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Abnormal pneumatization of the middle nasal turbinate, also named concha bullosa, is one of the most frequent anomalies of the ethmoid-osteomeatal complex. Clinical studies have demonstrated a prevalence between 14% and 53% in the general population. Apart from the high frequency, the importance of this anomaly resides in the loco-regional changes it produces. First, it modifies the airflow at the level of the nasal passages both through the mass effect and through the irritating action on the adjacent nasal mucosa. Therefore, congestion of the nasal mucosa occurs. Secondly, it is a predisposing factor for the installation of rhinosinus infections, especially with chronic rhinosinusitis and fungal sinus infections. Thirdly, concha bullosa can cause rhinogenic pain through the same irritating phenomenon at the level of the mucosa. Our paper aims to address the anatomic-clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the pneumatization of the middle nasal turbinate, paying special attention to the concepts of development and etiological factors. Finally, yet importantly, we propose an original anatomical-morphological classification that includes semiological computer tomographic aspects highlighted both in the sagittal plane and in the axial plane.

Background and Objectives: Haller Cells (HCs) represent the abnormal migration of ethmoid cells that are located below the ethmoid bulla at the level of the upper wall of the maxillary sinus. Through their placement, the cells can exert a mass effect on the infundibulum of the maxillary sinus. The aim of our study is to investigate the prevalence of Haller cells in the Romanian population and to evaluate the relationship between this anatomical variation and chronic rhinosinusitis. Secondly, we want to morphometrically evaluate the impact of Haller cells’ presence in the drainage paths of the maxillary sinuses. Materials and Methods: We conducted a randomised retrospective study that included 255 consecutive multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) scans of the head. To carry out a comparative evaluation of the association of Haller cells with chronic rhinosinusitis, we divided the patients into two subgroups, a seasonal-based sample, between November 2022 and January 2023, and June 2023 and August 2023, respectively. We report the mean ± standard deviation for the continuous variables. To compare the results, we used the following statistical tests: a chi-squared test and a paired Student’s t-test (one-tail). Results: Our study identified a high prevalence of Haller cells, namely in 128 out of 255 patients (50.2%). There were no statistically significant associations between the presence of HCs and the age and the gender of the sample, respectively. The unilocular morphotype predominates in unilateral shapes and in bilateral shapes as well (p = 0.002). Our study identified the correlation between the Haller cells and the chronic rhinosinusitis in both research samples: “Winter group” and “Summer group” (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: It was determined that for 40 out of 42 patients, the presence of HCs changes the morphometric pattern of the infundibular maxillary sinus.

IntroductionThe triangular recess (TR), also called triangular fossa or vulva cerebri, represents the anterior extension of the diencephalic ventricle, located between the anterior columns of the fornix and the anterior white commissure. Over time, this structure of the third cerebral ventricle generated many disputes. While some anatomists support its presence, others have opposite opinions, considering that it only becomes visible under certain conditions. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the tangible structure of the triangular recess. Secondly, the quantitative analysis allowed us to establish an anatomical morphometric standard, as well as the deviations from the standard.Materials and methodsOur study is both a quantitative and a qualitative evaluation of the triangular fossa. We dissected 100 non-neurological adult brains, which were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution for 10 weeks. The samples are part of the collection of the Institute of Anatomy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi. We highlighted the triangular fossa by performing dissections in two stages at the level of the roof of the III ventricle.ResultsThe qualitative analysis is a re-evaluation of the classical data concerning the anatomy of the fossa triangularis. We proposed an original 3D model of the triangular recess in which we described a superficial part called vestibule and a deep part called pars profunda. We measured the sides of the communication between the two proposed segments, as well as the communication with the III ventricle. By applying the Heron’s formula, we calculated the area of the two communications. Statistical evaluations have shown that these communications are higher than they are wide. In addition, there is a statistical difference between the surfaces of the two communications: 34.07 mm2 ± 7.01 vs. 271.43 mm2 ± 46.36 (p = 0.001).ConclusionThe outcome of our study is both qualitative and quantitative. Firstly, we demonstrated the existence of the triangular fossa and we conceived a spatial division of this structure. Secondly, the measurements carried out establish an anatomo-morphometric norm of the triangular recess, which is useful in assessing the degree of hydrocephalus during the third endoscopic ventriculoscopy.

Missing teeth may result in a functional and cosmetic deficit and have traditionally been replaced with dentures or bridges. Dental implants rely on the maintenance of a direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the implant surface, this is termed osseointegration. Osseointegration has undoubtedly been one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs in dentistry over the past 40 years. Insufficient bone volume is a common problem encounter in the rehabilitation of the edentulous posterior maxilla with implant-supported prostheses. The bone available for implant placement may be limited by the presence of the maxillary sinus together with loss of alveolar bone height. Bone volume may be increased by augmentation, commonly the sinus cavity is augmented with autogenous bone or biomaterials or both. Procedures are variously described in the literature as sinus lift, sinus augmentation, sinus floor elevation or augmentation of atrophic maxillary sinus. Implant placement may be combined with sinus augmentation as one-stage technique. Alternatively sinus augmentation may be carried out as some time prior to implant placement as a two-stage technique.

Pregnancy is a dynamic state leading to several physiological transient changes in the body system including the oral cavity. In order to maintain good oral health, the dental treatment should not be avoided. The dental management of pregnant patients involves special consideration as otherwise a hypersensitive vomit reaction in the third trimester of pregnancy can influence the eating behavior of the patient as well as oral hygiene influencing the appearance of dental erosion and tooth decay. Once pregnant women suffer an unpleasant gag reflex in a dental office, they may become phobic, delaying or postponing their dental treatment. The dental management of pregnant patients involves special considerations.

Teeth can be lost from the arch due to various causes, periodontal disease, untreted tooth decay, periapical processes or traumatic processes. To replace missing teeth, dental implants offer an excellent treatment option with demonstrated short and long-term predictable outcomes. In recent years, immediate or early implant placement after tooth extraction has becoming more common. The present study focuses on the clinical outcome of implant palcement after tooth extraction. Understanding the hard and soft tissue changes of post-extraction sockets and the contion of the anatomy of the future implant site is essential for clinicians in deciding when and where future implants should be placed.