF in humans after consumption are lacking. This pilot explorative study evaluated the changes in urinary phenolic excretion in healthy volunteers to whom different doses of phenolics from edible roses (Gourmet Roses™) have been added to a meal. Rose petals were picked fresh once a week for three weeks, showing significantly increasing values of total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity (measured as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and as DPPH • and ABTS •+ scavenging activities) from the first to the third week. After the meal, direct associations between urinary phenolics and both the EF phenolic content and the antioxidant activity were found in a multiple regression model. These new insights on EF consumption, to be confirmed by larger trials, suggest that the urinary phenolic excretion of healthy volunteers increases with increasing rose phenolic content.
Published: 2021
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17. The effect of caloric restriction and fasting on cancer

Author: Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Paul C. Guest, Simona Bo, Mona Alidadi, Amirhossein Sahebkar, and Maciej Banach
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Neoplasms, Internal medicine, medicine, Chemotherapy, Animals, Humans, Adverse effect, Cancer, Caloric Restriction, business.industry, Caloric theory, Fasting, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Tolerability, Tumor progression, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cancer cell, business, CR, Caloric restriction
Abstract: Cancer is one of the most frequent causes of worldwide death and morbidity and is a major public health problem. Although, there are several widely used treatment methods including chemo-, immune- and radiotherapies, these mostly lack sufficient efficiency and induce toxicities in normal surrounding tissues. Thus, finding new approaches to mitigate side effects and potentially accelerate treatment is paramount. In line with this, increasing preclinical evidence indicates that caloric restriction (CR) and fasting might have anticancer effects by reducing tumor progression, enhancing death of cancer cells, and elevating the effectiveness and tolerability of chemo- and radiotherapies. Nonetheless, clinical studies assessing the potential of CR and fasting in cancer are scarce and inconsistent, and more investigations are still required to clarify their effect in different aspects of cancer treatment. In this review, we have summarized the findings of preclinical and clinical studies of CR and fasting with respect to efficacy and on the adverse effects of standard cancer treatments.
Published: 2021
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18. Mortality and parenteral nutrition weaning in patients with chronic intestinal failure on home parenteral nutrition: A 30-year retrospective cohort study

Author: Chiara D'Eusebio, Fabio dario Merlo, Marta Ossola, Fabio Bioletto, Mirko Ippolito, Monica Locatelli, Antonella De Francesco, Marta Anrò, Renato Romagnoli, Paolo Strignano, Simona Bo, and Umberto Aimasso
Subjects: Home parenteral nutrition, Nutrition and Dietetics, Competing risk analysis, Chronic intestinal failure, Mortality rate, Short bowel syndrome, Weaning rate, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Abstract: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is the standard treatment for patients with chronic intestinal failure (CIF). Mortality and weaning rates of these patients differ widely among cohorts; however, these outcomes were often considered independent-rather than competing-events, leading to an upward bias of the retrieved estimates.The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate, evaluating through a competing risk analysis, the rates and predictors of mortality and weaning in CIF patients from an Italian referral center.All adult patients with CIF receiving3 mo HPN from 1985 until 2016 were enrolled. Clinical information was collected from the database of the Intestinal Failure Unit of Torino, Italy. Patients were stratified according to the presence or not of short bowel syndrome (SBS).The cumulative incidences of death and weaning were 27.3% and 32.3% and 39.0% and 33.7% at 5 and 10 y from HPN initiation, respectively. At multivariable competing risk analyses, mortality was predicted by age (sub-distribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 1.65 per 10-y increase; 95% CI, 1.35-2.01), type 3 SBS (SHR = 0.38; 0.15-0.94), small bowel length ≥ 100 cm (SHR = 0.42; 0.22-0.83), and reconstructive surgery (SHR = 0.11; 0.02-0.64) in SBS patients, and by age (SHR = 1.38 per 10-y increase; 1.16-1.64) and presence of stoma (SHR = 0.30; 0.12-0.78) in non-SBS patients. In the same model, weaning was predicted by type 3 SBS (SHR = 6.86; 3.10-15.16), small bowel length ≥ 100 cm (SHR = 3.54; 1.99-6.30), and reconstructive surgery (SHR = 2.86; 1.44-5.71) in SBS patients, and by age (SHR = 0.79 per 10-y increase; 0.66-0.94) and presence of stoma (SHR = 2.64; 1.38-5.07) in non-SBS patients.Surgical procedures strongly affected mortality and weaning risk in CIF patients.
Published: 2022

19. Obesità post-neurochirurgia ipotalamica

Author: Silvia Grottoli, Valentina Ponzo, Marianna Pellegrini, and Simona Bo
Subjects: 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, business.industry, Medicine, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, 030212 general & internal medicine, business, Humanities
Abstract: SommarioLe malattie ipotalamiche e il loro trattamento chirurgico possono determinare un rapido incremento ponderale nei primi sei mesi, seguito da stabilizzazione del peso in un’elevata percentuale (40–80%) di pazienti. Gli interventi sullo stile di vita e i farmaci hanno fornito risultati insoddisfacenti. Maggiori benefici sono stati riportati con gli analoghi del glucagon like peptide-1 o con la chirurgia bariatrica ma gli studi ad oggi disponibili sono di bassa numerosità e di breve durata.
Published: 2021
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20. The Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolism and Gut Microbiota: A Real-Life Study

Author: Ilario Ferrocino, Marianna Pellegrini, Chiara D’Eusebio, Ilaria Goitre, Valentina Ponzo, Maurizio Fadda, Rosalba Rosato, Giulio Mengozzi, Guglielmo Beccuti, Fabio Dario Merlo, Farnaz Rahimi, Isabella Comazzi, Luca Cocolin, Ezio Ghigo, and Simona Bo
Subjects: Eating, animal structures, Nutrition and Dietetics, Weight Loss, Humans, time-restricted eating, obesity, diet, gut microbiota, Obesity, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, Food Science, Caloric Restriction, Diet, Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Abstract: The metabolic benefits of time-restricted eating (TRE) in humans are statistically significant but not clinically relevant. Few data are available about the effects of TRE on the gut microbiota. We compared the effects of a TRE regimen (12 h feeding; n = 24), on the clinical and dietary variables and gut-microbiota composition in patients with obesity, who were subjected for 12 weeks to the same caloric restriction. Median weight loss was 4.0 kg and 2.2 kg in the TRE and TUE groups, respectively, with a between-group borderline difference (p = 0.049). No significant between-group difference was found in other dietary, anthropometric, or laboratory variables. There were no substantial between-group differences in alpha and beta diversity or gut-microbiota composition. The TRE group showed a significant increase in the frequency of Lachnospiraceae, Parasutterella, and Romboutsia at the study’s end. A TRE regimen induced small changes both in metabolic/dietary variables and in the gut-microbiota composition, with respect to the TUE. The microbial changes we have found were of uncertain clinical significance.
Published: 2022

21. Using Data Mining Techniques in Monitoring Diabetes Care. The Simpler the Better?

Author: Dario Gregori, Michele Petrinco, Simona Bo, Rosalba Rosato, Eva Pagano, Paola Berchialla, and Franco Merletti
Published: 2011
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22. Pre-operative micronutrient deficiencies in patients with severe obesity candidates for bariatric surgery

Author: Enrica Marzola, Valentina Ponzo, G. Abbate Daga, Marianna Pellegrini, Simona Bo, S Boschetti, A. De Francesco, F. Rahimi, Mauro Toppino, Mario Morino, M V Mancino, Giovanni Fanni, Ezio Ghigo, Andrea Devecchi, and Fabio Broglio
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Micronutrient deficiency, Adolescent, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Nutritional Status, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, vitamin D deficiency, C-reactive protein, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Preoperative Care, medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Vitamin B12, Micronutrients, Vitamin D, Aged, Bariatric surgery, biology, business.industry, Severe obesity, Malnutrition, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Micronutrient, Prognosis, Obesity, Surgery, Obesity, Morbid, Cross-Sectional Studies, biology.protein, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Original Article, Female, business, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Purpose In patients with obesity, micronutrient deficiencies have been reported both before and after bariatric surgery (BS). Obesity is a chronic pro-inflammatory status, and inflammation increases the risk of micronutrient malnutrition. Our objective was to assess in pre-BS patients the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and their correlation with blood values of C-reactive protein (CRP). Methods Anthropometric data, instrumental examinations, and blood variables were centrally measured in the first 200 patients undergoing a pre-BS evaluation at the “Città della Salute e della Scienza” Hospital of Torino, starting from January 2018. Results At least one micronutrient deficiency was present in 85.5% of pre-BS patients. Vitamin D deficiency was the most prevalent (74.5%), followed by folate (33.5%), iron (32%), calcium (13%), vitamin B12 (10%), and albumin (5.5%) deficiency. CRP values were high (> 5 mg/L) in 65% of the patients. These individuals showed increased rate of iron, folate, vitamin B12 deficiency, and a higher number of micronutrient deficiencies. In a multiple logistic regression model, increased CRP levels were significantly associated with deficiencies of vitamin B12 (OR = 5.84; 95% CI 1.25–27.2; p = 0.024), folate (OR = 4.02; 1.87–8.66; p p = 0.01). Conclusions Micronutrient deficiencies are common in patients with severe obesity undergoing BS, especially when inflammation is present. In the presence of increased CRP values before surgery, it might be advisable to search for possible multiple micronutrient deficiencies.
Published: 2020

23. Predictors of attrition from a weight loss program. A study of adult patients with obesity in a community setting

Author: Andrea Benso, Ilaria Goitre, Franco De Michieli, Sara Belcastro, Ezio Ghigo, Chiara Crespi, Enrica Marzola, Paola Scuntero, Fabio Broglio, Simona Bo, Guglielmo Beccuti, Giovanni Abbate-Daga, Elena Scumaci, Valentina Ponzo, and Marianna Pellegrini
Subjects: Adult, Patient Dropouts, Dropouts, Obesity, Treatment failure, Weight management, Body Mass Index, law.invention, Randomized controlled trial, law, Weight Loss, Humans, Medicine, Attrition, Depression (differential diagnoses), Retrospective Studies, business.industry, Retrospective cohort study, medicine.disease, Mental health, Weight Reduction Programs, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Community setting, Original Article, business, Demography
Abstract: Purpose Obesity unit attrition is frequent and contributes to treatment failure. Many studies evaluating attrition predictors were part of randomized trials, and different terminology and criteria were used in the engagement field. We aimed to investigate the factors potentially implicated in early ( 12 weeks) attrition from an obesity unit in a community setting Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 250 patients with obesity who were followed-up at our obesity unit. Our program included at least 6 meetings in 12 months. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data, and psychometric questionnaires were collected from all participants. Results One-hundred thirty-four (53.6%) participants dropped out. Those individuals showed lower BMI, lower overall health status, and increased depression scores. In a multiple regression model, BMI (inversely; OR = 0.90; 95%CI 0.84–0.96) and depression score (directly, OR = 1.05; 1.00–1.10) were associated with attrition risk. Early dropouts (n = 47) had lower weights, smaller waist circumferences and worse mental health scores than late dropouts (n = 87) and more frequently lived alone. When compared to completers, early dropouts had lower weights, BMIs, waist circumferences, overall health and mental status scores, increased depression scores and percentage of individuals living alone. In a multiple regression, lower BMI (OR = 0.83; 0.75–0.92), lower mental status score (OR = 3.17; 1.17–8.59) and living alone (OR = 2.25; 1.02–4.97) were associated with early attrition risk. Conclusion Lower BMI and increased depression score were associated with attrition. Early attrition was associated with lower weight, decreased mental well-being, and living alone. Individuals with these characteristics might need tailored approaches to enhance their engagement. Level of evidence Level V, retrospective descriptive study.
Published: 2020
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24. In Patients with Obesity, Are Affective Temperaments Associated with Attrition? An Evaluation during and before the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Author: Enrica Marzola, Giovanni Abbate-Daga, Elena Scumaci, Valentina Ponzo, Ilaria Goitre, Marianna Pellegrini, Chiara D’Eusebio, Andrea Benso, Sara Belcastro, Franco De Michieli, Chiara Crespi, Fabio Broglio, Ezio Ghigo, and Simona Bo
Subjects: Attrition, Cyclothymic, Drop-out, Obesity, Temperament, Medicine, General Medicine
Abstract: Timely data on attrition from weight loss programs for patients with obesity during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are lacking, so we aimed to contribute to filling this gap in the literature by comparing attrition during or outside of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and its possible association with patients’ affective temperaments, psychopathology, and clinical variables. Two-hundred and eleven outpatients with obesity were recruited and completed the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire, Binge Eating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Those who dropped out during the pandemic period were mostly men, with younger age of weight gain, and with a larger waist circumference than completers. Patients with obesity who dropped out outside of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic showed marked levels of depression, anxiety, binge eating episodes, and higher affective temperaments (but the hyperthymic one) when compared to their counterparts. The cyclothymic temperament slightly increased attrition (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.00–1.27 p = 0.05) outside the pandemic, while during the pandemic, male gender (OR = 3.50, 1.04–11.7, p = 0.04) was associated with attrition. These findings suggested that male patients with obesity are at particular risk of drop-out from weight-loss treatment during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; contrariwise, outside the pandemic, affective temperaments could be a useful baseline assessment for defining the attrition risk in these patients.
Published: 2022

25. Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors of Orthorexia Can Differ among the Students of Distinct University Courses

Author: Monica Guglielmetti, Ottavia Eleonora Ferraro, Ilaria Silvia Rossella Gorrasi, Elisabetta Carraro, Simona Bo, Giovanni Abbate-Daga, Anna Tagliabue, and Cinzia Ferraris
Subjects: Adult, Nutrition and Dietetics, orthorexia, university students, lifestyle habits, dieting, physical activity, supplements use, Universities, Feeding Behavior, Orthorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Young Adult, Risk Factors, Humans, Prospective Studies, Life Style, Students, Food Science
Abstract: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is defined as the excessive attention on healthy eating, and studies especially focused on food quality ON prevalence in university students can be extremely variable. The objective of this study is to investigate whether there was a difference in ON risk between health-scientific, economic-humanistic, sport sciences and dietetics and nutrition students, and to evaluate if lifestyle-related ON risk factors (dieting, physical activity, drugs and supplements use) could have an impact in different ways in determining ON risk among students attending these four programs. Participants were recruited at the University of Pavia and received a two-section questionnaire including demographic and lifestyle information and the ORTO-15 questionnaire. A total of 671 students (54% F e 46% M) completed the questionnaire (median age 21.00 (IQR 20.00–23.00), median BMI 21.77 kg/m2 (IQR 20.06–23.66 kg/m2)). The 31.2% had ORTO-15 test scores < 35, and were considered at risk of having ON. No differences were found in ON risk among the students attending the four university courses. Dieting was confirmed as the major ON risk factor for health-scientific, economic-humanistic and sport sciences students. The type of sport practiced was an important determinant of ON risk only for the economic-humanistic course, while supplements use was statistically different between sport sciences students with or without ON. Our findings may suggest that lifestyle-related risk factors of orthorexia can differ among the students of distinct university courses, but these results need to be supported by further longitudinal and prospective studies.
Published: 2022

26. Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Obesity: Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor

Author: Mirko Parasiliti-Caprino, Martina Bollati, Fabio Dario Merlo, Ezio Ghigo, Mauro Maccario, and Simona Bo
Subjects: obesity, Nutrition and Dietetics, Blood Pressure, adipose tissue dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, insulin resistance, mineralocorticoid receptor, oxidative stress, Receptors, Mineralocorticoid, Adipose Tissue, Adipokines, Animals, Food Science
Abstract: The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) acts as an essential regulator of blood pressure, volume status, and electrolyte balance. However, in recent decades, a growing body of evidence has suggested that MR may also have a role in mediating pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidative, and pro-fibrotic changes in several target organs, including the adipose tissue. The finding that MR is overexpressed in the adipose tissue of patients with obesity has led to the hypothesis that this receptor can contribute to adipokine dysregulation and low-grade chronic inflammation, alterations that are linked to the development of obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Moreover, several studies in animal models have investigated the role of MR antagonists (MRAs) in preventing the metabolic alterations observed in obesity. In the present review we will focus on the potential mechanisms by which MR activation can contribute to adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and on the possible beneficial effects of MRAs in this setting.
Published: 2022

27. Telomere Length and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Variations in Patients with Obesity: Effect of Diet-Induced Weight Loss-A Pilot Study

Author: Raffaella Cancello, Federica Rey, Stephana Carelli, Stefania Cattaldo, Jacopo Maria Fontana, Ilaria Goitre, Valentina Ponzo, Fabio Dario Merlo, Gianvincenzo Zuccotti, Simona Bertoli, Paolo Capodaglio, Simona Bo, and Amelia Brunani
Subjects: obesity, Nutrition and Dietetics, DNA Copy Number Variations, diet, mitochondrial DNA copy number, nutrition, telomeres, telomeres length, total antioxidant capacity, weight loss, Pilot Projects, Telomere, DNA, Mitochondrial, Antioxidants, Humans, Food Science
Abstract: Background: Telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number shifts are linked to metabolic abnormalities, and possible modifications by diet-induced weight loss are poorly explored. We investigated the variations before (T0) and after a 1-year (T12) lifestyle intervention (diet + physical activity) in a group of outpatients with obesity. Methods: Patients aged 25–70 years with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 were enrolled. Clinical and biochemical assessments (including a blood sample for TL, mtDNA copy number and total antioxidant capacity, and TAC determinations) were performed at T0 and T12. Results: The change in TL and the mtDNA copy number was heterogeneous and not significantly different at T12. Patients were then divided by baseline TL values into lower than median TL (L-TL) and higher than median TL (H-TL) groups. The two groups did not differ at baseline for anthropometric, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. At T12, the L-TL group when compared to H-TL showed TL elongation (respectively, +0.57 ± 1.23 vs. −2.15 ± 1.13 kbp, p = 0.04), higher mtDNA copy number (+111.5 ± 478.5 vs. −2314.8 ± 724.2, respectively, p < 0.001), greater weight loss (−8.1 ± 2.7 vs. −6.1 ± 4.6 Kg, respectively, p = 0.03), fat mass reduction (−1.42 ± 1.3 vs. −1.22 ± 1.5%, respectively, p = 0.04), and increased fat-free mass (+57.8 ± 6.5 vs. +54.9 ± 5.3%, respectively, p = 0.04) and TAC levels (+58.5 ± 18.6 vs. +36.4 ± 24.1 µM/L, respectively, p = 0.04). Conclusions: TL and the mtDNA copy number significantly increased in patients with obesity and with lower baseline TL values after a 1-year lifestyle intervention. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the results of this pilot study.
Published: 2022

28. The effect of trehalose administration on vascular inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease

Author: Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Farshad Emami, Ramin Khameneh Bagheri, Hedieh Alimi, Fabio Bioletto, Simona Bo, Behzad Aminzadeh, Mohammad Ali Ansari, Faezeh Ehsani, Omid Rajabi, Shiva Ganjali, Maciej Banach, and Amirhossein Sahebkar
Subjects: Pharmacology, Inflammation, 18F-FDG PET/CT, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Myocardial Infarction, Trehalose, RM1-950, General Medicine, Coronary Artery Disease, Coronary artery disease, Vascular inflammation, Aorta, Carotid Arteries, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Vascular Diseases, Therapeutics. Pharmacology
Abstract: Background: In recent years, several trials investigated the role of anti-inflammatory agents in reducing cardiovascular events. Trehalose is a natural disaccharide able to reduce inflammation by enhancing macrophage autophagic activity. This action has been demonstrated to attenuate atherosclerotic plaque development in various pro-atherogenic animal models. However, at present, no data about the efficacy of this compound in human subjects have been published. Methods: We performed a randomized, double-blind trial involving 15 patients with history of myocardial infarction and evidence of systemic inflammation (defined as C-reactive protein > 2 mg/L). The patients were randomly assigned, in 2:1 ratio, to receive either intravenous trehalose (15 g once weekly) or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy end-point was the change in arterial wall inflammation, assessed by quantifying 18F-FDG PET/CT uptake in carotid arteries and ascending aorta. Results: The MDS TBR change of the index vessel at 3-month follow-up was not significant in treatment and placebo groups. Furthermore, we could not demonstrate any significant difference between the trehalose group and control group in changes of cIMT from baseline to 3 months in the overall population. No significant changes in echocardiographic measurement were noted after trehalose treatment. Except for the change in urea level in placebo group (31.00 ± 6.59 vs. 25.60 ± 6.402 P = 0.038) no other changes were detected after treatment. Also, there was a significant difference between changes in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) trehalose and placebo groups. Conclusion: This was the first study that specifically assessed the effects of intravenous trehalose on atherogenesis in human subjects. Trehalose treatment was characterized by an optimal safety profile, but no significant reduction in arterial wall inflammation could be observed. This might be a consequence of the small sample size of this trial. Larger studies are needed to better assess the efficacy of this compound in this clinical context.
Published: 2021

29. Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Maryam Sharafkhah, Emanuel Zitt, Majid Ezzati, Luxia Zhang, Young-Ho Khang, Ellina Rakhimova, Kairit Mikkel, Tiina Vlasoff, Eruke E. Egbagbe, Sidsel Graff-Iversen, Ilona Nenko, Magdalena Klimek, Mathilde Savy, Sanjib Kumar Sharma, Alfonso Siani, Luís Lopes, Vanina Bongard, Gregor Jurak, Jacqueline F. Price, Christina-Paulina Lambrinou, Maria Lc Iurilli, Rainford J. Wilks, Bontha V. Babu, Fereidoun Azizi, Harunobu Nakamura, Marialaura Bonaccio, Angela Döring, Zhenyu Zhang, Naser Ahmadi, Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer, Ana Paula Carlos Cândido, Clive Osmond, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Robert J. Adams, Themistoklis Tzotzas, Reina Engle-Stone, Atul Trivedi, Shoichiro Tsugane, Niels Møller, Jorge Bezerra, Dénes Molnár, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Badreya Al-Lahou, J. Jaime Miranda, Bahram Mohajer, Sigmund A. Anderssen, Lital Keinan Boker, Eero Kajantie, Martin Gulliford, Maties Torrent, Sumit Bharadwaj, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Zbigniew Gaciong, Nayu Ikeda, Li Juan Wu, Adrian Richter, Licia Iacoviello, Marc J. Gunter, Wenbin Wei, Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim, Eman Aly, Ambady Ramachandran, Nils Lehmann, Soile E. Puhakka, Giovanni Veronesi, Hongsheng Bi, Eiji Oda, Jia Li Duan, Per Tynelius, José María Huerta, Janne Schurmann Tolstrup, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Rosangela Fernandes Lucena Batista, Victoria E Soto-Rojas, Hanno Ulmer, Shukri F. Mohamed, Anthony Kafatos, Suyeon Park, Mohsen Ibrahim, Hamed Pouraram, Bin Zhou, May Soe Aung, Lars Bo Andersen, Erfan Ghasemi, René Charles Sylva, Himanshu K. Chaturvedi, Luc Dauchet, Ahmad Ali Zainuddin, Angela Chetrit, Dan Zhu, Valérie Deschamps, Ko Ko Zaw, Peter Vollenweider, Tomas Vega, Yves Martin-Prével, Mahfuzar Rahman, Dorja Vočanec, Roman Topor-Madry, Vinay Nangia, Herculina S. Kruger, Asher Fawwad, Emily Sonestedt, Elena Pahomova, Aleksander Giwercman, Elżbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Cecilia Björkelund, Tatjana Hejgaard, Maria Puiu, Maria Benedetta Donati, Andrew Wong, Carlos P. Boissonnet, Santosh K. Bhargava, Patrick Kolsteren, Dermot O'Reilly, Bahareh Kheiri, Wolfgang Kratzer, Susanne R. de Rooij, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Günther Fink, José R. Banegas, Michele Monroy-Valle, Drude Molbo, Mahmudur Rahman, Hynek Pikhart, Rafael N. Pichardo, Massimo Salvetti, Hui Cai, Sarah Filippi, Georg Posch, Hung-Kwan So, Yonghua Hu, Katsuyasu Kouda, Joana Carvalho, Gailute Bernotiene, Hannu Uusitalo, Thein Thein Htay, Felix Kaducu, Maigeng Zhou, Lars Ängquist, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran, Charles Lunogelo, Michel Joffres, Sabina Zambon, Ronald D. Gregor, Vayia Rarra, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Loreto Santa Marina, Galina Obreja, Rudolf Kaaks, Aya Mostafa, Maria do Carmo Franco, Beata Gurzkowska, Chien-Jen Chen, Marie Moitry, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Xiangjun Wang, Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro, Imperia Brajkovich, Fangfang Chen, Francesco Panza, Ling Yang, Holly E. Syddall, Cecily Kelleher, Michael Tornaritis, Ningli Wang, Lutgarde Thijs, Marjolein Visser, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, María José Tormo, Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Norbert Amougou, Emmanuella Magriplis, Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol, Jingli Gao, Stig E. Bojesen, Giuseppe Grosso, Seongjun Ha, Lauren Lissner, Mikhail Benet, Anastasia Markaki, Sanjay Rampal, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Angelique Chan, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Annamari Lundqvist, Philippe Amouyel, Kristyna Zejglicova, Charalambos Hadjigeorgiou, João Breda, Jørgen Meisfjord, Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Carl Lachat, Kai-Uwe Saum, Vilma Irazola, Leng Huat Foo, Óscar Lopes, Dickman Gareta, Flavio Nervi, Imre Janszky, Ruzena Kubinova, Terho Lehtimäki, Mario V. Capanzana, Moyses Szklo, Ramfis Nieto-Martínez, Viswanathan Mohan, Shuohua Chen, Arvind Pandey, Luigi Palmieri, Roya Kelishadi, Srinivasan Kannan, Jie Mi, Robert Beaglehole, Liliana Dacica, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Mohan Deepa, Peter Ueda, Isti Ilmiati Fujiati, Hermann Pohlabeln, Morten Sodemann, Jytte Halkjær, Zbigniew Kułaga, Sophie Visvikis-Siest, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Henry Völzke, Karolina Milkowska, Zahra Mohammadi, Belgin Ünal, Magda Gasull, George S. Stergiou, Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid, Seppo Koskinen, James E. Bennett, Marcela González-Gross, Virginija Dulskiene, Idris Guessous, Assembekov Batyrbek, Kamarul Imran Musa, Jeannette Lee, Josep Redon, Bihungum Bista, Luisa M Macieira, Johan Sundström, Andres Metspalu, Lariane M Ono, Flora A. Ukoli, Salar Rahimikazerooni, Andrea Gualtieri, Trevor S. Ferguson, Félicité Tchibindat, Eliza Cinteza, Ha Tp Do, Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tuyen D Le, Alison J. Hayes, Abdul Basit, Chandini Nekkantti, Teresa Norat, Eunice Ugel, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Abdul Hamid Zargar, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Garry L. Jennings, Aline Meirhaeghe, Kaare Christensen, Päivi Mäki, Xu Lin, Ali Esmaeili, Joanna Baran, Aneta Grajda, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Martin Bobak, Iuliia A Rusakova, Keiu Nelis, Damian K Francis, Guansheng Ma, Axel C. Carlsson, Alejandro Diaz, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, N Capkova, Zumin Shi, Maria Turley, Imelda A. Agdeppa, Helena I. S. Nogueira, Marcia Scazufca, Katharina Maruszczak, Natascia Rinaldo, Paulo A. Lotufo, Nuno Lunet, Thor Aspelund, Caroline H.D. Fall, Antonio Cabrera de León, Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff, Holger Theobald, Beatriz D'Agord Schaan, Pedro Marques-Vidal, William A. Neal, Mihai Gafencu, Tandi E. Matsha, Ana B. Crujeiras, Ahmad Reza Dorosty, Alain Morejon, Weili Yan, Dominique Hange, Bekbolat Zholdin, Frédéric Gottrand, Jorge Mota, Jana Námešná, Stevo Popovic, Louise Eriksen, Line Lund Kårhus, Cihangir Erem, Juergen Breckenkamp, Mathilde Kersting, Yi Song, Martin McKee, Aleksandra Gomula, Rafaela Rosário, Enzo Manzato, S. Goya Wannamethee, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor, Azim Nejatizadeh, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Juan P. González-Rivas, Vedrana Sember, Stephen T. McGarvey, Jukka T. Salonen, Patrick Pasquet, Patricia Varona-Pérez, Amelia C. Crampin, Ramin Heshmat, Violeta Iotova, Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa, Oye Gureje, Aletta E. Schutte, João Luiz Bastos, Anelise Reis Gaya, Konrad Jamrozik, Dalia Luksiene, Amina Barkat, Maria Paula Santos, José Camolas, Azli Baharudin, Diego Vanuzzo, Doris Stöckl, Rosalynn Siantar, Jouko Saramies, Albertino Damasceno, Davood Khalili, Simona Bo, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Dominique Cottel, Markku Peltonen, Fikru Tullu, Ana Isabel Rito, Angélica Ochoa-Avilés, Annette J. Dobson, Christopher T. Cowell, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Rildo de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Oanh T. H. Trinh, Farahnaz Joukar, Mostafa K. Mohamed, Mostafa Qorbani, Jeongseon Kim, Helmut Schröder, Machi Suka, Natasja M. van Schoor, Jussi Kauhanen, Teresa Haugsgjerd, Goodarz Danaei, M. Fernanda Lima-Costa, Yong Tao, Elisabetta L. Romeo, Grazyna Jasienska, Victor Guillermo Sequera, Kazem Mohammad, Yanina Zócalo, Fernanda Cunha Soares, Jianfeng Wu, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, María Elena Díaz-Sánchez, Monika Zuziak, Eldridge Ferrer, Anette Varbo, Leila Beltrami Moreira, Jeremy M. Jacobs, Kenneth James, Elena Sacchini, Pascal Bovet, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Tania Lopez, Ya Xing Wang, Wojciech Drygas, Jody C Miller, Svetlana A. Shalnova, Maria Elisa Zapata, Chung T Nguyen, Nimmathota Arlappa, Edwige Landais, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Jeannette Klimont, Amirabbas Momenan, Erik J. Timmermans, Mari-Liis Tammesoo, Jost B. Jonas, Stefania Toselli, Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto, Bahman Cheraghian, Kouamelan Doua, Esteban Carmuega, Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković, Bo Werner, M. Arfan Ikram, Breige A. McNulty, Christa Meisinger, Clara Homs, Namuna Shrestha, Alina Kerimkulova, Youcef Laid, Claes Ohlsson, Alicia Matijasevich, Alison J Price, Ala'a Alkerwi, Kristine H. Allin, Lorenza Pilotto, Mohannad Al Nsour, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Marianna Noale, Heba Fouad, Vilnis Dzerve, Novie O. Younger-Coleman, Peter Willeit, Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto, Freda Pitakaka, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Savvas C. Savva, Rajeev Gupta, Jennifer Servais, Cristina Padez, Sarah P. Garnett, Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Michala Lustigová, Tien Yin Wong, Rosa Haghshenas, Jonathan Giovannelli, Christina Howitt, Marleen E. Hendriks, Fadia AlBuhairan, Huashuai Chen, Gretchen A Stevens, Luís B. Sardinha, David Goltzman, Jenny M. Kindblom, Karina Mary de Paiva, Yousef Khader, Eric Monterrubio-Flores, Rajendra Pradeepa, Yi-Ting Lin, Martin Neovius, Juan Francisco Miquel, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Anil Poudyal, Marzieh Katibeh, Tanja Stocks, Veronica Mocanu, Ulla Roggenbuck, Robespierre Ribeiro, Gabriele Eiben, Mary Simon, Christine Cameron, Hamid Hakimi, Kamel Ajlouni, Jakub Stokwiszewski, Iulia Jurca Simina, Pietro Amedeo Modesti, Frederick C. W. Wu, Peter Kristensen, Charles Mondo, Felix Gutzwiller, Mariana Sbaraini, Martijn Huisman, Betina H. Thuesen, Queenie Chan, Antonisamy Belavendra, Artur Mazur, Ulf Ekelund, Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar, Marcos André Moura-dos-Santos, Jean Ferrières, Farhad Zamani, Shina Avi, Yves Kameli, Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas, Aluísio J D Barros, Thomas Meinertz Dantoft, Hossein Poustchi, Farid Najafi, Giovanni de Gaetano, Azaliia M Tuliakova, Vera Lanska, Tint Swe Latt, Matthias Bopp, Abbas Rezaianzadeh, Rod Jackson, Johan Van der Heyden, Reecha Sofat, Koen Van Herck, Allan G. Hill, Con Burns, Emanuela Pettenuzzo, Ming-Dong Wang, Stela McLachlan, Ulrike Gehring, Ranko Stevanovic, Nagalla Balakrishna, Lekhraj Rampal, Marjolijn C. E. Bragt, Saeid Eslami, Napoleón Pérez-Farinós, G. K. Mini, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Rosemarie Martin, Nahla Hwalla, Wei Zheng, Hoang Van Minh, Edward D Janus, Laetitia Huiart, Farhad Pourfarzi, Sudha Ramachandra Rao, Fred Paccaud, Marcia Makdisse, Aye Aye Sein, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Yang Yang, Anneke Blokstra, Henrike Galenkamp, Jaume Marrugat, Nazan Yardim, Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud, Jesús Ibarluzea, Julio Zuñiga Cisneros, Laura Lauria, Argyro Karakosta, Dragana P Jovic, Jun Hata, Elio Riboli, Piotr Bandosz, Xun Tang, Parvina Mukhtorova, Jean Dallongeville, Jean-Bernard Ruidavets, Anne Tjønneland, Guillermo Frontera, Rahul Malhotra, Thomas Ferrao, Aleksandra Piwońska, Dusan Grafnetter, Mette Rasmussen, Daniel Weghuber, Sherali Rakhmatulloev, Martine Vrijheid, Johann Willeit, Motahareh Kheradmand, Małgorzata Mossakowska, Lechaba Tshepo, Dongfeng Gu, Hyeon Chang Kim, Vilmundur Gudnason, Maria Forsner, Peter Bjerregaard, Leon A. Simons, Rachael McLean, Japhet Killewo, Ramón Suárez-Medina, Y Nikitin, Eng Joo Tan, Jean Claude Mbanya, Aroor Bhagyalaxmi, Renata Kuciene, Kairat Davletov, Jose Eugenio Lozano, Afshin Ostovar, Niloofar Peykari, Guy De Backer, Soheir H Ahmed, Nicholas J. Wareham, Sai Yin Ho, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu, Maria Hassapidou, Iris Pigeot, Myriam Galfo, Susana Cararo Confortin, Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, W. M. Monique Verschuren, Catterina Ferreccio, Fabio Galvano, Leila Houti, Daniel Bia, Annika Rosengren, Marcin Rutkowski, Biruta Velika, Joana Araújo, Fernando Rigo, Angela Spinelli, Scott B. McLean, Shirin Djalalinia, Marie Kunešová, Boban Mugoša, Sania Nishtar, Mangesh S. Pednekar, Shahla AlDhukair, Helle-Mai Loit, Antonis Zampelas, Altan Onat, Maciej Banach, Shohreh Naderimagham, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, Maja Bæksgaard Jørgensen, Yin Guo, Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska, Parasmani Dasgupta, Elvis Oa Wambiya, Inge Huybrechts, Raimund Erbel, Jari Jokelainen, Ana P. Ortiz, Stefan Kiechl, Emmanuel Cohen, Caleb Ochimana, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Laura Censi, Iqbal Bata, Geetha R Menon, Snehalatha Chamukuttan, Pedro Plans-Rubio, Domenico Palli, Ana Azevedo, Slawomir Koziel, Benoît Salanave, Parinaz Mehdipour, Shu Ti Chiou, Lela Sturua, Lubica Ticha, Felipe Vogt Cureau, Jin Soo Moon, Ming-Hui Zhao, Urho M. Kujala, Nathalie Michels, Ertugrul Celikcan, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Judith Benedics, Tobias F. Rinke de Wit, Agnès Le Port, Reza Homayounfar, Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez, Tai Hing Lam, Yn-Tz Sung, Jürgen König, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao, Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa, Karen Morgan, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Cynthia M. Pérez, Ilse Khouw, Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera, Dong Wook Shin, Genc Burazeri, Ausra Petrauskiene, Charles Sossa Jérome, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, José Boggia, Daniela Galeone, Alice Bonilla-Vargas, Han Cg Kemper, Rahman Shiri, Stefaan Demarest, Else Karin Grøholt, San-Lin You, Adelheid Weber, Juha Auvinen, Aida Pilav, Sibel Gogen, Suzanne N Morin, Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar, Viviane Cunha Cardoso, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Hana Zamrazilová, Frank Claessens, Karien Stronks, Helen Gonçalves, Tahir Aris, Luis Revilla, Sérgio Viana Peixoto, Zhamilya Battakova, Jing Liu, Eliza Markidou Ioannidou, Leticia Hernandez Cadena, Priscilla Duboz, Sandjaja, Tiina Laatikainen, Rafel Ramos, Sareh Eghtesad, Judith Simons, Orn Olafsson, E. Shyong Tai, Louise A. Baur, Nihal Thomas, Aung Soe Htet, Bente Sparboe-Nilsen, Paul Elliott, Soon-Woo Park, Angel R. Gonzalez, Ying-Wei Wang, Rob M. van Dam, Ryutaro Ohtsuka, Ludmila Sevcikova, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Lynell V Maniego, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Maria Dorobantu, Giovanni Viegi, Xiaoguang Yang, Honor Bixby, Prakash C. Gupta, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, Eugene Sobngwi, Ričardas Radišauskas, Jurate Medzioniene, Roy A Wong-McClure, Kim F. Michaelsen, Antonia Trichopoulou, Tania Tello, Francesco Branca, Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir, Els Clays, Wei-Yen Lim, Suzanne C. Ho, Toomas Veidebaum, Rebecca Goldsmith, Margot González-León, Matthias Nauck, Alibek Mereke, Marta Buoncristiano, Jakob Tarp, Rosalba Rojas-Martínez, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Reza Malekzadeh, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Pedro Ordunez, Isabelle Herter-Aeberli, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, Anne Juolevi, Vassilis Zafiropulos, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, Jordi Sunyer, Manu Raj, Chaoqiang Jiang, Sofia Malyutina, Efthymios Kapantais, Maria Lazo-Porras, Maung Maung Than Htike, Michael Hobbs, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Merike Liivak, Johan G. Eriksson, Margarita Samoutian, Andreia N. Pizarro, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, Jean Woo, Kaspar Staub, Maria Teresa Menzano, Mojtaba Farjam, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya, Mohammad El-khateeb, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Mukharram M. Bikbov, Hsien-Ho Lin, Oscar Noboa, Thomas Waldhör, Garry Brian, Simona Costanzo, Frank Tanser, Nor Azwany Yaacob, Michelle Cilia, Ivo Rakovac, Bill Stavreski, Ioannis Pagkalos, Ivan Pećin, Carlo M. Barbagallo, Abla M. Sibai, Yuna He, Matsuda Fumihiko, Bharathi Viswanathan, Ali Reza Safarpour, Wei Cheng Lo, Abdullatif Husseini, Jiang He, Liv Elin Torheim, Nipa Rojroongwasinkul, Aicha Soumare, Astrid Petersmann, Tomasz Grodzicki, Davide Noto, Panayiotis K. Yiallouros, Kelias P. Msyamboza, William R. Tebar, Yingfeng Zheng, Eha Nurk, Bhawesh Koirala, Ana Jelakovic, Suhad Bahijri, Freja B Kampmann, Qi Sheng You, Marika Ferrari, María-Elena González-Villalpando, Aline Wagner, Olfa Saidi, Anwar Batieha, Eduardo Capuano, Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani, Dong Wook Kim, Albina A Fakhretdinova, Tom Wilsgaard, Maria Avdicova, Moesijanti Soekatri, Chiara Donfrancesco, Salim Mohanna, Paola Russo, Uruwan Yamborisut, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Martin Nankap, Allan Linneberg, Khairil Si-Ramlee, Kirsten Mehlig, Christina Mavrogianni, Raluca Pop, Lèlita Santos, Graziella Bruno, Valentina Peterkova, Iná S. Santos, Georg Lappas, Alberto Palloni, Malay K. Mridha, Andrzej Pajak, Marta García-Solano, Stefaan De Henauw, Daniel Ferrante, Rute Santos, Anders Grøntved, Lucjan Szponar, Mihaela Vladulescu, Chien-An Sun, Jan A. Staessen, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, Norazizah Ibrahim Wong, Maria Nordendahl, Elaine M. Dennison, Jeonghee Lee, Diego Salmerón, Ida Maria Schmidt, Gao Pei, Noushin Mohammadifard, Igor Spiroski, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, Xu Ma, Elin Pettersen Sørgjerd, Valéria Regecová, Cláudia S. Minderico, Johanna A. Otero, Jamila Abubakar Garba, Vesselka Duleva, Rui Ornelas, Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Cesar G. Victora, Lijuan Liu, Rody G. Sy, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ali Ahmadi, Antonio Pedro Graça, Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska, Miao Li Chee, Michael Sjöström, Charles Agyemang, Shiqi Zhen, Xiu-Hua Guo, Pawel Kurjata, Jardena J. Puder, Mehrdad Azmin, Neil Murphy, Kaosar Afsana, Alireza Sadjadi, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Prashant Mathur, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Raphael Mendes Ritti-Dias, Yannis Manios, Majid Shirani, Rosemary B. Duda, Liis Nelis, Jurate Klumbiene, Zhengming Chen, Wichai Aekplakorn, Alun Evans, Andrzej Wiecek, Lars Lind, Denise Eldemire-Shearer, Bernardo L. Horta, Macia Enguerran, Seyed Rasoul Zakavi, Daniel Fernández-Bergés, Kumiko Ohara, Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Hermann Brenner, Przemyslaw Slusarczyk, Espen Bjertness, Jutta Stieber, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Joel G. R. Roy, Aryeh D. Stein, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt, Vera Musil, Amaneh Shayanrad, Marcel Goldberg, Ramon O. Jimenez, Mohammad Reza Fattahi, Jolanda Hyska, Amir Houshang Mehrparvar, Elin Kolle, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh, Michelle Holdsworth, Felipe F. Casanueva, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Niels Wedderkopp, Eva Corpeleijn, Elias F. Gudmundsson, Antonio Mistretta, Daniel Lemogoum, Larissa Pruner Marques, Slavica Sović, Olli T. Raitakari, Marco Aurélio Peres, Alexandra Cucu, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras, Janine Clarke, Andrea Gazzinelli, Mieczysław Litwin, Sara Schramm, Xenophon Theodoridis, Harshpal Singh Sachdev, Mohammad Reza Mirjalili, Dimitrios Papandreou, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Benjamin Acosta-Cazares, Ben Schöttker, Prabhdeep Kaur, Norlaila Mustafa, Shariq Rashid Masoodi, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Adolfo Rubinstein, Francis Delpeuch, Julianne Williams, Abbas Dehghan, Leanne M. Riley, Heloisa Bettiol, Gabriele Nagel, Ellisiv B. Mathiesen, Ekaterina Stoyanova, Alisha N. Wade, Zhamyila Usupova, Arnaud Chiolero, Oonagh Markey, Jacqueline Ramke, Elena Bogova, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Nguyen D Nguyen, Tomasz Zdrojewski, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Jose Sanchez-Abanto, Rômulo Araújo Fernandes, Lourdes Ribas-Barba, Nalan Uysal, Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad, Krista Fischer, Maria Wany Louzada Strufaldi, Ramiro Guerrero, Farnam Mohebi, Tran Quoc Bao, Flávio Danni Fuchs, Salim Berkinbayev, Enisa Kujundzic, Sari Voutilainen, Farzad Hadaegh, Robert Lundqvist, Saeid Safiri, Iraj Mohebbi, George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho, Annette Peters, Gonzalo Valdivia, Magdalena Korzycka, Rajiv T Erasmus, Masanori Iwasaki, Charmaine A. Duante, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Quang Ngoc La, Ricky Eddie, Petra Rust, Daniela Rodrigues, Dirk De Bacquer, Karen Sparrenberger, Agneta Sjöberg, Thet Thet Mu, Katarzyna Dereń, Cora L. Craig, Jorge Motta, Janina Petkeviciene, Boyd Swinburn, Paibul Suriyawongpaisal, Visnja Djordjic, Ramón Alberto Rascón-Pacheco, Pradeep Joshi, Daan Kromhout, Marius B. Bjertness, Stefano Marventano, Juel Jarani, Alireza Khosravi, Eva Martos, David De Ridder, Lizzy M. Brewster, Nico Dragano, Liam Smeeth, Kenji Shibuya, Emma Ruiz Moreno, Hashem Jaddou, Grzegorz Sobek, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Marvin Cervantes-Loaiza, Abu Am Hanif, Elaine M. Murtagh, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, Graziella D'Arrigo, Kyungwon Oh, Heiner Boeing, Regina Heidinger-Felso, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Balkish M. Naidu, Avula Laxmaiah, Ana M. B. Menezes, Marie Eliasen, Francesco Pistelli, Yuan He, Dusko Bjelica, José A. Casajús, Guang Ning, Lutgart Braeckman, Dirk Vanderschueren, Jochanan Stessman, Ivana Radic, Yi Zeng, Hans Concin, Damaskini Valvi, Sari Hantunen, Catherine Kyobutungi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Wenhua Zhao, Sok King Ong, Anne W. Taylor, Iraj Nabipour, Justyna Godos, Cyrus Cooper, Mattias Johansson, Samuel C. Dumith, Magdalena Muc, Sabine Schipf, Idowu O Senbanjo, Jim Mann, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Yih Chung Tham, Kay-Tee Khaw, Joseph Cacciottolo, Ana Henriques, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Bernhard O. Boehm, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Iveta Pudule, Elisabete Ramos, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Paul H. Lee, Terence W O'Neill, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Margus Punab, Bojan Jelaković, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Takafumi Ishida, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Mirjam M. Heinen, Tazeen H. Jafar, Semánová Csilla, Constance Schultsz, Santiago F. Gomez, Raija Korpelainen, Edward W. Gregg, Laura Gutierrez, Pierre Traissac, Victor M. Herrera, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Shouling Wu, Jennifer L. Baker, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Eleonora d'Orsi, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Anna Fijałkowska, Wen-Harn Pan, Gregor Starc, Meghnath Dhimal, Murat Topbaş, George Moschonis, Robert Eggertsen, Abdullah Alkandari, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Janette Walton, Elnaz Faramarzi, Saeed Dastgiri, Lien Braeckevelt, Nasheeta Peer, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Mohamed M. Ali, Steiner Krokstad, Harald Geiger, Morteza Shamshirgaran, Lela Shengelia, María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra, Silvana Donoso, Khem Bahadur Karki, Timothy J. Key, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Susana Vale, Felix K. Assah, Juan A Rivera, Peter H. Whincup, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Jaakko Mursu, Luis A. Moreno, Glen Gironella, Jelena Kos, Tilema Cama, Haakon E. Meyer, Jun Ma, Raphael E. Arku, Ziad Abdeen, Dianna J. Magliano, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Paola Nardone, Alberto Barceló, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Francesco Gianfagna, Stefania Maggi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Behrooz Hamzeh, Miquel Porta, Vesna Jureša, Alexander D. Deev, David Faeh, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Ian Hambleton, Stefan Savin, Andre Pascal Kengne, R. Krishna Kumar, Kurt Widhalm, Marco M Ferrario, Parisa Amiri, Anjani Kumar Jha, Thamara Hubler Figueiró, Jana Kratenova, Claudia M. Hormiga, Maria Tsigga, Zivka Dika, Indrapal I. Meshram, Ei Ei K. Nang, Ian Rouse, Rusidah Selamat, Paul Korrovits, Grethe S. Tell, Julie Taylor, Anabela Mota-Pinto, Paolo Vineis, Kotsedi D Monyeki, Khuong Quynh Long, Frank J Rühli, Shelly R. McFarlane, Sara Santos Sanz, Edyta Łuszczki, Maria G. Stathopoulou, Tara Coppinger, Karin De Ridder, Lucie Viet, Anna Bugge, Mehdi Yaseri, Safiah Md Yusof, Sandra C. Fuchs, Muhammad Islam, Irfan Nuhoglu, Rui Providência, Bernard Maire, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Sinead Brophy, Maria Ruiz-Castell, Daniela Pierannunzio, Cristina Taddei, Gowri Mahasampath, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Hanna Tolonen, Sudhir Kowlessur, Bagher Larijani, Laura Torres-Collado, Susi Kriemler, Ali Akbar Shayesteh, Cynthia Robitaille, Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, Yufang Bi, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Line Tang Møllehave, Vincent Jr DeGennaro, Noor Ani Ahmad, Anar Dushpanova, Agustinus Soemantri, Susana Sans, Ionela Pascanu, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Inger Ariansen, Kodanda R Kanala, Gert B. M. Mensink, Abhijit Sen, Sergej M. Ostojic, Hanan F. Abdul Rahim, Hélène Delisle, Francisco J. Félix-Redondo, Yadlapalli S. Kusuma, Michael Knoflach, Moein Yoosefi, Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte, Wolfgang Ahrens, Osvaldo Santos, Bethlehem D. Solomon, Erik Lykke Mortensen, Nikhil D. Patel, Reynaldo Martorell, Ching-Yu Cheng, Stine Schramm, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa, Jacek Jóźwiak, Radwan Qasrawi, Herman Borghs, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Heidi Klakk, Akram Pourshams, Naomi S. Levitt, Son Thai Pham, Simona Giampaoli, Dong Zhao, Indah Suci Widyahening, Merete Osler, Paula Margozzini, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Dora Romaguera, Monira Alarouj, Winsome R. Parnell, Marloes Cardol, Giota Touloumi, Janice Luisa Lukrafka, Adela Chirita-Emandi, Maryam Kavousi, Sanja Musić Milanović, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Jalila El Ati, Sauli Herrala, Liang Xu, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Bee Koon Poh, Luis Serra-Majem, Jonathan E. Shaw, Belong Cho, Daphne Mirkopoulou, Salvador Villalpando, Yuki Fujita, Tiffany K. Gill, Nish Chaturvedi, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Günay Can, Mark Woodward, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros, Ahmed A. Madar, Shoaib Afzal, Melanie J. Cowan, Gareth Stratton, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Sameer Narake, Norie Sawada, Deepak Amarapurkar, Deepa Weerasekera, Diana A. 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Chan School of Public Health, Middlesex University [London], Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) (UMR MoISA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire (IGE-PCV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Wellcome TrustEuropean Commission, Clinical Developmental Psychology, APH - Mental Health, Sociology, The Social Context of Aging (SoCA), Nutrition and Health, Iurilli, Maria LC [0000-0003-0409-1635], Zhou, Bin [0000-0002-1741-8628], Ezzati, Majid [0000-0002-2109-8081], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Epidemiology and Data Science, APH - Aging & Later Life, APH - Societal Participation & Health, Public and occupational health, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, VU University medical center, APH - Personalized Medicine, AGEM - Endocrinology, metabolism and nutrition, ACS - Diabetes & metabolism, APH - Global Health, ARD - Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Adult Psychiatry, Global Health, APH - Quality of Care, APH - Methodology, ACS - Atherosclerosis & ischemic syndromes, Gómez Santos, Santiago Felipe, NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC), Faculdade de Desporto, Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Faculdade de Medicina, Tampere University, Clinical Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Eye Centre, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Middlesex University, World Health Organization, Ministry of Health, University of Lausanne, Eduardo Mondlane University, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, University of Sydney, Health and Nutrition, University of Auckland, Seoul National University, ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition, Capital Medical University Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, University Tunis El Manar, University of Oulu, University of Zagreb, University of Ljubljana, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Al-Quds University, National Center of Public Healthcare, Qatar University, Birzeit University, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Flinders University, Mahidol University, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, University of Amsterdam, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, University of Oslo, University of Bremen, Republican Center for Health Promotion, Endocrinology and Genetics, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Aldara Hospital and Medical Center, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Barcelona Institute for Global Health CIBERESP, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, UMR CNRS-MNHN 7206 Eco-anthropologie, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Public Health, Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Abt Associates, University of Iceland, University of Yaoundé1, Federal University of Pelotas, University of Medicine 1, Oulu University Hospital, Banska Bystrica Regional Authority of Public Health, Tel- Aviv University, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, University of Porto Medical School, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Non- Communicable Diseases Research Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, University of Science and Technology, Medical University of Lodz, Medical University of Gdansk, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid CIBERESP, University of Rzeszów, University of Palermo, Pan American Health Organization, Mohammed V University de Rabat, University of Pernambuco, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Dalhousie University, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Federal University of Maranhao, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, University College Dublin, Christian Medical College, Care and Consumer Protection, Cafam University Foundation, Kazakh National Medical University, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, University of Saõ Paulo, B J Medical College, Chirayu Medical College, Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, The Hospital for Sick Children, Aga Khan University, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ufa Eye Research Institute, Nepal Health Research Council, University of Montenegro, University of Southern Denmark, University of Gothenburg, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, University of Turin, University College London, Liverpool John Moores University, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Endocrinology Research Centre, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas, IRCCS Neuromed, Toulouse University School of Medicine, University of Zurich, University Hospital KU Leuven, Flemish Agency for Care and Health, Ghent University, FrieslandCampina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Bielefeld University, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 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, Zhanna Kalmatayeva , Ofra Kalter-Leibovici , Yves Kameli , Freja B Kampmann , Kodanda R Kanala , Srinivasan Kannan , Efthymios Kapantais , Argyro Karakosta , Line L Kårhus , Khem B Karki , Marzieh Katibeh , Joanne Katz , Peter T Katzmarzyk , Jussi Kauhanen , Prabhdeep Kaur , Maryam Kavousi , Gyulli M Kazakbaeva , Ulrich Keil , Lital Keinan Boker , Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi , Roya Kelishadi , Cecily Kelleher , Han Cg Kemper , Andre P Kengne , Maryam Keramati , Alina Kerimkulova , Mathilde Kersting , Timothy Key , Yousef Saleh Khader , Davood Khalili , Kay-Tee Khaw , Bahareh Kheiri , Motahareh Kheradmand , Alireza Khosravi , Ilse Msl Khouw , Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer , Stefan Kiechl , Japhet Killewo , Dong Wook Kim , Hyeon Chang Kim , Jeongseon Kim , Jenny M Kindblom , Heidi Klakk , Magdalena Klimek , Jeannette Klimont , Jurate Klumbiene , Michael Knoflach , Bhawesh Koirala , Elin Kolle , Patrick Kolsteren , Jürgen König , Raija Korpelainen , Paul Korrovits , Magdalena Korzycka , 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Lind , Allan Linneberg , Lauren Lissner , Mieczyslaw Litwin , Lijuan Liu , Wei-Cheng Lo , Helle-Mai Loit , Khuong Quynh Long , Luis Lopes , Oscar Lopes , Esther Lopez-Garcia , Tania Lopez , Paulo A Lotufo , José Eugenio Lozano , Janice L Lukrafka , Dalia Luksiene , Annamari Lundqvist , Robert Lundqvist , Nuno Lunet , Charles Lunogelo , Michala Lustigová , Edyta Łuszczki , Guansheng Ma , Jun Ma , Xu Ma , George Ll Machado-Coelho , Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues , Luisa M Macieira , Ahmed A Madar , Stefania Maggi , Dianna J Magliano , Sara Magnacca , Emmanuella Magriplis , Gowri Mahasampath , Bernard Maire , Marjeta Majer , Marcia Makdisse , Päivi Mäki , Fatemeh Malekzadeh , Reza Malekzadeh , Rahul Malhotra , Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao , Sofia K Malyutina , Lynell V Maniego , Yannis Manios , Jim I Mann , Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei , Enzo Manzato , Paula Margozzini , Anastasia Markaki , Oonagh Markey , Eliza Markidou Ioannidou , Pedro Marques-Vidal , Larissa Pruner Marques , Jaume Marrugat , Yves Martin-Prevel , Rosemarie Martin , Reynaldo Martorell , Eva Martos , Katharina Maruszczak , Stefano Marventano , Luis P Mascarenhas , Shariq R Masoodi , Ellisiv B Mathiesen , Prashant Mathur , Alicia Matijasevich , Tandi E Matsha , Christina Mavrogianni , Artur Mazur , Jean Claude N Mbanya , Shelly R McFarlane , Stephen T McGarvey , Martin McKee , Stela McLachlan , Rachael M McLean , Scott B McLean , Breige A McNulty , Sounnia Mediene Benchekor , Jurate Medzioniene , Parinaz Mehdipour , Kirsten Mehlig , Amir Houshang Mehrparvar , Aline Meirhaeghe , Jørgen Meisfjord , Christa Meisinger , Ana Maria B Menezes , Geetha R Menon , Gert Bm Mensink , Maria Teresa Menzano , Alibek Mereke , Indrapal I Meshram , Andres Metspalu , Haakon E Meyer , Jie Mi , Kim F Michaelsen , Nathalie Michels , Kairit Mikkel , Karolina Milkowska , Jody C Miller , Cláudia S Minderico , G K Mini , Juan Francisco Miquel , Mohammad Reza Mirjalili , Daphne Mirkopoulou , Erkin Mirrakhimov , Marjeta 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, Jaakko Mursu , Elaine M Murtagh , Kamarul Imran Musa , Sanja Music Milanovic , Vera Musil , Norlaila Mustafa , Iraj Nabipour , Shohreh Naderimagham , Gabriele Nagel , Balkish M Naidu , Farid Najafi , Harunobu Nakamura , Jana Námešná , Ei Ei K Nang , Vinay B Nangia , Martin Nankap , Sameer Narake , Paola Nardone , Matthias Nauck , William A Neal , Azim Nejatizadeh , Chandini Nekkantti , Keiu Nelis , Liis Nelis , Ilona Nenko , Martin Neovius , Flavio Nervi , Chung T Nguyen , Nguyen D Nguyen , Quang Ngoc Nguyen , Ramfis E Nieto-Martínez , Yury P Nikitin , Guang Ning , Toshiharu Ninomiya , Sania Nishtar , Marianna Noale , Oscar A Noboa , Helena Nogueira , Teresa Norat , Maria Nordendahl , Børge G Nordestgaard , Davide Noto , Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska , Mohannad Al Nsour , Irfan Nuhoglu , Eha Nurk , Terence W O'Neill , Dermot O'Reilly , Galina Obreja , Caleb Ochimana , Angélica M Ochoa-Avilés , Eiji Oda , Kyungwon Oh , Kumiko Ohara , Claes Ohlsson , Ryutaro Ohtsuka , Örn Olafsson , Maria 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Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M, Silva, Antonio M, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A, Sjöberg, Agneta, Sjöström, Michael, Skodje, Gry, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw, Smeeth, Liam, So, Hung-Kwan, Soares, Fernanda Cunha, Sobek, Grzegorz, Sobngwi, Eugène, Sodemann, Morten, Söderberg, Stefan, Soekatri, Moesijanti YE, Soemantri, Agustinu, Sofat, Reecha, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Somi, Mohammad Hossein, Sonestedt, Emily, Song, Yi, Sørensen, Thorkild IA, Sørgjerd, Elin P, Jérome, Charles Sossa, Soto-Rojas, Victoria E, Soumaré, Aïcha, Sovic, Slavica, Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente, Sparrenberger, Karen, Spinelli, Angela, Spiroski, Igor, Staessen, Jan A, Stamm, Hanspeter, Stathopoulou, Maria G, Staub, Kaspar, Stavreski, Bill, Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D, Stergiou, George S, Stessman, Jochanan, Stevanovic, Ranko, Stieber, Jutta, Stöckl, Dori, Stocks, Tanja, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Stoyanova, Ekaterina, Stratton, Gareth, Stronks, Karien, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, Sturua, Lela, Suárez-Medina, Ramón, Suka, Machi, Sun, Chien-An, Sundström, Johan, Sung, Yn-Tz, Sunyer, Jordi, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Swinburn, Boyd A, Sy, Rody G, Syddall, Holly E, Sylva, René Charle, Szklo, Moyse, Szponar, Lucjan, Tai, E Shyong, Tammesoo, Mari-Lii, Tamosiunas, Abdona, Tan, Eng Joo, Tang, Xun, Tanrygulyyeva, Maya, Tanser, Frank, Tao, Yong, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarp, Jakob, Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B, Braunerová, Radka Taxová, Taylor, Anne, Taylor, Julie, Tchibindat, Félicité, Tebar, William R, Tell, Grethe S, Tello, Tania, Tham, Yih Chung, Thankappan, KR, Theobald, Holger, Theodoridis, Xenophon, Thijs, Lutgarde, Thomas, Nihal, Thuesen, Betina H, Tichá, Lubica, Timmermans, Erik J, Tjonneland, Anne, Tolonen, Hanna K, Tolstrup, Janne S, Topbas, Murat, Topór-Madry, Roman, Torheim, Liv Elin, Tormo, María José, Tornaritis, Michael J, Torrent, Matie, Torres-Collado, Laura, Toselli, Stefania, Touloumi, Giota, Traissac, Pierre, Tran, Thi Tuyet-Hanh, Trichopoulos, Dimitrio, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Trinh, Oanh TH, Trivedi, Atul, Tshepo, Lechaba, Tsigga, Maria, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Tuliakova, Azaliia M, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K, Tullu, Fikru, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Turley, Maria L, Twig, Gilad, Tynelius, Per, Tzotzas, Themistokli, Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ugel, Eunice, Ukoli, Flora AM, Ulmer, Hanno, Unal, Belgin, Usupova, Zhamyila, Uusitalo, Hannu MT, Uysal, Nalan, Vaitkeviciute, Justina, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Vale, Susana, Valvi, Damaskini, van Dam, Rob M, Van der Heyden, Johan, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Van Herck, Koen, Van Minh, Hoang, Van Schoor, Natasja M, van Valkengoed, Irene GM, Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Varbo, Anette, Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, Varona-Pérez, Patricia, Vasan, Senthil K, Vega, Toma, Veidebaum, Tooma, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Velika, Biruta, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, WM Monique, Victora, Cesar G, Viegi, Giovanni, Viet, Lucie, Villalpando, Salvador, Vineis, Paolo, Vioque, Jesu, Virtanen, Jyrki K, Visser, Marjolein, Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vladulescu, Mihaela, Vlasoff, Tiina, Vocanec, Dorja, Vollenweider, Peter, Völzke, Henry, Voutilainen, Ari, Voutilainen, Sari, Vrijheid, Martine, Vrijkotte, Tanja GM, Wade, Alisha N, Wagner, Aline, Waldhör, Thoma, Walton, Janette, Wambiya, Elvis OA, Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan, Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan, de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Rildo, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Qian, Wang, Xiangjun, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nichola, Weber, Adelheid, Wedderkopp, Niel, Weerasekera, Deepa, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Weres, Aneta, Werner, Bo, Whincup, Peter H, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Wiecek, Andrzej, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Andrew, Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Li Juan, Wu, Shouling, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Weili, Yang, Ling, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yang, Yang, Yardim, Nazan, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasuharu, Tabara, Ye, Xingwang, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Md Yusof, Safiah, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassili, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antoni, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Ko Zaw, Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zeng, Yi, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga, Zuziak, Monika, Ezzati, Majid, Filippi, Sarah, Cohortes épidémiologiques en population (CONSTANCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: Population -- Health aspects, Leanness, Baixo peso/Underweight, none, Double burden, alipainoisuus, tulotaso, global health, systematic analysis, Sedentary behaviors, RC1200, Prospective associations, 0302 clinical medicine, underweight, nälänhätä, Biology (General), skin and connective tissue diseases, Children, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Body mass index, Human Nutrition & Health, education.field_of_study, Humane Voeding & Gezondheid, ylipaino, General Medicine, kansainvälinen vertailu, 3. Good health, World health, Medicine, A100 Pre-clinical Medicine, Population distribution, medicine.medical_specialty, QH301-705.5, Science, Socio-culturale, Nursing, Social sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Thinness, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, BMI, epidemiology, obesity, None, Humans, Obesidade/Obesity, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, education, VLAG, US adults, Omvårdnad, body mass index, malnutrition, obesity, underweight, nutritional and metabolic diseases, medicine.disease, terveellisyys, Obesity, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Risk Factors, General Biochemistry, WIAS, lihavuus, RA, Demography, N.A, double burden, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, alueelliset erot, Nutrition and Disease, Animal Nutrition, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medizin, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Change distribution of body mass index, RA0421, Voeding en Ziekte, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Global health, Índice de massa corporal/Body Mass Index, 030212 general & internal medicine, Underweight, painoindeksi, 2. Zero hunger, General Neuroscience, aliravitsemus, elintarvikkeet, health, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Diervoeding, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.03 [https], Chinese adults, pooled analysis, medicine.symptom, Diet quality, B120 Physiology, Research Article, trends, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.06.03 [https], prevalence, Population, Mothers, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 3121 Internal medicine, medicine, Life Science, ddc:610, 3125 Otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, kehonkoostumus, Nutrition, Australian adults, General Immunology and Microbiology, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.04 [https], Ciências sociais, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Malnutrition, Epidemiology and Global Health, sense organs, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions., Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, peer-reviewed
Published: 2021
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30. Development and validation of a scoring system for pre-surgical and early post-surgical prediction of bariatric surgery unsuccess at 2 years

Author: Chiara D'Eusebio, Antonella De Francesco, Mario Morino, Marianna Pellegrini, Simone Arolfo, S Boschetti, F. Rahimi, Fabio Bioletto, Simona Bo, Mauro Toppino, and Ezio Ghigo
Subjects: Neck circumference, Adult, Male, Post surgical, medicine.medical_specialty, Scoring system, Adolescent, Science, Bariatric Surgery, Article, Fasting glucose, Morbid obesity, Weight Loss, Medicine, Effective treatment, Humans, Model development, Obesity, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Middle Aged, Surgery, Obesity, Morbid, Treatment Outcome, Female, business, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective treatment for morbid obesity. However, a simple and easy-to-use tool for the prediction of BS unsuccess is still lacking. Baseline and follow-up data from 300 consecutive patients who underwent BS were retrospectively collected. Supervised regression and machine-learning techniques were used for model development, in which BS unsuccess at 2 years was defined as a percentage of excess-weight-loss (%EWL)
Published: 2021

31. Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Survival and Hospitalizations in Patients with Severe Obesity. A Retrospective Cohort Study

Author: Simone Arolfo, Simona Bo, Eva Pagano, Tiziana Rosso, Giovannino Ciccone, Amelia Brunani, Enrica Migliore, Ezio Ghigo, Marianna Pellegrini, Paolo Capodaglio, and Mario Morino
Subjects: Adult, Male, Sleeve gastrectomy, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Gastric banding, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, medicine.medical_treatment, bariatric surgery, overall survival, Gastric bypass, Gastric Bypass, macromolecular substances, Article, Young Adult, Gastrectomy, Risk Factors, medicine, Humans, In patient, TX341-641, Proportional Hazards Models, Retrospective Studies, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology, Hazard ratio, Retrospective cohort study, Severe obesity, Middle Aged, Survival Analysis, Surgery, Obesity, Morbid, Survival benefit, nervous system, Female, business, sleeve gastrectomy, Food Science, hospitalization
Abstract: Bariatric surgery (BS) confers a survival benefit in specific subsets of patients with severe obesity, otherwise, effects on hospital admissions are still uncertain. We assessed the long-term effect on mortality and on hospitalization of BS in patients with severe obesity. This was a retrospective cohort study, including all patients residing in Piedmont (age 18–60 years, BMI ³ 40 kg/m2) admitted during 2002–2018 to the Istituto Auxologico Italiano. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for BS were estimated for mortality and hospitalization, considering surgery as a time-varying variable. Out of 2285 patients, 331 (14.5%) underwent BS, 64.4% received sleeve gastrectomy (SG), 18.7% Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and 16.9% adjustable gastric banding (AGB). After 10-year follow-up, 10 (3%) and 233 (12%) patients from BS and non-BS groups died, respectively (HR = 0.52, 95%CI 0.27–0.98, by a multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression model). In patients undergoing SG or RYGB, the hospitalization probability decreased significantly in the after-BS group (HR = 0.77, 0.68–0.88 and HR = 0.78, 0.63–0.98, respectively) compared to non-BS group. When comparing hospitalization risk in the BS group only, a marked reduction after surgery was found for all BS types. In conclusion, BS significantly reduced the risk of all-cause mortality and hospitalization after 10-year follow-up.
Published: 2021

32. Traits of orthorexia nervosa and muscle dysmorphia in Italian university students: a multicentre study

Author: Fabrizio Liguori, Monica Guglielmetti, Ilaria Silvia Rossella Gorrasi, Simona Bo, Elisabetta Carraro, Giorgio Gilli, Giovanni Abbate Daga, Silvia Bonetta, Giorgio Liguori, Mattia Roppolo, Marisa Arpesella, Valeria Di Onofrio, Francesca Gallè, Maddalena Gaeta, Cinzia Ferraris, and Anna Tagliabue
Subjects: BMI, Eating disorders, Muscle dysmorphia, Orthorexia nervosa, Physical activity, Undergraduates, 050103 clinical psychology, Universities, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, Health Behavior, Feeding and Eating Disorders, 03 medical and health sciences, Surveys and Questionnaires, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Students, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Muscles, 05 social sciences, Feeding Behavior, medicine.disease, Test (assessment), Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Italy, medicine.symptom, business, Demography, Dieting
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of traits of orthorexia nervosa (ON) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) in a group of undergraduates, investigate the associations between the risk of these conditions and the type of university course attended, the individual characteristics (gender, BMI, amount of physical activity, supplements and medicines use, dieting) and the risk of eating disorders (EDs). A self-reported questionnaire consisting of a socio-demographic section and three tests validated for the evaluation of a risk of ON (ORTO-15), MD (MDDI-ITA) and EDs (EAT-26) was completed by 918 students from three Italian universities. 29.0% of participants demonstrated traits of ON and 5.0% of MD, without differences in prevalence in the three areas of study investigated (health-scientific, economic-humanistic, sport sciences); students of sport sciences exhibited a significantly higher score for MDDI-ITA (F = 6.493, p = 0.002). Participants with ON and MD traits were more on a diet (OR = 0.47, p ≤ 0.001 and OR = 0.428, p = 0.020, respectively) and showed a higher prevalence of EDs risk (OR = 3.55, p
Published: 2019
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33. Non-Celiac Gluten/Wheat Sensitivity: Clinical Characteristics and Microbiota and Mycobiota Composition by Response to the Gluten Challenge Test

Author: Mauro Bruno, Marco Astegiano, Maria Rita Corvaglia, Ezio Ghigo, Eleonora Castellana, Patrizia Malfa, Valentina Ponzo, Ilario Ferrocino, Simona Bo, Ilaria Goitre, Marianna Pellegrini, Luca Simone Cocolin, Gianni Cadario, and Fabio Bioletto
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Mycobiota, Wheat Hypersensitivity, gut mycobiota, Gut flora, Gastroenterology, Placebos, Feces, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, chemistry.chemical_classification, Nutrition and Dietetics, Gluten challenge test, Cross-Over Studies, biology, Middle Aged, Eating disorders, Mental Health, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Female, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Glutens, Psychometrics, lcsh:TX341-641, Immunologic Tests, Lower risk, Placebo, Proof of Concept Study, Risk Assessment, digestive system, Article, Feeding and Eating Disorders, 03 medical and health sciences, Double-Blind Method, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Gluten sensitivity, Gut microbiota, Gut mycobiota, Mental status, gut microbiota, business.industry, gluten sensitivity, nutritional and metabolic diseases, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, mental status, Gluten, digestive system diseases, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Self Report, business, Food Science, Mycobiome
Abstract: The aims of this observational “proof-of-concept” study were to analyze the clinical/psychological characteristics and gut microbiota/mycobiota composition of individuals with suspected non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGS/WS) according to responses to the double-blind-placebo-controlled (DBPC) crossover gluten challenge test. Fifty individuals with suspected NCGS/WS were subjected to the DBPC challenge test, anthropometric measurements, psychometric questionnaires, and fecal samples were collected. Twenty-seven (54%) participants were gluten responsive (NCGS), and 23 were placebo responsive, with an order effect. NCGS individuals displayed a significantly lower risk of eating disorders and a higher mental health score when compared to placebo-responsive participants, confirmed by multiple logistic regression analyses (OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.76–0.98, p = 0.021, and OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.06–1.59, p = 0.009, respectively). Principal coordinate analyses based on microbiota composition showed a separation by the DBPC response (p = 0.039). For Bacteroides (p = 0.05) and Parabacteroides (p = 0.007), the frequency of amplicon sequence variants was lower, and that for Blautia (p = 0.009) and Streptococcus (p = 0.004) was higher in NCGS individuals at multiple regression analyses. No difference in the mycobiota composition was detected between the groups. In conclusion, almost half of the individuals with suspected gluten sensitivity reported symptoms with placebo, they showed lower mental health scores, increased risk for eating disorders, and a different gut microbiota composition.
Published: 2021
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34. Consuming more of daily caloric intake at dinner predisposes to obesity. A 6-year population-based prospective cohort study.

Author: Simona Bo, Giovanni Musso, Guglielmo Beccuti, Maurizio Fadda, Debora Fedele, Roberto Gambino, Luigi Gentile, Marilena Durazzo, Ezio Ghigo, and Maurizio Cassader
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Background/objectivesIt has been hypothesized that assuming most of the caloric intake later in the day leads to metabolic disadvantages, but few studies are available on this topic. Aim of our study was to prospectively examine whether eating more of the daily caloric intake at dinner leads to an increased risk of obesity, hyperglycemia, metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Subjects/methods1245 non-obese, non-diabetic middle-aged adults from a population-based cohort underwent a 3-day food record questionnaire at enrollment. Anthropometric values, blood pressure, blood metabolic variables, and estimated liver fat were measured at baseline and at 6-year follow-up.DesignProspective cohort study.ResultsSubjects were divided according to tertiles of percent daily caloric intake at dinner. A significant increase in the incidence rate of obesity (from 4.7 to 11.4%), metabolic syndrome (from 11.1 to 16.1%), and estimated NAFLD (from 16.5 to 23.8%) was observed from the lower to higher tertile. In a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for multiple covariates, subjects in the highest tertile showed an increased risk of developing obesity (OR = 2.33; 95% CI 1.17-4.65; p = 0.02), metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.52; 95% CI 1.01-2.30; p = 0.04), and NAFLD (OR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.10-2.22; p = 0.01).ConclusionsConsuming more of the daily energy intake at dinner is associated with an increased risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and NAFLD.
Published: 2014
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35. Prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in a group of ungraduates: dieting and physical activity role

Author: E. Carraro, Monica Guglielmetti, Cinzia Ferraris, Simona Bo, G. Abbate Daga, Ilaria Silvia Rossella Gorrasi, Ottavia Eleonora Ferraro, and Anna Tagliabue
Subjects: Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Physical activity, Medicine (miscellaneous), Medicine, medicine.symptom, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, medicine.disease, Orthorexia nervosa, Clinical psychology, Dieting
Published: 2021
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36. The incidence of the refeeding syndrome. A systematic review and meta-analyses of literature

Author: Simona Bo, Valentina Ponzo, Marianna Pellegrini, Iolanda Cioffi, Giovannino Ciccone, Fabrizio Pasanisi, Andrea Evangelista, Ezio Ghigo, Fabio Bioletto, Cioffi, I., Ponzo, V., Pellegrini, M., Evangelista, A., Bioletto, F., Ciccone, G., Pasanisi, F., Ghigo, E., and Bo, S.
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Consensus, Hypophosphatemia, Population, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Refeeding syndrome, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Intensive care, medicine, Artificial nutritional support, Humans, Refeeding Syndrome, skin and connective tissue diseases, education, Critically ill, Cohort studies, Eating disorders, Inpatients, education.field_of_study, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Eating disorder, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Observational Studies as Topic, Parenteral nutrition, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Observational study, business, Cohort studie, Cohort study
Abstract: Summary Background & aims The refeeding syndrome (RFS) has been recognized as a potentially life-threatening metabolic complication of re-nutrition, but the definition widely varies and, its incidence is unknown. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analyses was to estimate the incidence of RFS in adults by considering the definition used by the authors as well as the recent criteria proposed by the American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) consensus. Furthermore, the incidence of refeeding hypophosphatemia (RH) was also assessed. Methods Four databases were systematically searched until September 2020 for retrieving trials and observational studies. The incidences of RFS and RH were expressed as percentage and reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Thirty-five observational studies were included in the analysis. The risk of bias was serious in 16 studies and moderate in the remaining 19. The incidence of RFS varied from 0% to 62% across the studies. No substantial change in the originally reported incidence of RFS was found by applying the ASPEN criteria. Similarly, the incidence of RH ranged between 7% and 62%. In the subgroup analyses, inpatients from Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and those initially fed with >20 kcal/kg/day seemed to have a higher incidence of both RFS (pooled incidence = 44%; 95% CI 36%–52%) and RH (pooled incidence = 27%; 95% CI 21%–34%). However, due to the high heterogeneity of data, summary incidence measures are meaningless. Conclusion The incidence rate of both RFS and RH greatly varied according to the definition used and the population analyzed, being higher in ICU inpatients and in those with increased initial caloric supply. Therefore, a universally accepted definition for RFS, taking different clinical contexts and groups of patients into account, is still needed to better characterize the syndrome and its approach.
Published: 2021

37. Impact of Refeeding Syndrome on Short- and Medium-Term All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Author: Ezio Ghigo, Iolanda Cioffi, Antonella De Francesco, Valentina Ponzo, Marianna Pellegrini, Fabio Bioletto, and Simona Bo
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Population, Subgroup analysis, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Cochrane Library, Refeeding syndrome, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Statistical significance, medicine, Humans, Nutritional support team, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mortality, education, Meta-analysis, Systematic review, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Mortality rate, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, business
Abstract: Background The refeeding syndrome has been described as a potentially life-threatening complication of renutrition. However, moving from single reports to larger population studies, the real impact of refeeding syndrome on all-cause mortality is still unknown. Methods PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and CINAHL databases were systematically searched until September 2020 for studies reporting mortality rates in patients who developed the syndrome at renutrition compared with those who did not develop it. Effect sizes were pooled through a random-effect model. Results Thirteen studies were finally considered in the meta-analysis, for a total of 3846 patients (mean age 64.5 years; 58% males). Pooled data showed a nonsignificant trend toward an increased short-term (≤1 month) mortality in patients developing the refeeding syndrome (odds ratio = 1.27, 95% confidence interval 0.93-1.72), mostly driven by studies in which renutrition was not prescribed and supervised by a nutritional support team (P = .01 at subgroup analysis) and by studies published in previous years (P = .04 at meta-regression). When examining medium-term (≤6 month) mortality, an overall statistical significance toward higher risk was observed (odds ratio = 1.54, 95% confidence interval 1.04-2.28). Conclusion This was the first meta-analysis that specifically assessed the impact of refeeding syndrome on mortality. Our results suggested a nonsignificant trend toward increased mortality in the short term but a significantly increased mortality in the medium term. The supervision/management of the refeeding process by a nutrition specialist might be a key factor for the limitation of this mortality excess.
Published: 2021

38. The Use of Self-Help Strategies in Obesity Treatment. A Narrative Review Focused on Hypnosis and Mindfulness

Author: Sara Carletto, Luca Ostacoli, Elena Scumaci, Valentina Ponzo, Simona Bo, and Marianna Pellegrini
Subjects: Hypnosis, Mindfulness, Psychotherapist, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Psychological intervention, Self-conditioning, Dysfunctional family, General Medicine, Psychological Issues (V Drapeau and V Ivezaj, Section Editors), Emotional eating, Affect (psychology), Self-help, Weight loss, Weight Loss, Weight management, medicine, Humans, Obesity, medicine.symptom, Psychology
Abstract: Purpose of Review The aim of this narrative review was to summarize the evidence evaluating the possibilities and limitations of self-hypnosis and mindfulness strategies in the treatment of obesity. Recent Findings Psychological factors, such as mood disorders and stress, can affect eating behaviors and deeply influence weight gain. Psychological approaches to weight management could increase the motivation and self-control of the patients with obesity, limiting their impulsiveness and inappropriate use of food. The cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) represents the cornerstone of obesity treatment, but complementary and self-directed psychological interventions, such as hypnosis and mindfulness, could represent additional strategies to increase the effectiveness of weight loss programs, by improving dysfunctional eating behaviors, self-motivation, and stimulus control. Summary Both hypnosis and mindfulness provide a promising therapeutic option by improving weight loss, food awareness, self-acceptance of body image, and limiting food cravings and emotional eating. Greater effectiveness occurs when hypnosis and mindfulness are associated with other psychological therapies in addition to diet and physical activity. Additional research is needed to determine whether these strategies are effective in the long term and whether they can be routinely introduced into the clinical practice.
Published: 2021

39. 'Front-of-pack' nutrition labeling

Author: Pasquale STRAZZULLO, Giulia CAIRELLA, Francesco SOFI, Daniela ERBA, Angelo CAMPANOZZI, Francesca DANESI, Licia IACOVIELLO, Daniela MARTINI, Nicoletta PELLEGRINI, Laura ROSSI, Salvatore VACCARO, Nino Carlo Battistini, Simona BO, Alessandra BORDONI, Furio BRIGHENTI, Alessandro Casini, Maria Cristina CASIRAGHI, Salvatore CIAPPELLANO, Antonio Colantuoni, Lanfranco D'ELIA, Daniele DEL RIO, Paolo Emidio MACCHIA, Giovannangelo ORIANI, Maria PARPINEL, Alessandro PINTO, Angela POLITO, Marisa PORRINI, Patrizia RISO, Gian Luigi Russo, Luca SCALFI, Francesca SCAZZINA, Sabina SIERI, Paolo SIMONETTI, Elvira VERDUCI, Strazzullo, Pasquale, Cairella, Giulia, Sofi, Francesco, Erba, Daniela, Campanozzi, Angelo, Danesi, Francesca, Iacoviello, Lucia, Martini, Daniela, Pellegrini, Nicoletta, Rossi, Laura, Vaccaro, Salvatore, Battistini Nino, Carlo, Bo, Simona, Bordoni, Alessandra, Brighenti, Furio, Casini, Alessandro, Casiraghi Maria, Cristina, Ciappellano, Salvatore, Colantuoni, Antonio, D'Elia, Lanfranco, del Rio, Daniele, Macchia, PAOLO EMIDIO, Oriani, Govannangelo, Parpinel, Maria, Pinto, Alessandro, Polito, Angela, Porrini, Marisa, Riso, Patrizia, Russo, Gianluigi, Scalfi, Luca, Scazzina, Francesca, Sieri, Sabina, Simonetti, Paolo, and Verduci, Elvira
Subjects: Consensus, Recommended Dietary Allowance, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Energy (esotericism), media_common.quotation_subject, Food Preference, Declaration, Color, Medicine (miscellaneous), Consensu, Recommended Dietary Allowances, Choice Behavior, Nutritional information, Decision Support Techniques, Nutrition labeling, Decision Support Technique, Food Preferences, Food Labeling, Dualism, Humans, Quality (business), Marketing, Health Education, media_common, Nutrition and Dietetics, Consumer Behavior, Energy Intake, Nutritive Value, Food Quality and Design, Colored, Order (business), Position (finance), Business, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Human, Theme (narrative)
Abstract: Excess intake of energy, sugars, salt and saturated fats is an important causal factor of obesity and related non-communicable diseases. In order to help consumers to make healthy food choices, many European countries have developed proposals for “front-of-pack” food labeling, intended as an integration to the nutritional information provided by the mandatory nutritional declaration. Based on the European strategic program “Farm to Fork”, the intention is to achieve a harmonized front-of-pack label proposal by Q4 2022. Among the different proposals, the one which received most attention by experts and greater feedback by the EU member countries is the Nutri-Score, a tool based on an algorithm whereby a “quality” category ranging from A to E is assigned to each single food on a background colored from dark green to dark orange. As an alternative to Nutri-Score, the NutrInform Battery has been developed by Italy in association with a few other EU member states: this proposal is objectively alternative to the Nutri-Score proposal due to a different underlying philosophy, in particular for its informative and educational intent rather than purchase orientation. The present document, prepared by the Scientific Board and reviewed by the Scientific Council of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition, represents the scientific-based position of the Society in relation to the general theme of front-of-pack labeling and in particular to the dualism created between the Nutri-Score and NutrInform Battery proposals.
Published: 2021
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40. Mediterranean diet and sars-cov-2 infection: Is there any association? a proof-of-concept study

Author: Silvio Buscemi, Chiara D'Eusebio, Simone Frea, Ezio Ghigo, Fabio Bioletto, Ilaria Goitre, Valentina Ponzo, Marianna Pellegrini, Simona Bo, Ponzo V., Pellegrini M., D'eusebio C., Bioletto F., Goitre I., Buscemi S., Frea S., Ghigo E., and Bo S.
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, SARS-COV-2 infection, Mediterranean diet, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Mediterranean, Dietary habit, Logistic regression, Diet, Mediterranean, Asymptomatic, Proof of Concept Study, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Healthcare professionals, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, TX341-641, Settore MED/49 - Scienze Tecniche Dietetiche Applicate, Aged, Retrospective Studies, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Health professionals, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, business.industry, Dietary habits, SARS-CoV-2, Risk of infection, Age Factors, COVID-19, Retrospective cohort study, Middle Aged, Diet, Female, Healthcare professional, Observational study, medicine.symptom, business, Food Science
Abstract: The aim of this observational study was investigating the possible correlation between adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeD) and SARS-COV-2 infection rates and severity among healthcare professionals (HCPs). An online self-administrated questionnaire (evaluating both MeD adherence and dietary habits) was filled out by HCPs working in Piedmont (Northern Italy) from 15 January to 28 February 2021. Out of the 1206 questionnaires collected, 900 were considered reliable and analyzed. Individuals who reported the SARS-COV-2 infection (n = 148) showed a significantly lower MeD score, with a lower adherence in fruit, vegetables, cereals, and olive oil consumption. In a logistic regression model, the risk of infection was inversely associated with the MeD score (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.81–0.97) and the consumption of cereals (OR = 0.64, 0.45–0.90). Asymptomatic individuals with SARS-COV-2 infection reported a lower intake of saturated fats than symptomatic, individuals requiring hospitalization were significantly older and reported worse dietary habits than both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. After combining all symptomatic individuals together, age (OR = 1.05, 1.01–1.09) and saturated fats intake (OR = 1.09, 1.01–1.17) were associated with the infection severity. HCPs who reported a SARS-COV-2 infection showed a significantly lower MeD score and cereal consumption. The infection severity was directly associated with higher age and saturated fat intake.
Published: 2021

41. Use of online and paper-and-pencil questionnaires to assess the distribution of orthorexia nervosa, muscle dysmorphia and eating disorders among university students: can different approaches lead to different results?

Author: Cinzia Ferraris, Ilaria Silvia Rossella Gorrasi, Raffaella Degan, Elisabetta Carraro, Giorgio Gilli, Anna Tagliabue, Giovanni Abbate Daga, Mattia Roppolo, Simona Bo, Monica Guglielmetti, and Daniela Acquadro Maran
Subjects: 050103 clinical psychology, Universities, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, media_common.quotation_subject, Health Behavior, Affect (psychology), Orthorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, 03 medical and health sciences, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Web-based survey, Disordered eating, Students, Paper and pencil survey, Orthorexia nervosa, media_common, Response rate (survey), Selection bias, 0303 health sciences, Questionnaire, Muscles, 05 social sciences, Eating disorders, Muscle dysmorphia, Reproducibility of Results, medicine.disease, Test (assessment), Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Original Article, Psychology, Clinical psychology
Abstract: Purpose Administration of questionnaires to assess the diffusion of disordered eating behaviours via the web is becoming common today. The aim of this study is to assess whether two different approaches of administering a test to assess traits of eating disorders (EDs), orthorexia nervosa (ON) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) by email recruitment and online completion (web-based survey—WBS) and by in person recruitment and paper-and-pencil completion (paper-based survey—PBS), gives different results. Methods During 2 consecutive academic years, a self-reported questionnaire consisting of questions about personal characteristics and three tests for the evaluation of ON (ORTO-15), MD (MDDI-ITA), and EDs (EAT-26) were administered to two groups of undergraduates, respectively, as a WBS and a PBS. Results The WBS response rate was 6.7% (N = 137), and the PBS response rate was 86.5% (N = 372). The WBS group showed a statistically significant higher prevalence of students with eating disordered behaviours (21.2% vs 5.4%) and registered a higher mean score on the EAT-26 test (13.5 ± 11.1 vs 6.0 ± 8.0); no differences between the two groups emerged for ON and MD prevalence and test scores. Moreover, in the WBS group, the number of students with one or more tests with test scores above the cut-off values was significantly higher (46.0% vs 32.3%). Conclusion The choice of the approach to administer a questionnaire to assess the diffusion of EDs and related issues must take into account all the factors that can result in selection bias and that can affect the reliability of the results. Level of evidence Level V, descriptive cross-sectional survey.
Published: 2020

42. Author response: Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Zahra Mohammadi, Abdul Basit, Helena I. S. Nogueira, Soile E. Puhakka, Hongsheng Bi, Ari Voutilainen, Davood Khalili, Bin Zhou, Dermot O'Reilly, Natascia Rinaldo, Paulo A. Lotufo, Bahareh Kheiri, Thein Thein Htay, Simona Giampaoli, Goodarz Danaei, M. Fernanda Lima-Costa, Simona Bo, Peter Schnohr, Jerzy Chudek, Francesco Panza, Ling Yang, Katia Vergetti Bloch, Vincenzo Capuano, Holly E. Syddall, Dong Zhao, Indah Suci Widyahening, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Leng Huat Foo, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Merete Osler, Laura Torres-Collado, Manu Raj, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya, Susi Kriemler, Ali Akbar Shayesteh, Aneta Grajda, Anette Varbo, Kazem Mohammad, Leila Beltrami Moreira, Shu Ti Chiou, Iuliia A Rusakova, Jyh Eiin Wong, Torben Jørgensen, Lela Sturua, Lubica Ticha, Hamid Hakimi, Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa, Yanina Zócalo, Freda Pitakaka, Savvas C. Savva, Rajeev Gupta, Jennifer Servais, Marie Kunešová, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Yannis Manios, Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, Yufang Bi, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Sibel Gogen, Viviane Cunha Cardoso, Kristine H. Allin, Ana Azevedo, Line Tang Møllehave, Vincent Jr DeGennaro, Novie O. Younger-Coleman, Gretchen A Stevens, Dickman Gareta, Holger Theobald, Anja Schienkiewitz, Bekbolat Zholdin, Janice Luisa Lukrafka, Adela Chirita-Emandi, Ulla Roggenbuck, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Robespierre Ribeiro, Gabriele Eiben, Eero Kajantie, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Mary Simon, Prakash C. Gupta, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, María Elena Díaz-Sánchez, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Bee Koon Poh, Cristina Padez, Azaliia M Tuliakova, Sarah P. Garnett, William R. Tebar, Yingfeng Zheng, Suhad Bahijri, Christina Mavrogianni, Mihaela Vladulescu, Jan A. Staessen, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, Rui Ornelas, Michael Sjöström, Charles Agyemang, Slawomir Koziel, Shohreh Naderimagham, Jari Jokelainen, Stephen T. McGarvey, Patrick Pasquet, Farnam Mohebi, Nader Saki, Aida Pilav, Azim Nejatizadeh, Marianna Noale, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Luís B. Sardinha, Laura Lauria, Jun Hata, Kodanda R Kanala, Gert B. M. Mensink, Nils Lehmann, Elio Riboli, Carolina Tarqui-Mamani, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Rosangela Fernandes Lucena Batista, Victoria E Soto-Rojas, Luis Serra-Majem, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Felipe Vogt Cureau, Lekhraj Rampal, Zhamilya Battakova, Ludmila Sevcikova, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Fikru Tullu, Aung Soe Htet, Angel R. Gonzalez, Annette J. Dobson, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Hélène Delisle, Francisco J. Félix-Redondo, Ramón Suárez-Medina, Annika Rosengren, Sania Nishtar, Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte, Wolfgang Ahrens, Osvaldo Santos, Maria Cecília Formoso Assunção, Kazi M. Jamil, Stefano Marventano, Wenbin Wei, Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim, Shukri F. Mohamed, Bente Sparboe-Nilsen, Soon-Woo Park, Ana Isabel Rito, David Goltzman, W. M. 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Casajús, Guang Ning, Emmanuella Magriplis, Laura Censi, Graziella Bruno, Valentina Peterkova, Angelique Chan, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Charalambos Hadjigeorgiou, Anjani Kumar Jha, Toomas Veidebaum, Thamara Hubler Figueiró, Jana Kratenova, Michelle Cilia, Ivo Rakovac, Bill Stavreski, Ya Xing Wang, Oscar Noboa, Romana Roccaldo, Sara Magnacca, Johan Sundström, Peter Stehle, Tania Lopez, Francis Delpeuch, Julianne Williams, Ellisiv B. Mathiesen, Leanne M. Riley, Claudia M. Hormiga, Joanne Katz, Ekaterina Stoyanova, Heloisa Bettiol, Gabriele Nagel, Alireza Khosravi, Lars Bo Andersen, João Breda, Jørgen Meisfjord, Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff, Marjeta Majer, Robert Beaglehole, Caleb Ochimana, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, George S. Stergiou, Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, Leon A. Simons, Eng Joo Tan, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Gry Skodje, Maryam Keramati, Liv Elin Torheim, Seppo Koskinen, Assembekov Batyrbek, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Ming-Hui Zhao, Krista Fischer, Tobias F. 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Brewster, Hashem Jaddou, Eunice Ugel, José Camolas, Azli Baharudin, Idris Guessous, Sok King Ong, Tabara Yasuharu, Ali Ghanbari, Anne W. Taylor, Iraj Nabipour, Justyna Godos, Cyrus Cooper, Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva, Gonzalo Valdivia, Gyulli M. Kazakbaeva, Takuro Furusawa, Pawel Kurjata, Diego Vanuzzo, Marvin Cervantes-Loaiza, Karen Morgan, Mostafa Qorbani, Rute Santos, Marika Ferrari, Diego Salmerón, Ida Maria Schmidt, Gao Pei, Abu Am Hanif, Balkish M. Naidu, Maria Wany Louzada Strufaldi, Moesijanti Soekatri, Marcia Scazufca, Katharina Maruszczak, Jacqueline Ramke, Elvis Oa Wambiya, Kairit Mikkel, Napoleón Pérez-Farinós, Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska, Miao Li Chee, Jose Sanchez-Abanto, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Michel Joffres, Vayia Rarra, Ningli Wang, Charmaine A. Duante, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera, Weili Yan, Dong Wook Shin, Rômulo Araújo Fernandes, Ilona Nenko, Sanjib Kumar Sharma, Alfonso Siani, Indrapal I. Meshram, Imelda A. Agdeppa, Ei Ei K. 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Kujala, Nathalie Michels, Marcel Goldberg, Alexandra Cucu, Liliana Dacica, Adelheid Weber, Hermann Pohlabeln, Sandjaja, Jukka T. Salonen, Patricia Varona-Pérez, Tiina Laatikainen, Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer, Ana Paula Carlos Cândido, Julie Taylor, Anabela Mota-Pinto, Cora L. Craig, Teresa Shamah-Levy, María Dolores Chirlaque, Mohd Azahadi Omar, Dominique Cottel, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Andrea Gazzinelli, Mieczysław Litwin, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Adolfo Rubinstein, Abbas Dehghan, Rildo de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Wenhua Zhao, Aleksandra Piwońska, Yong Tao, Bontha V. Babu, Marc J. Gunter, Harunobu Nakamura, Wojciech Drygas, Eiji Oda, Jia Li Duan, Stefan Söderberg, Anthony Kafatos, Lynell V Maniego, Els Clays, Wei-Yen Lim, Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Mattias Johansson, Simona Costanzo, Margot González-León, Matthias Nauck, Henry Völzke, George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho, Annette Peters, Rajiv T Erasmus, Juan Francisco Miquel, Andrea Gualtieri, Abdul Hamid Zargar, Kaare Christensen, Peter Willeit, Tanja Stocks, Christine Cameron, Samuel C. Dumith, Janina Petkeviciene, Boyd Swinburn, Magdalena Muc, Sabine Schipf, Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic, Martin Bobak, Damian K Francis, Veronica Mocanu, Karien Stronks, Antonisamy Belavendra, Artur Mazur, Nagalla Balakrishna, Jardena J. Puder, Mehrdad Azmin, Shelly R. McFarlane, Sara Santos Sanz, Yang Yang, Anneke Blokstra, Rafel Ramos, Ertugrul Celikcan, Jody C Miller, Jesús Ibarluzea, Svetlana A. Shalnova, Maria Elisa Zapata, Guansheng Ma, Fereidoun Azizi, Beatriz D'Agord Schaan, Pedro Marques-Vidal, William A. Neal, Ana B. Crujeiras, Zhenyu Zhang, Naser Ahmadi, Abdullatif Husseini, Alun Evans, Jiang He, Edyta Łuszczki, Maria G. 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Gudmundsson, Antonio Mistretta, Daniel Lemogoum, Nimmathota Arlappa, Isabelle Herter-Aeberli, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, Shoichiro Tsugane, Kaosar Afsana, Alireza Sadjadi, Myriam Galfo, Jean Claude Mbanya, Bernardo L. Horta, Marleen E. Hendriks, M. Arfan Ikram, Fadia AlBuhairan, Huashuai Chen, Marzieh Katibeh, Sidsel Graff-Iversen, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Larissa Pruner Marques, Louise Eriksen, Aleksandra Gomula, Ricky Eddie, Maciej Banach, Jost B. Jonas, Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto, Slavica Sović, Charles Mondo, Felix Gutzwiller, Mariana Sbaraini, Aye Aye Sein, Henrike Galenkamp, Jaume Marrugat, Nazan Yardim, Cecilia Björkelund, Luigi Palmieri, Roya Kelishadi, Jie Mi, Nahla Hwalla, Jing Liu, Davide Noto, Panayiotis K. Yiallouros, Kelias P. Msyamboza, Judith Simons, Sofia Malyutina, Michele Monroy-Valle, Andres Metspalu, Lariane M Ono, Rafaela Rosário, Flora A. Ukoli, Efthymios Kapantais, Enzo Manzato, S. Goya Wannamethee, Alison J Price, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras, Ali Reza Safarpour, Erfan Ghasemi, Janine Clarke, René Charles Sylva, Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud, Zhamyila Usupova, Chaoqiang Jiang, Julio Zuñiga Cisneros, Freja B Kampmann, Wei Cheng Lo, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Kaspar Staub, Mojtaba Farjam, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Garry L. Jennings, Fabio Galvano, Monika Zuziak, Karin De Ridder, Lucie Viet, Anna Bugge, Mehdi Yaseri, Safiah Md Yusof, Sandra C. Fuchs, Emmanuel Cohen, Snehalatha Chamukuttan, Maria Ruiz-Castell, Karen Sparrenberger, Pedro Plans-Rubio, Wei Zheng, Eldridge Ferrer, Martijn Huisman, Maria Hassapidou, Iris Pigeot, Jakub Stokwiszewski, Domenico Palli, Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska, Ramiro Guerrero, Farzad Hadaegh, Han Cg Kemper, Saeid Safiri, Ivan Pećin, Arnaud Chiolero, Niels Møller, Jorge Bezerra, Ulrike Gehring, Iná S. Santos, Dénes Molnár, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Marie Moitry, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Jacqueline F. Price, Ranko Stevanovic, Sai Yin Ho, Georg Lappas, Alberto Palloni, Malay K. Mridha, Elaine M. Dennison, Jeonghee Lee, Saeid Eslami, Rahman Shiri, Japhet Killewo, Juergen Breckenkamp, Mathilde Kersting, Y Nikitin, Iqbal Bata, Geetha R Menon, Maria Avdicova, Sanjay Rampal, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva, Kirsten Mehlig, Chien-An Sun, Ramin Heshmat, Violeta Iotova, Stefaan Demarest, Mette Rasmussen, Dirk De Bacquer, San-Lin You, Suzanne N Morin, Martin Gulliford, Maties Torrent, Luc Dauchet, Fred Paccaud, Paibul Suriyawongpaisal, Sherali Rakhmatulloev, Hyeon Chang Kim, Markku Peltonen, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt, Vera Musil, Ahmad Ali Zainuddin, Angela Chetrit, Dan Zhu, Gowri Mahasampath, Ulrich Keil, Sérgio Viana Peixoto, Haiquan Xu, Helle-Mai Loit, Valérie Deschamps, Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Lijuan Liu, Marialaura Bonaccio, Altan Onat, Rody G. Sy, José María Huerta, Ko Ko Zaw, Akihiro Yoshihara, Peter Ueda, Belgin Ünal, Rachel Dankner, Andrzej Wiecek, Eman Aly, Ruzena Kubinova, Justina Vaitkeviciute, Hanna Tolonen, Priscilla Duboz, Orn Olafsson, Yin Guo, Chiara Donfrancesco, Salim Mohanna, Dusan Grafnetter, Daniel Weghuber, Ali Ahmadi, Rosemary B. Duda, E. Shyong Tai, Louise A. Baur, Nihal Thomas, Prabhdeep Kaur, Norlaila Mustafa, Shariq Rashid Masoodi, Liis Nelis, Badreya Al-Lahou, J. Jaime Miranda, Lèlita Santos, Aroor Bhagyalaxmi, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Jeannette Lee, Ahmad Reza Dorosty, Alain Morejon, Ying-Wei Wang, Jakob Tarp, Rosalba Rojas-Martínez, Luxia Zhang, Bahram Mohajer, Maja Bæksgaard Jørgensen, Jurate Klumbiene, Zhengming Chen, Ambady Ramachandran, Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez, Alisha N. Wade, Suyeon Park, Janne Schurmann Tolstrup, Lucjan Szponar, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Tahir Aris, Mahfuzar Rahman, Dorja Vočanec, Juan P. González-Rivas, Rob M. van Dam, Daniel Bia, Oonagh Markey, Ryutaro Ohtsuka, Kumiko Ohara, Ričardas Radišauskas, Jurate Medzioniene, Tiina Vlasoff, Tania Tello, Suzanne C. Ho, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao, May Soe Aung, Vesselka Duleva, Michael Hobbs, Lutgarde Thijs, Marjolein Visser, Parasmani Dasgupta, Inge Huybrechts, Raimund Erbel, Alice Bonilla-Vargas, Hermann Brenner, Mohammad Reza Fattahi, Jolanda Hyska, Roman Topor-Madry, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Merike Liivak, Eruke E. Egbagbe, Mathilde Savy, Herculina S. Kruger, Neil Murphy, Vinay Nangia, Cesar G. Victora, Mostafa K. Mohamed, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Gabriella Gruden, Marcos André Moura-dos-Santos, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh, Maria Teresa Menzano, Francesco Branca, Abdonas Tamosiunas, Elena Bogova, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Maroje Sorić, Aleksander Giwercman, Elżbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Tatjana Hejgaard, Yves Kameli, Margarita Samoutian, Andreia N. Pizarro, Jin Soo Moon, Frank Claessens, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Frank Tanser, Nor Azwany Yaacob, Vanina Bongard, Gregor Jurak, Johan G. Eriksson, Christina-Paulina Lambrinou, Hanspeter Stamm, Kim Overvad, Yanping Li, Carsten Oliver Schmidt, Thomas Meinertz Dantoft, Wichai Aekplakorn, Anwar Batieha, Eduardo Capuano, Teresa Haugsgjerd, Jeremy M. Jacobs, Paola Russo, Nguyen D Nguyen, Luis Revilla, Hossein Poustchi, Farid Najafi, Giovanni de Gaetano, Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar, Paul Elliott, Denise Eldemire-Shearer, Angela Döring, Giovanni Viegi, Xiaoguang Yang, María-Elena González-Villalpando, Maria Puiu, Maria Benedetta Donati, Andrew Wong, Tomasz Zdrojewski, Carlos P. Boissonnet, Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad, Mahmudur Rahman, Günther Fink, Marcia Makdisse, Dragana P Jovic, Aline Wagner, Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani, Pascal Bovet, Dong Wook Kim, Tom Wilsgaard, Anders Grøntved, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Antonia Trichopoulou, Noushin Mohammadifard, Igor Spiroski, Natasja M. van Schoor, Cláudia S. Minderico, Betina H. Thuesen, Queenie Chan, Ulf Ekelund, Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar, Line Lund Kårhus, Cihangir Erem, Amina Barkat, Maria Paula Santos, Fernanda Cunha Soares, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu, Allan G. Hill, Honor Bixby, Benoît Salanave, Joana Carvalho, Maigeng Zhou, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, Roy A Wong-McClure, Kim F. Michaelsen, Doris Stöckl, Rosalynn Siantar, Jouko Saramies, José R. Banegas, Quang Ngoc La, Uruwan Yamborisut, Parinaz Mehdipour, Farhad Pourfarzi, Sudha Ramachandra Rao, Katsuyasu Kouda, Chien-Jen Chen, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Martin Nankap, Allan Linneberg, Ronald D. Gregor, Rudolf Kaaks, Maria do Carmo Franco, Marta García-Solano, Beata Gurzkowska, Bahman Cheraghian, Stefaan De Henauw, Daniel Ferrante, Johanna A. Otero, Jamila Abubakar Garba, Antonio Pedro Graça, Sumit Bharadwaj, Shiqi Zhen, Xiu-Hua Guo, Prashant Mathur, Raphael Mendes Ritti-Dias, Kouamelan Doua, Esteban Carmuega, Majid Shirani, Przemyslaw Slusarczyk, Petra Rust, Visnja Djordjic, Farahnaz Joukar, Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir, Leila Houti, Nayu Ikeda, Imperia Brajkovich, Amirabbas Momenan, Erik J. Timmermans, Marcin Rutkowski, Biruta Velika, Joana Araújo, Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Christa L. Lilly, Per Tynelius, Michael Tornaritis, Anne Juolevi, Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Carl Lachat, Kai-Uwe Saum, Espen Bjertness, Ana P. Ortiz, Joel G. R. Roy, Himanshu K. Chaturvedi, Michelle Holdsworth, Niels Wedderkopp, Johan Van der Heyden, Mukharram M. Bikbov, Hsien-Ho Lin, Eva Corpeleijn, Harshpal Singh Sachdev, Mohammad Reza Mirjalili, Maria del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, Michala Lustigová, Tuyen D Le, Teresa Norat, Hana Zamrazilová, Garry Brian, Tien Yin Wong, Rosa Haghshenas, Clive Osmond, Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Vilma Irazola, Olli T. Raitakari, Marco Aurélio Peres, Terho Lehtimäki, Shuohua Chen, Dimitrios Papandreou, Robert J. Adams, Sigmund A. Anderssen, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Luisa M Macieira, Félicité Tchibindat, Lital Keinan Boker, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Morten Sodemann, Jytte Halkjær, Zbigniew Kułaga, Sophie Visvikis-Siest, Farshad Farzadfar, N Capkova, Zumin Shi, Maria Turley, Zbigniew Gaciong, Giovanni Veronesi, Martin McKee, Veikko Salomaa, Gilad Twig, Elisabetta L. Romeo, Peter Kristensen, Grazyna Jasienska, Victor Guillermo Sequera, Mario V. Capanzana, Con Burns, Emanuela Pettenuzzo, Ming-Dong Wang, Jonathan Giovannelli, Stela McLachlan, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Stefania Toselli, Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto, Senthil K Vasan, Sara Schramm, Xenophon Theodoridis, Moyses Szklo, Ramfis Nieto-Martínez, Viswanathan Mohan, Guillermo Frontera, Rahul Malhotra, Thomas Ferrao, Dongfeng Gu, Tomas Vega, Hynek Pikhart, Päivi Mäki, Heba Fouad, Vilnis Dzerve, Christina Howitt, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Jenny M. Kindblom, Marjolijn C. E. Bragt, G. K. Mini, Qian Wang, Liufu Cui, Andrzej Galbarczyk, Sylvain Sebert, Vilmundur Gudnason, Loreto Santa Marina, Kairat Davletov, Afshin Ostovar, Niloofar Peykari, Nicholas J. Wareham, Wilma M. Hopman, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Jussi Kauhanen, Breige A. McNulty, Alina Kerimkulova, Youcef Laid, Claes Ohlsson, Stefan Kiechl, Alicia Matijasevich, Boban Mugoša, Srinivasan Kannan, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Mohan Deepa, Mangesh S. Pednekar, Shahla AlDhukair, Cynthia M. Pérez, Vera Lanska, Tint Swe Latt, Dominique Hange, João Luiz Bastos, Eliza Markidou Ioannidou, Leticia Hernandez Cadena, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Reza Malekzadeh, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Pedro Ordunez, Thomas Waldhör, Ioannis Pagkalos, Carlo M. Barbagallo, Abla M. Sibai, Peter Vollenweider, Asher Fawwad, Emily Sonestedt, Elena Pahomova, Santosh K. Bhargava, Patrick Kolsteren, Aya Mostafa, Fangfang Chen, Flavio Nervi, Imre Janszky, Arvind Pandey, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Alejandro Diaz, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Jaakko Mursu, Luis A. Moreno, Glen Gironella, Jelena Kos, Tilema Cama, Haakon E. Meyer, Jun Ma, Raphael E. Arku, Ziad Abdeen, Rusidah Selamat, Dianna J. Magliano, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Paul Korrovits, Paola Nardone, Paolo Vineis, Kotsedi D Monyeki, Khuong Quynh Long, Alberto Barceló, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Constance Schultsz, Frank J Rühli, Santiago F. Gomez, Tara Coppinger, Muhammad Islam, Pierre Traissac, Eleonora d'Orsi, Irfan Nuhoglu, Rui Providência, Bernard Maire, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Sinead Brophy, Daniela Pierannunzio, Cristina Taddei, Wen-Harn Pan, Gregor Starc, Abdullah Alkandari, Saeed Dastgiri, Lien Braeckevelt, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Sudhir Kowlessur, Bagher Larijani, Cynthia Robitaille, Mohamed M. Ali, Steiner Krokstad, Noor Ani Ahmad, Anar Dushpanova, Agustinus Soemantri, Susana Sans, Ionela Pascanu, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Inger Ariansen, Abhijit Sen, Sergej M. Ostojic, Silvana Donoso, Felix K. Assah, Juan A Rivera, Peter H. Whincup, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Hanan F. Abdul Rahim, Yadlapalli S. Kusuma, Michael Knoflach, Moein Yoosefi, Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Francesco Gianfagna, Stefania Maggi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Behrooz Hamzeh, Bethlehem D. Solomon, Herman Borghs, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Heidi Klakk, Akram Pourshams, Naomi S. Levitt, Miquel Porta, Vesna Jureša, Alexander D. Deev, Son Thai Pham, Paula Margozzini, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Dora Romaguera, Monira Alarouj, Winsome R. Parnell, Marloes Cardol, David Faeh, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Giota Touloumi, Maryam Kavousi, Sanja Musić Milanović, Jalila El Ati, Sauli Herrala, Liang Xu, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Ian Hambleton, Stefan Savin, Andre Pascal Kengne, R. Krishna Kumar, Kurt Widhalm, Marco M Ferrario, Parisa Amiri, Yi Song, Jianfeng Wu, Jeannette Klimont, Jean Ferrières, Farhad Zamani, Shina Avi, Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas, Aluísio J D Barros, Reecha Sofat, Koen Van Herck, Hoang Van Minh, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Martine Vrijheid, Susana Cararo Confortin, Antonis Zampelas, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ausra Petrauskiene, Juha Auvinen, Maryam Sharafkhah, Emanuel Zitt, Majid Ezzati, Young-Ho Khang, Ellina Rakhimova, Magdalena Klimek, Luís Lopes, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Maria Lc Iurilli, Günay Can, Mark Woodward, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros, Ahmed A. Madar, Rainford J. Wilks, Shoaib Afzal, Melanie J. Cowan, Gareth Stratton, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Sameer Narake, Norie Sawada, Li Juan Wu, Adrian Richter, Licia Iacoviello, Hanno Ulmer, Deepak Amarapurkar, Mohsen Ibrahim, Hamed Pouraram, Massimo Salvetti, Hung-Kwan So, Yonghua Hu, Lars Ängquist, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran, Charles Lunogelo, Sabina Zambon, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, Lauren Lissner, Kamarul Imran Musa, Deepa Weerasekera, Bihungum Bista, Takafumi Ishida, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Mirjam M. Heinen, Tazeen H. Jafar, Semánová Csilla, Raija Korpelainen, Edward W. Gregg, Laura Gutierrez, Victor M. Herrera, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Shouling Wu, Jennifer L. Baker, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Anna Fijałkowska, Meghnath Dhimal, Murat Topbaş, George Moschonis, Robert Eggertsen, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Janette Walton, Elnaz Faramarzi, Nasheeta Peer, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Harald Geiger, Morteza Shamshirgaran, Lela Shengelia, María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra, Khem Bahadur Karki, Timothy J. Key, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Susana Vale, Bernhard O. Boehm, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Iveta Pudule, Elisabete Ramos, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Paul H. Lee, Terence W O'Neill, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Margus Punab, Bojan Jelaković, Eliza Cinteza, Ha Tp Do, and Alison J. Hayes
Subjects: education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Distribution (economics), medicine.disease, Obesity, Geography, medicine, Underweight, medicine.symptom, education, business, Body mass index, Demography
Published: 2020
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43. Effects of statins on mitochondrial pathways

Author: Stephan von Haehling, Tannaz Jamialahmadi, Matteo Pirro, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Erfan Tavana, Simona Bo, Maciej Banach, Hamid Mollazadeh, and Giovanni Fanni
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Statin, medicine.drug_class, Receptor expression, Myopathy, SAMS, Respiratory chain, Reviews, Apoptosis, Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, Oxidative phosphorylation, Review, Mitochondrion, Pharmacology, Oxidative Phosphorylation, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Physiology (medical), medicine, Uncoupling protein, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Coenzyme Q10, business.industry, QM1-695, Diabetes, Cognitive impairment, Mitochondria, 3. Good health, Oxidative Stress, 030104 developmental biology, RC925-935, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Human anatomy, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Mevalonate pathway, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, business
Abstract: Statins are a family of drugs that are used for treating hyperlipidaemia with a recognized capacity to prevent cardiovascular disease events. They inhibit β‐hydroxy β‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase, i.e. the rate‐limiting enzyme in mevalonate pathway, reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and increase low‐density lipoprotein clearance by promoting low‐density lipoprotein receptor expression mainly in the hepatocytes. Statins have pleiotropic effects including stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, immunomodulation, anti‐inflammatory properties, improvement of endothelial function, antioxidant, and anti‐thrombotic action. Despite all beneficial effects, statins may elicit adverse reactions such as myopathy. Studies have shown that mitochondria play an important role in statin‐induced myopathies. In this review, we aim to report the mechanisms of action of statins on mitochondrial function. Results have shown that statins have several effects on mitochondria including reduction of coenzyme Q10 level, inhibition of respiratory chain complexes, induction of mitochondrial apoptosis, dysregulation of Ca2+ metabolism, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐2 expression. The use of statins has been associated with the onset of additional pathological conditions like diabetes and dementia as a result of interference with mitochondrial pathways by various mechanisms, such as reduction in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increase in oxidative stress, decrease in uncoupling protein 3 concentration, and interference in amyloid‐β metabolism. Overall, data reported in this review suggest that statins may have major effects on mitochondrial function, and some of their adverse effects might be mediated through mitochondrial pathways.
Published: 2020

44. The Refeeding Syndrome: a neglected but potentially serious condition for inpatients. A narrative review

Author: Valentina Ponzo, Marianna Pellegrini, Simona Bo, Luca Scaglione, and Iolanda Cioffi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Critical Care, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, Hypophosphatemia, Hypokalemia, Hypomagnesemia, Malnutrition, Refeeding syndrome, Thiamine, Fluid shift, Risk Assessment, Diagnosis, Differential, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Standard definition, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Intensive care medicine, Monitoring, Physiologic, 0303 health sciences, Inpatients, business.industry, Nutritional Support, Incidence (epidemiology), medicine.disease, Im - Review, Parenteral nutrition, Emergency Medicine, Narrative review, business
Abstract: The Refeeding Syndrome (RFS) is a potentially serious, but still overlooked condition, occurring in individuals who are rapidly fed after a period of severe undernourishment. RFS derives from an abnormal electrolyte and fluid shifts leading to many organ dysfunctions. Symptoms generally appear within 2–5 days of re-feeding and may be absent/mild or severe and life threating, depending on the pre-existing degree of malnutrition and comorbidities. The lack of a standard definition and the nonspecificity of the symptoms make both incidence estimate and diagnosis difficult. In 2020, the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) proposed a unifying definition for the RFS and its severity classification. The awareness of the condition is crucial for identifying patients at risk, preventing its occurrence, and improving the management. The objectives of this narrative review were to summarize the current knowledge and recommendations about the RFS and to provide useful tips to help physicians to recognize and prevent the syndrome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11739-020-02525-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2020

45. Focus on Therapeutic Strategies of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Author: Marilena Durazzo, Paola Belci, Alessandro Collo, Enrica Grisoglio, and Simona Bo
Subjects: Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
Abstract: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the Western world (it affects 30% of the general adult population). The NAFLD encompasses a histological spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), defined by steatosis, hepatocellular damage, and lobular inflammation in individuals without significant alcohol consumption and negative viral, congenital, and autoimmune liver disease markers. Currently, NAFLD is considered an emerging epidemic in light of the dramatic increase in obesity rates. With the progressive nature of NASH and its rising prevalence there is a significant need for a specific and targeted treatments since to date there has not been any validated therapies for NAFLD other than weight loss, which is well known to have a poor long-term success rate. In recent years, visceral adipose tissue has taken an important role in NAFLD pathogenesis, and current therapeutic approaches aim at reducing visceral obesity and free fatty acid overflow to the liver. This paper is focused on the treatments used for NAFLD and the potential new therapy.
Published: 2012
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46. Changes in the gut microbiota composition during pregnancy in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

Author: Roberto Gambino, Fabio Broglio, Valentina Ponzo, Luca Simone Cocolin, Maurizio Cassader, Ilaria Goitre, Giorgio Grassi, Simona Bo, Filomena Leone, Ilario Ferrocino, Adriana Zarovska, Clara Monzeglio, Angelo Romano, and Rosalba Rosato
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, Blood Glucose, Physiology, lcsh:Medicine, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Gut flora, Sutterella, Article, Body Mass Index, 03 medical and health sciences, Feces, Multidisciplinary, Pregnancy Complications, Microbiota, Pregnancy, 0302 clinical medicine, Insulin resistance, Pregnancy, Diabetes mellitus, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, biology, business.industry, Microbiota, lcsh:R, Gestational age, Fasting, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Diet, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Gestational diabetes, Pregnancy Complications, Diabetes, Gestational, 030104 developmental biology, Female, lcsh:Q, Insulin Resistance, business, Body mass index
Abstract: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a common pregnancy complication, is associated with an increased risk of maternal/perinatal outcomes. We performed a prospective observational explorative study in 41 GDM patients to evaluate their microbiota changes during pregnancy and the associations between the gut microbiota and variations in nutrient intakes, anthropometric and laboratory variables. GDM patients routinely received nutritional recommendations according to guidelines. The fecal microbiota (by 16S amplicon-based sequencing), was assessed at enrolment (24–28 weeks) and at 38 weeks of gestational age. At the study end, the microbiota α-diversity significantly increased (P Bacteroides. In multiple regression models, Faecalibacterium was significantly associated with fasting glucose; Collinsella (directly) and Blautia (inversely) with insulin, and with Homeostasis-Model Assessment Insulin-Resistance, while Sutterella with C-reactive protein levels. Consistent with this latter association, the predicted metagenomes showed a correlation between those taxa and inferred KEGG genes associated with lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. A higher bacterial richness and strong correlations between pro-inflammatory taxa and metabolic/inflammatory variables were detected in GDM patients across pregnancy. Collectively these findings suggest that the development of strategies to modulate the gut microbiota might be a potentially useful tool to impact on maternal metabolic health.
Published: 2018
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47. Prevalence of obesity in Italian adolescents: does the use of different growth charts make the difference?

Author: Lucia Ghizzoni, Gian Pasquale Ganzit, Melissa Raia, Enrico Bertino, Elena Spada, Luca De Carli, Alessandra Coscia, Silvano Milani, and Simona Bo
Subjects: Male, Pediatric Obesity, Adolescent, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Overweight, Body Mass Index, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, 0302 clinical medicine, Thinness, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Growth Charts, Child, Maternal and child health, business.industry, Body Weight, Age Factors, medicine.disease, Obesity, Body Height, Cross-Sectional Studies, Italy, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, medicine.symptom, Underweight, business, Body mass index, Demography
Abstract: Since populations are becoming increasingly multi-ethnic, the use of local or international charts is a matter of debate. This study aimed to evaluate how the choice of cut-off thresholds affected prevalence of underweight (UW), overweight (OW), obesity (OB) in 1200 11–12-year Italian adolescents, and how their somatic growth depended on parental origin. The height, weight and body mass index were expressed as standard deviation score (SDS) using Italian (ISPED-2006) and UK (UK-1990) charts. The classification of UW/OW/OB was computed with the IOTF international cut-offs, and thresholds were identified as centiles corresponding to BMI values of 18.5/25.0/30.0 kg/m2 at 18-year in ISPED-2006 or UK-1990 references. About 30% participants had non-Italian parents, above all from North-Africa and Romania. Referring to the UK-1990 charts, all groups showed negative mean SDS for height, and positive SDS for weight and BMI. Referring to the ISPED-2006 charts, all mean SDS were negative. Percentage of UW individuals was higher in accordance with ISPED-2006 than with UK-1990 charts, whereas percentages of OW/OB were higher with UK-1990 than ISPED-2006 charts. The results obtained using IOFT cut-offs were similar to UK-1990 cut-offs. These results were due to the different shape of age-dependent cut-off centiles. Independently by the parental origin, the percentages of adolescents classified as OW/OB were closer to the expected values using the ISPED-2006 then the UK-1990 cut-offs. The results suggested the use of the Italian references for adolescents with immigrant parents. The use of local charts seems more appropriate at least in Italian adolescents in the age range studied.
Published: 2018
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48. Nutritional Interventions for Patients with Melanoma: From Prevention to Therapy—An Update

Author: Luca Tonella, Maria Teresa Fierro, Concetta Finocchiaro, Pietro Quaglino, Simona Bo, Chiara D'Eusebio, Valentina Ponzo, and Marianna Pellegrini
Subjects: Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Skin Neoplasms, Databases, Factual, Review, Disease, Body Mass Index, Databases, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, TX341-641, Obesity, Risk factor, Melanoma, Life Style, Factual, Nutrition, Skin, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, business.industry, Incidence, Cancer, Nutrients, Vitamins, medicine.disease, Diet, Causality, Nutrition Assessment, Food, Cutaneous melanoma, Skin cancer, business, Body mass index, Obesity paradox, Food Science
Abstract: Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer, whose incidence rates have increased over the past few decades. Risk factors for melanoma are both intrinsic (genetic and familiar predisposition) and extrinsic (environment, including sun exposure, and lifestyle). The recent advent of targeted and immune-based therapies has revolutionized the treatment of melanoma, and research is focusing on strategies to optimize them. Obesity is an established risk factor for several cancer types, but its possible role in the etiology of melanoma is controversial. Body mass index, body surface area, and height have been related to the risk for cutaneous melanoma, although an ‘obesity paradox’ has been described too. Increasing evidence suggests the role of nutritional factors in the prevention and management of melanoma. Several studies have demonstrated the impact of dietary attitudes, specific foods, and nutrients both on the risk for melanoma and on the progression of the disease, via the effects on the oncological treatments. The aim of this narrative review was to summarize the main literature results regarding the preventive and therapeutic role of nutritional schemes, specific foods, and nutrients on melanoma incidence and progression.
Published: 2021
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49. Effects of meal timing on changes in circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acylated ghrelin concentrations: a pilot study

Author: Fabio Broglio, Alice Ianniello, Simona Bo, Maurizio Fadda, Mirko Parasiliti Caprino, Mauro Maccario, Giulio Mengozzi, Antonella De Francesco, Debora Fedele, Ezio Ghigo, Alice Guggino, and Fabio Settanni
Subjects: Adult, Blood Glucose, Male, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Evening, Supine position, Epinephrine, Acylation, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Pilot Projects, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Brief Communication, Internal Medicine, Eating, Norepinephrine, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Endocrinology, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Humans, Insulin, Medicine, Meals, lcsh:RC620-627, Morning, Meal, Cross-Over Studies, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, Postprandial Period, Crossover study, Ghrelin, Diet, Diabetes and Metabolism, lcsh:Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, Female, business, Thermogenesis, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background Timing of food intake impacts on metabolic diseases. Few data are available about post-meal changes in epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and acylated ghrelin (AG) at different times of the day. Subjects and methods This randomized cross-over trial investigated E/NE/AG concentrations after identical meals consumed at 0800 or 2000 hours in 20 healthy volunteers, by standardizing diet, exercise, duration of fast, and resting. Participants randomly received the test meal at 0800 or 2000 hours, and vice versa after 1 week. Blood samples were collected before and up to 180-min post-meal, every 30 min, with participants supine, motionless, but awake. Results Median E levels increased at 30–60 min, then declined and rose again at 150 min; values at 60 min (19.0 vs. 15.0 ng/l, p = 0.03) and 180 min (25.0 vs. 11.0 ng/l, p p = 0.02) and 120 min (208.8 vs. 142.0 ng/l, p = 0.04) increased more after morning meals. AG progressively declined to increase again at 90 min after meal; median AG area-under-the-curve (AUC) values were lower at morning (7206.8 vs. 8828.3 pg/mL×h). AG-AUC was inversely associated with diet-induced thermogenesis (β = −121.6; 95% CI −201.0 to 42.2; p = 0.009 for each unit increase), while log NE-AUC was inversely associated with log-triglyceride AUC (β = −0.57; 95% CI −0.98 to 0.16; p = 0.015) in a multiple regression model, after multiple adjustments. Conclusions In conclusion, E/NE concentrations were higher after the morning meal, while AG showed an opposite behavior. These data, although requiring confirmation in larger samples, suggest an adjunctive possible mechanism explaining the unfavorable effects of evening eating on metabolic risk
Published: 2017
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50. Is HDL cholesterol protective in patients with type 2 diabetes? A retrospective population-based cohort study

Author: Fabio Broglio, Simona Bo, Matteo Anselmino, Simone Frea, Ezio Ghigo, Giovanni Fanni, Rosalba Rosato, Francesca Pivari, Gaetano M. De Ferrari, L. Gentile, Valentina Ponzo, and Marianna Pellegrini
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, lcsh:Medicine, Type 2 diabetes, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, High-density lipoprotein, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Cause of Death, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Medicine, Humans, Mortality, education, Aged, Retrospective Studies, education.field_of_study, Cholesterol, business.industry, Research, lcsh:R, Hazard ratio, Cholesterol, HDL, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cancer, Infectious diseases, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Cardiovascular Diseases, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Female, business, Cohort study
Abstract: BackgroundThe protective role of high HDL cholesterol levels against cardiovascular diseases has been recently questioned. Limited data are available on this specific topic in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to evaluate the association of HDL cholesterol concentrations with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a historical cohort of T2DM patients with 14 years of follow-up.MethodsThis is a retrospective population-based cohort study involving 2113 T2DM patients attending the Diabetic Clinic of Asti. Survival analyses were performed to assess hazard ratios for overall and specific-cause mortality by HDL cholesterol tertiles, using the middle HDL cholesterol tertile as a reference.ResultsThe mean age was 66 ± 11 years; 51.4% of patients had low HDL-cholesterol levels. After a 14-year follow-up, 973/2112 patients had died (46.1%). The HDL cholesterol tertile cut-off points were 37.5 and 47.5 mg/dL (males) and 41.5 and 52.0 mg/dL (females). No associations between lower and upper HDL cholesterol tertiles respectively and all-cause (HR = 1.12; 95% CI 0.96–1.32; HR = 1.11; 0.95–1.30), cardiovascular (HR = 0.97; 0.77–1.23; HR = 0.94; 0.75–1.18) or cancer (HR = 0.92; 0.67–1.25; HR = 0.89; 0.66–1.21) mortality were found. A significantly increased risk for infectious disease death was found both in the lower (HR = 2.62; 1.44–4.74) and the upper HDL-cholesterol tertiles (HR = 2.05; 1.09–3.85) when compared to the reference. Individuals in the upper tertile showed an increased risk for mortality due to diabetes-related causes (HR = 1.87; 1.10–3.15).ConclusionsOur results corroborate the hypothesis that HDL cholesterol levels are nonprotective in T2DM patients. The U-shaped association between HDL-cholesterol levels and mortality associated with infectious diseases should be verified by further studies.
Published: 2020

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