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Poverty rates in Rwanda have fallen substantially in the last decades. So far, however, it is not well understood what has driven this poverty decline. Thus, in this paper, we rely on a newly available household panel dataset collected in 2010/11 and 2013/14 to investigate poverty and poverty trajectories in Rwanda. According to our estimates increased labor market participation among originally poor households - especially off-farm employment - has facilitated poverty escape. Even though overall poverty rates have declined, our analysis reveals that a non-negligible part of originally non-poor households have fallen below the poverty line between the two survey waves. The estimates suggest that lower educated households are more vulnerable of becoming impoverished. In Ruanda ist der Anteil der Haushalte unterhalb der Armutsschwelle in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich gesunken. Bislang ist jedoch noch nicht abschließend geklärt, welche Faktoren diesen Armutsrückgang begünstigt haben. In diesem Aufsatz untersuchen die Autoren daher die Determinanten von Armutsdynamiken empirisch. Sie nutzen dazu einen neu verfügbaren Haushaltspanel-Datensatz, welcher 2010/11 und 2013/14 erhoben wurde. Die Schätzungen zeigen, dass arme Haushalte im Durchschnitt besonders von einer erhöhten Erwerbsbeteiligung - insbesondere in Sektoren außerhalb der Landwirtschaft - profitiert haben. Obwohl die Armutsraten insgesamt zurückgegangen sind, zeigt die Analyse auch, dass ein nicht unwesentlicher Teil der Haushalte, welcher sich zu Beginn der Untersuchungsperiode noch oberhalb der Armutsschwelle befunden hat, in die (statistische) Armut abgerutscht ist. Die Schätzungen deuten darauf hin, dass Haushalte mit niedrigerem Bildungsniveau anfälliger für einen solchen Abstieg sind.

This thesis collects three models on North-South firm relocation. Chapter 1 studies how the presence of a multinational leads to a technology transfer to its local suppliers and also modifies the degree of backward linkages in the local economy. It identifies in which cases a multinational increases the level of backward linkages when it enters hosts markets and it investigates when the multinational could even benefit itself from transferring technology to its local suppliers. Chapter 2 deals with delocation and welfare. It shows that welfare in the North increases when the host country is not technologically too lagged and that vertical technology transfer to the South plays a major role in enhancing welfare of workers-consumers in the North and in the South. Finally, chapter 3 provides a Schumpeterian growth model endogenously generating demand-driven patterns of vertical intra-industrial trade. It gives a new explanation of the endogenous emergence of multi-location, multi-quality firms. The existence of such firms and income inequality among consumers both across and within countries then generate and shape rich patterns of intra-industrial vertical trade and FDI, with the extent of income disparities also conditioning the incentives to invest in R&D. (ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 2014

We provide a North-South Schumpeterian growth model endogenously generating demand-driven patterns of vertical intra-industrial trade. More precisely, we build a model featuring non-homothetic preferences and income differences, and show that such conditions guarantee the endogenous emergence of multi-location, multi-quality firms. The existence of such firms and wealth heterogeneity among consumers both across and within countries then generate and shape rich patterns of intra-industrial vertical trade and FDI, with the extent of income disparities also conditioning the incentives to invest in R&D of both incumbents and challengers, and by extension the long-run growth rate. We then investigate the impact of within-region redistribution and trade integration policies on the endogenous wage gap across regions, the length of the quality-life cycle and long-run growth. We particularly find that a larger income gap within regions contributes to lowering growth and increasing the inter-regional inequality level. We also find that trade integration boosts long run growth but increases the North-South wage gap.

Submitted by Daniele Fonseca (daniele@ct.ufrj.br) on 2020-07-17T11:27:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JassielVladimirHernandezFontes-min.pdf: 9596686 bytes, checksum: e792e33b78a7a12c7f45e8b0098351bd (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-07-17T11:27:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JassielVladimirHernandezFontes-min.pdf: 9596686 bytes, checksum: e792e33b78a7a12c7f45e8b0098351bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05 Estruturas costeiras, navais e offshore estão expostas ao problema de embarque de água no convés. Métodos analíticos ajudam na pesquisa do embarque de água devido à praticidade na implementação e ao baixo custo computacional comparados com métodos numéricos. Entretanto, métodos analíticos clássicos tendem a superestimar as amplitudes da água embarcada e as cargas verticais derivadas, não considerando a tendência real do fenômeno. A presente tese visa investigar o problema de embarque de água por métodos analíticos e experimentais alternativos que permitam um melhor entendimento da sua evolução e do carregamento vertical gerado. O problema de embarque de água foi modelado pela equação de advecção-difusão. Um modelo de convolução, solução dessa equação, foi proposto para estimar a evolução da água embarcada e as cargas verticais derivadas no convés de uma estrutura fixa retangular, considerando efeitos de atrito do fundo de uma maneira prática. Uma pesquisa experimental alternativa foi realizada para validar o método analítico. Esta consiste na geração de eventos de embarque de água isolados de uma maneira sistemática usando o método de wet dam-break. Os resultados analíticos obtidos para as elevações de água e as cargas verticais apresentaram boa concordância com os experimentos, aproximando as tendências e os valores máximos das séries temporais experimentais, melhorando os resultados obtidos com o método tradicional de dam-break. Coastal, naval and offshore structures are exposed to the problem of shipping of water on their decks. Analytical approaches are useful for the shipping water research because of their practical implementation and low computational cost compared with numerical approaches. However, classical analytical methods tend to overestimate the shipping water amplitudes and derived vertical loading, disregarding the real tendency of the phenomenon. The present thesis aims to investigate the shipping water problem by alternative analytical and experimental methods that allow a better understanding of its evolution and generated vertical loading. The shipping water problem was modelled by the advection-diffusion equation. A convolution model, solution of this equation, was proposed to estimate shipping water evolution and derived vertical loads on deck of a rectangular fixed structure, considering frictional effects of the bottom in a practical way. An alternative experimental investigation was performed to validate the analytical approach. It consisted in generating isolated shipping water events in a systematic way using the wet dambreak approach. Obtained analytical results for water elevations and vertical loads presented good agreement with experiments, approximating the trends and maximum values of experimental time series, improving the results obtained with the traditional dam-break method.