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Aim: The study aimed to evaluate and compare the apical sealing ability of three bioceramic sealers, i.e., BioRoot RCS, CeraSeal, and Bio-C sealer, using sealer-based obturation method after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Methodology: Eighty-eight extracted single-rooted mandibular premolars with mature apices and straight root canals were selected. Teeth were decoronated at 12 mm length from the apex. They were divided into 4 groups according to the sealer used (n = 22), i.e., control group (Group 1) – AH Plus (obturated using warm vertical compaction [WVC] technique) and experimental groups – Group 2 (BioRoot RCS), Group 3 (CeraSeal), and Group 4 (Bio-C sealer) (obturated using single-cone technique). Specimens in each group were further divided into two subgroups (n = 11) – Subgroup 1 (evaluation after 48 h) and Subgroup 2 (evaluation after immersion in SBF for 30 days). A dye penetration test was used for microleakage analysis using a stereomicroscope (10×). The collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: After 48 h, the control group showed the least microleakage, and the difference was statistically significant compared to all experimental groups. After immersion in SBF for 30 days, no significant difference in microleakage was seen among all the groups. Conclusion: The sealing ability of the bioceramic sealers with single-cone obturation when exposed to the SBF improved significantly after 30 days and was comparable to AH Plus using the WVC obturation technique. Thus, single-cone obturation with bioceramic sealers can be considered a viable alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Titanium surface modifications improve osseointegration in dental and orthopedic implants. However, soft tissue cells can also reach the implant surface in immediate loading protocols. While previous research focused on osteogenic cells, the early response of soft tissue cells still needs to be better understood. Material and methods: We have established a bioassay to this aim where human gingival fibroblasts, HSC2 oral squamous carcinoma cells, and murine bone marrow cells were cultured onto titanium discs or exposed to the respective supernatants for overnight. Modifications were double acid-etching (SLA), and coating with simulated body fluid (SBF) with or without odanacatib (ODN), a selective cathepsin K inhibitor reducing bone resorption. Results: Our findings indicate that direct contact with titanium discs, with all surface modifications, slightly reduces cell viability. Growing gingival fibroblasts on discs consistently showed a trend toward increased IL8 expression. In HSC2 cells, this setting significantly increased IL1 and IL8 expression, confirmed by the immunoassay. Murine bone marrow macrophages also showed an increase in IL1 and IL6 expressions. Supernatants of the respective discs failed to cause these changes. Although ODN coating inhibited cathepsin K, osteoclastogenesis remained unchanged. Conclusions: These findings suggest that titanium discs do not provide a favorable in vitro surface for oral soft tissue cells as they lose viability and respond with a moderately increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. Clinical relevance: The soft tissue surrounding a dental implant can impact rehabilitation success. Understanding how soft tissue cells respond to titanium surface is potentially relevant to understand clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the apatite-forming ability evaluation of a biomaterial employs Kokubo's simulated body fluid (SBF) as a testing medium. As the conventional SBF simulates only the ionic composition and pH of human serum (HS), this study aimed to compare the apatite formation in SBF and HS on the sol-gel-derived bioglass (BG) 83S2 and commercial 45S5 as well as to verify the influence of preincubation of BG in both fluids on cytocompatibility towards human fetal osteoblast cell line hFOB 1.19. The apatite formation in HS was hindered, regardless of the type of used BG. Relatively higher apatite-forming ability was noticed for BG83S2. In direct contact test, both BGs were cytocompatible towards osteoblasts, regardless of the type of used fluid. In the case of extracts; however, only the extract obtained from BG83S2 preincubated in HS did not show the cytotoxic effect. The evaluation of apatite-forming ability in SBF appears to be a fast screening method for comparing the apatite-forming ability of various bioglasses. Nonetheless, SBF is unable to precisely imitate the morphology and crystallinity of apatite observed during the assay in HS, as well as it does not mimic the changes in profiles of osteogenic ions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study discusses the effect of a hard titanium nitride (TiN) coating deposited on the stainless steel (SS) 316 L substrate using the cathodic arc deposition (CAD) technique. The hardness, X-ray diffraction, and roughness of the coating properties of as-received, and ceramic coated samples were studied. The osbornite phase increased in the coated specimen due to TiN which is observed from X-ray diffraction analysis. The SS 316 L sample showed a hardness of 217.66 HV, and the cathodic arc deposition coating samples increased five times compared to uncoated disc in hardness. The bio tribological testing of the hard TiN coated 316 L stainless steel was carried out using a ball-on-disc tribometer under simulated body fluid (SBF). The specific wear rate and its mechanism were carried out for the testing conditions of 2, 4, and 6 N with the counterpart of stainless steel. Scanning electron microscopy observation of the worn surfaces revealed the wear mechanisms of the contact surfaces. The 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cell viability tests were conducted in order to confirm the biocompatibility with the normal cell line on the ceramic coated SS 316 L specimen. The present study focused on the demand for stainless steel 316 L and the usage of CAD coatings to suppress wear in bioimplant applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, fabrication of organic-inorganic hybrid biomedical materials using biomimetic mineralization processes has received attention because it proceeds under mild conditions and biocompatible inorganic components are incorporated in the resulting hybrids. In the present study, the preparation of anionic polyelectrolyte-apatite hybrids, having potential as a biomedical material, in simulated body fluids (SBFs) was performed. Anionic polyelectrolytes such as heparin, poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS), or poly(vinyl sulfate) (PVS) were added to SBFs and incubated to induce nucleation of hydroxyapatite, which resulted in the formation of anionic polyelectrolyte-apatite hybrids. Physical characterization of the resulting deposits in SBFs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), FT-IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the polyelectrolyte concentration affected the yield of the resulting deposits. It seemed that the reaction condition affected the apatite nucleation process in SBFs. Effect of chemical structures and concentrations of anionic polyelectrolytes on hybrid formation is discussed.

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Magnesium and iron-both pure and alloyed-have been thoroughly investigated as potential biodegradable metals for use in medicine throughout the past 10 years. Nevertheless, extensive use of these materials has shown significant limitations in terms of their applicability for therapeutic uses post vehicle accidents or occupant injuries. Zinc (Zn) and its alloys show potential as biodegradable bone implants due to their low breakdown rate and safety in the human body. However, its poor mechanical strength, cyto-compatibility, and slow disintegration rate preclude its employment as an internal fixing material, particularly in load-bearing parts of the skeleton. In the present work, the zinc powder, copper powder and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) powder are wet ball-milled in planetary ball milling machine. The biodegradable Zn-Cu-nRGO (Cu is 4% by wt. and n = 0.1, 0.2% and 0.3%) composite samples are sintered by vacuum sintering. The microstructures and chemical compositions of the Zn-Cu-nRGO composites were characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In-vitro degradation of Zn-Cu-nRGO composite samples in simulated bodily fluid solution was investigated. It is anticipated that the incorporation of Cu and RGO will yield dependable performance for potential tibia bone locking compression plates under a range of boundary and loading conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and characterization of bioactive surfaces based on chitosan-polyethylene glycol coatings modified with hydroxyapatite on Ti6Al4V alloy were conducted to enhance bioactivity. Characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to evaluate coating properties, apatite formation after immersion in simulated body fluid, and electrochemical stability. Results demonstrated apatite deposition due to the bioactivity of the polymer-ceramic composite, with calcium accumulation observed on the substrate surface after 5 days of immersion. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed a highly capacitive layer in the 50:50 chitosanpolyethylene glycol coating with 0.05% w/v hydroxyapatite, indicating increased interaction with the biological medium while preserving the protective resistive properties of the Ti6Al4V alloy. These findings suggest that this coating composition is a promising material for bone tissue regeneration applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-welding is a promising technique for welding NiTi shape memory alloys with acceptable tensile strength and comparable corrosion performance for biomedical applications. The microstructural characteristics and localized corrosion behavior of NiTi alloys in a simulated body fluid (SBF) environment are evaluated. A microstructural examination indicated the presence of fine and equiaxed grains with a B2 austenite phase in the base metal (BM), while the weld metal (WM) had a coarse dendritic microstructure with intermetallic precipitates including Ti2Ni and Ni4Ti3. The hardness decreased from the BM to the WM, and the average hardness for the BM was 352 ± 5 HV, while it ranged between 275 and 307 HV and 265 and 287 HV for the HAZ and WM, respectively. Uni-axial tensile tests revealed a substantial decrease in the tensile strength of NiTi WM (481 ± 19 MPa), with a reduced joint efficiency of 34%. The localized corrosion performance of NiTi BM was superior to the WM, with electrochemical test responses indicating a pitting potential and low corrosion rate in SBF environments. The corrosion rate of the NiTi BM and WM was 0.048 ± 0.0018 mils per year (mpy) and 0.41 ± 0.019 mpy, respectively. During welding, NiTi's strength and biocompatibility properties changed due to the alteration in microstructure and formation of intermetallic phases as a result of Ti enrichment. The performance and safety of welded medical devices may be impacted during welding, and it is essential to preserve the biocompatibility of NiTi components for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bioresponsive ceramics, a new concept in ceramic biomaterials, respond to biological molecules or environments, as exemplified by salts composed of calcium ions and phosphate esters (SCPEs). SCPEs have been shown to form apatite in simulated body fluid (SBF) containing alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Thus, surface modification with SCPEs is expected to improve the apatite-forming ability of a material. In this study, we modified the surface of α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) using methyl, butyl, or dodecyl phosphate to form SCPEs and investigated their apatite formation in SBF and SBF containing ALP. Although apatite did not form on the surface of the unmodified α-TCP in SBF, apatite formation was observed following surface modification with methyl or butyl phosphate. When ALP was present in SBF, apatite formation was especially remarkable on α-TCP modified with butyl phosphate. These SCPEs accelerated apatite formation by releasing calcium ions through dissolution and supplying inorganic phosphate ions, with the latter process only occurring in SBF containing ALP. Notably, no apatite formation occurred on α-TCP modified with dodecyl phosphate, likely because of the low solubility of the resulting calcium dodecyl phosphate/calcium phosphate composites. This new method of using SCPEs is anticipated to contribute to the development of novel ceramic biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulated body fluid (SBF) and artificial saliva (AS) are used in biomedical and dental research to mimic the physiological conditions of the human body. In this study, the biomimetic precipitation of double-doped amorphous calcium phosphate in SBF and AS are compared by thermodynamic modelling of chemical equilibrium in the SBF/AS-CaCl2-MgCl2-ZnCl2-K2HPO4-H2O and SBF/AS-CaCl2-MgCl2-ZnCl2-K2HPO4-Glycine/Valine-H2O systems. The saturation indices (SIs) of possible precipitate solid phases at pH 6.5, close to pH of AS, pH 7.5, close to pH of SBF, and pH 8.5, chosen by us based on our previous experimental data, were calculated. The results show possible precipitation of the same salts with almost equal SIs in the two biomimetic environments at the studied pHs. A decrease in the saturation indices of magnesium and zinc phosphates in the presence of glycine is a prerequisite for reducing their concentrations in the precipitates. Experimental studies confirmed the thermodynamic predictions. Only X-ray amorphous calcium phosphate with incorporated Mg (5.86–8.85 mol%) and Zn (0.71–2.84 mol%) was obtained in the experimental studies, irrespective of biomimetic media and synthesis route. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis showed that the synthesis route affects the degree of structural disorder of the precipitates. The lowest concentration of dopant ions was obtained in the presence of glycine. Further, the behaviour of the selected amorphous phase in artificial saliva was studied. The dynamic of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+ ions between the solid and liquid phases was monitored. Both direct excitation 31P NMR spectra and 1H-31P CP-MAS spectra proved the increase in the nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite phase upon increasing the incubation time in AS, which is more pronounced in samples with lower additives. The effect of the initial concentration of doped ions on the solid phase transformation was assessed by solid-state NMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research work is to study the in vitro degradation behavior of as-fabricated and annealed Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) composites reinforced with varying volume fractions of carbon fiber (CF).The composites are prepared by fused filament fabrication technique (FFF). Specimens are immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 8 weeks to study the degradation behavior of the composites by examining the change in weight, change in pH and degradation in mechanical properties. The obtained results show that the addition of carbon fiber reinforcement reduces the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and compressive strength of the composites. Further, CF addition enhances the tensile modulus of the composite. The mechanical properties of annealed composites are enhanced when compared to as-fabricated composites. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) is employed to study the thermal characteristics of the composites and % crystallinity of the composites. CF addition reduces the crystallinity of the composites. Fractographs of the tensile fractured specimens are studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The addition of the carbon fiber reinforcement is found to accelerate the degradation behavior of the composites. There is significant change in weight and pH as well as degradation in mechanical properties of PLA-CF composites immersed in SBF than pure PLA composites. Annealed composites show better degradation resistance than as-fabricated composites. SEM is employed to study the surface morphology of the composites immersed in SBF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the current work is to analyse the Zn scaffold porosity effects on its corrosion behavior. Organized porous network structure (OPNS) zinc samples with varying porosity were manufactured by a newly developed rapid tooling approach that combined 3D printing and microwave sintering. The outcomes of the OPNS Zn samples were also compared to the dense zinc sample. For the corrosion analysis, porous and dense zinc samples electrochemical corrosion testing were conducted in SBF electrolyte at 37 °C. The zinc samples morphological study was accessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was confirmed by the findings of the morphological study that the Zn samples contained randomly distributed micropores and designed or organized macropores. The zinc sample corrosion behavior in SBF was analyzed by potentiodynamic (PD) polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) curves. In addition, an electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) model was developed using the EIS experimental data to establish an understanding of the corrosion behavior of Zn samples. Overall corrosion testing results demonstrate that the diffusion mechanism had an impact on the corrosion mechanism of Zn samples and diffusion mechanism during electrochemical reaction supported by the porosity of the sample. The Zn samples corrosion rate was found to be minimum for the dense sample (0.14 mm y−1), while it was maximum for the highest porosity OPNS Zn sample (0.66 mm y−1). The present study corrosion rate of Zn samples was comparable with the required value for bone implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium phosphates are a major focus in the biomedical field. However, among the various types, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and their integration with polymers are not investigated widely in the literature. This study aims to produce calcium phosphate including calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite integrated with gelatin by a novel method using a spray dryer. The bioactivity of these samples in simulated body fluid is examined to assess their potential usage in the biomedical area. Spray-dried samples are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Regarding the samples soaked in SBF, FTIR and SEM analyses are conducted. Additionally, the absorption and degradation of pellets in simulated body fluid, as well as the pH change, are determined. It is concluded that successful composites are synthesized and have potential applications in the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, SnO2:TiO2 nano composite with silver dopant have been prepared by chemical route method at preparation temperature 100 ℃, with 6% Ag ratio. Titanium chloride (TiCl3) has been used as the precursors of TiO2 and tin chloride (SnCl2) were taken as the precursors of SnO2 in the laboratory. The prepared samples were described by FESEM, X-Ray diffraction and uv-visible spectrophotometer. Results show that compared to pure SnO2 and pure TiO2,SnO2:TiO2 nano composite calcined 400℃ shows a large surface area. The average crystalline size was estimated from XRD analysis by using Debye-Scherrer’s formula and the result shows that the crystalline size increases from (27.78) nm to (29.2354)nm after adding Ag. Bio activity application of the prepared composite has been tested after immersion SnO2:TiO2 nano composite in the simulated body fluid SBF, the morphology and particle size of the prepared immersed samples have been estimated after 20 days by FESEM images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zr-50Ti alloys are promising biomaterials due to their excellent mechanical properties and low magnetic susceptibility. However, Zr-50Ti alloys do not inherently bond well with bone. This study aims to enhance the bioactivity and bonding strength of Zr-50Ti alloys for orthopedic implant materials. Initially, the surface of Zr-50Ti alloys was treated with a sulfuric acid solution to create a microporous structure, increasing surface roughness and area. Subsequently, low crystalline calcium phosphate (L-CaP) precipitation was controlled by adding Mg2+ and/or CO32− ions in modified simulated body fluid (m-SBF). The treated Zr-50Ti alloys were then subjected to cold isostatic pressing to force m-SBF into the micropores, followed by incubation to allow L-CaP formation. The apatite-forming process was tested in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results demonstrated that the incorporation of Mg2+ and/or CO32− ions enabled the L-CaP to cover the entire surface of Zr-50Ti alloys within only one day. After short-term soaking in SBF, the L-CaP layer, modulated by Mg2+ and/or CO32− ions, formed a uniform hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on the surface of the Zr-50Ti alloys, showing potential for optimized bone integration. After soaking in SBF for 14 days, the bonding strength between the apatite layer and alloy has the potential to meet the orthopedic application requirement of 22 MPa. This study demonstrates an effective method to enhance the bioactivity and bonding strength of Zr-50Ti alloys for orthopedic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polylactic acid (PLA) has become desirable for biomedical applications, particularly implantable devices. However, the degradation of PLA in biological environments under mechanical stress remains incompletely understood and requires further investigation. This study compared the plain fatigue (PF) and the biodegraded fatigue (BDF) behavior of 3D-printed PLA. For this purpose, two sets of standard fatigue specimens were additively manufactured by the fused filament fabrication (FFF) method. One set was used for plain fatigue testing, and the other was immersed for 330 days in simulated body fluid (SBF). After immersion, the samples were dried and weighed before fatigue testing. The fully reversed rotary bending fatigue tests were conducted on both sets of specimens, and the stress-lifetime (S-N) curves were obtained. Additionally, the fatigue properties of PF and BDF specimens were evaluated. Moreover, the fracture behaviors of the materials were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The outcomes implied that the weight of the samples extended during the immersion period, primarily due to water absorption by the PLA. However, after drying, the final weights did not change compared to the weights before immersion. The SBF immersion significantly reduced the fatigue performance of the biodegraded samples comparing the PF result.

Due to the excellent biocompatibility of Zn, Ag, and Ca, these elements were chosen for the development of a Mg–Zn–Ag–Ca alloy system for biomedical applications. This study studied the effect of Ca on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of as-cast Mg–Zn-0.5Ag-xCa alloy. The composition and microstructure of the alloys were analyzed using metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. The alloys were immersed in Hank's solution for weight loss experiments to analyze the corrosion rate and micro-corrosion morphology of alloys with different Ca contents. It was observed that with the increase of Ca content, grain refinement and the amount of the second phase increased. Corrosion tests in Hank's solution demonstrated that a minor addition of Ca could reduce the corrosion rate, but the rate increased sharply once the Ca content exceeded 1.0 wt%. Considering corrosion performance, the optimal range of Ca concentration was determined to be 1.0 wt% to 1.5 wt%.

This study examines the effects of a hydroxyapatite/anatase TiO2/CeO2 coating on the corrosion of AZ31B magnesium alloy in a simulated body fluid. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is used to create the coating, and the surface properties are analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Contact angle measurements adapted to compare the uncoated substrate (144.74 ± 2.08°) with the coated substrates, which exhibit contact angles of (107.92 ± 2.16°), (95.88 ± 2.06°) and (66.05 ± 2.09°) for the respective coating durations. Increasing the thickness of the coating improves its corrosion resistance. Specifically, a 6-minute PEO coating significantly increases the thickness and provides better protection against corrosion for the AZ31B magnesium alloy. Cross-sectional scans of the coated samples revealed an increase in specimen thickness from 32.92 μm to77.17 μm. Potentiodynamic polarisation tests in a simulated body fluid reveal that the 6-minute coated sample shows the highest corrosion resistance, with the lowest corrosion current density (1.9037 × 10-06) compared to other coatings, indicating strong protection against corrosion. This research proposes a novel method to enhance the corrosion resistance of PEO coatings on magnesium alloys by depositing a thicker layer of hydroxyapatite, anatase TiO2 and CeO2. This approach results in a stronger and more effective protective system against corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, hybrid reinforced epoxy biopolymer composites were developed using natural hydroxyapatite and zinc oxide (nHAp/ZnO). The epoxy was reinforced with varying addition of nHAp and ZnO in the steps of 3, 5 and 7 wt. % respectively using stir casting molding process. The developed composites were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37oC to determine their bioactivity. Microstructure evaluation using scanning electron microscopy was also used to assess the morphology of the developed composites before and after in vitro test, respectively. The microstructure evaluation in vitro showed good deposition of white-like layers on the surface indicating good bioactivity reaction with the SBF and affirm that the developed biopolymers will react well with living tissue when used in vivo. However, hybrid sample BP5HB showed better apatite-like layer deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium composites stay relevant for the applications of biodegradable implant as they are harmless and possess characteristics such as density and elastic modulus analogous to the cortical bone in humans. But corrosion is one major issue associated with magnesium when the biomedical applications are contemplated. Moreover, load bearing abilities are also required in case of an orthopedic implant. In this study, to achieve the desired implant characteristics, hybrid nanocomposites (HNCs) of Mg–2.5Zn binary alloys such as metal matrix, hydroxyapatite (HAp), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as reinforcements were fabricated via the vacuum-assisted stir casting method. The overall weight percentage of the reinforcements was fixed at 3% and both the reinforcements varied in compositions by weight to prepare the samples S0 (Pure Magnesium), S1 (Mg–2.5Zn–0.5HAp–2.5rGO), S2 (Mg–2.5Zn–1.0HAp–2.0rGO), S3 (Mg–2.5Zn–1.5HAp–1.5rGO), S4 (Mg–2.5Zn–2.0HAp–1.0rGO), and S5 (Mg–2.5Zn–2.5HAp–0.5rGO), respectively. The influence of mechanical characteristics such as tensile strength, compressive strength, and microhardness as well as the corrosion over the surface of the nanocomposite in simulated body fluid (SBF) have been assessed for their suitability as biodegradable orthopedic implants. Results suggest that the fabricated nanocomposites exhibit superior characteristics in comparison to pure magnesium. Increasing the HAp from 0.5 wt.% to 2.5 wt.% enhanced the compressive strength and reduced the corrosion rate. On the other hand, increasing the rGO from 0.5 wt.% to 1.5 wt.% increased the tensile strength. The formation of apatite layer over the composites is observed in the SBF solution. Among all the fabricated hybrid nanocomposite samples, the sample S3 (Mg–2.5Zn–1.5HAp–1.5rGO) with equal wt.% of HAp and rGO exhibited 209.60 MPa of ultimate tensile strength, 300.1 MPa of ultimate compressive strength, and a corrosion rate of 0.91 mm/year thus making it the best suited and a prospective material for biodegradable implant application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the pure fatigue behaviors of AM60 magnesium alloy with polylactic acid (PLA) coating (PF-AM60-PLA) and the corrosion fatigue behaviors of magnesium alloy with PLA coating (CF-AM60-PLA) were evaluated. Polymer coating was made by fused deposition modeling (FDM) with a 3D printer and attached to standard fatigue test specimens with glue. Then, after 27 days of immersion in the simulated body fluid (SBF), the high-cycle bending fatigue test was performed on samples. Due to corrosion, the weight of the specimens was reduced by an average of 35%. The corrosion rate decreased in the first 7 days and then increased. PF samples with a coating had an average 49% increase in fatigue lifetime. Regarding the CF samples, despite the use of a 10-times stronger solution, the fatigue lifetime of these samples decreased by only 35%. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) results also showed cleavage plates and striations. In addition, the separation of the glue from the coating and Mg was observed. Corrosion products, in addition to microcracks and holes, were seen on the fracture surface of CF specimens, which caused the stress concentration and the crack initiation. Holes caused by the release of gases were also observed in polymer coatings, which were fabricated by 3D printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A self-sealing coating was prepared on the surface of basic magnesium alloy material (BM) by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique. The corrosion behavior of BM and MAO samples in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at different flow rates (0, 0.5, and 1.5 ml/s) was studied by immersion test. The electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) of the samples was measured at 0, 2, 12, 16 and 24 h during the immersion process to analyze the evolution of the electrochemical corrosion resistance. The corrosion morphology and element composition of the samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that the corrosion resistance of BM and MAO samples gradually decreases with increasing flow rate. At higher flow rates, the MAO coating is more effective in improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. Based on the experimental results, the corrosion mechanism of BM and MAO samples at different flow rates was clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the enhancement of the tribological behavior of commercial pure titanium (Cp-Ti) in a simulated body fluid (SBF) via surface reinforcement by titanium borides. The protective boride coatings were formed through the pack cementation process at two different temperatures (950 and 1050 °C) to create diverse hard compositions of TiB and TiB–TiB2 in the coating, with hardness of 1032 and 1291 Hv, respectively. The roughness and wettability of top surfaces were evaluated before the tribology studies due to their impacts on the tribology behavior. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to investigate the effects of the wear parameters in dry and SBF environments. The duration of the wear tests was 53, 35, and 26 min for low, medium, and high speed. It was found that the abrasion wear type was dominant at the beginning of sliding, and then changed to the plastic deformation in the dry conditions, while there is no sign of the abrasion and adhesion wear features at the surface of the reinforced samples abraded in the SBF solution. Results confirmed a high coincidence between BBD predictions and actual findings. The released debris from the coatings was also investigated to find origins. Results showed that majority of the debris in the SBF solution belonged to the calcium phosphate particles demonstrating the bioactivity of the TiB–TiB2 coatings. According to findings, hard TiB–TiB2 coatings could significantly improve the tribological behavior of the Ti implants, which could in turn result in expanding the biological application of Cp-Ti.

Ximing Peng,1,* Xin Liu,2,* Yanqing Yang,1,* Mingwei Yu,1 Zhiwei Sun,1 Xiangru Chen,1 Keqiang Hu,1 Jing Yang,1 Shaotang Xiong,2 Bin Wang,2 Liya Ma,3 Zhenxing Wang,4 Hanxiao Cheng,5,* Chuchao Zhou1,* 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China; 2Medical Aesthetic Department, The Second People’s Hospital of China Three Gorges University, The Second People’s Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, Hubei, People’s Republic of China; 3The Centre of Analysis and Measurement of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Plastic Surgery, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Hanxiao Cheng; Chuchao Zhou, Email chxmomo@sina.com; chuchaozhou@163.comIntroduction: The formation of bone-like apatite (Ap) on natural polymers through biomimetic mineralization using simulated body fluid (SBF) can improve osteoconductivity and biocompatibility, while lowering immunological rejection. Nonetheless, the coating efficiency of the bone-like Ap layer on natural polymers requires improvement. Carbonyls (-COOH) and hydroxyls (-OH) are abundant in graphene oxide (GO), which may offer more active sites for biomimetic mineralization and promote the proliferation of rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs).Methods: In this study, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) microgels were infused with GO (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL) and embedded into microgels in SBF for 1, 7, and 14 days. Systematic in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to evaluate the structure of the microgel and its effect on cell proliferation and ability to repair bone defects in rats.Results: The resulting GO-GelMA-Ap microgels displayed a porous, interconnected structure with uniformly coated surfaces in bone-like Ap, and the Ca/P ratio of the 1 mg/mL GO-GelMA-Ap group was comparable to that of natural bone tissue. Moreover, the 1 mg/mL GO-GelMA-Ap group exhibited a greater Ap abundance, enhanced proliferation of BMSCs in vitro and increased bone formation in vivo compared to the GelMA-Ap group.Discussion: Overall, this study offers a novel method for incorporating GO into microgels for bone tissue engineering to promote biomimetic mineralization.Graphical-Abstract: Keywords: graphene oxide, gelatin methacryloyl, bone-like apatite, biomimetic mineralization, simulated body fluid, bone repair

In this present work, the pure fatigue (PF) behaviors of AM60 magnesium alloys were investigated for the as-received samples, compared to the pre-corroded specimens in simulated body fluid (SBF). The standard fatigue testing specimens were held for 28 days in the SBF, so-called corrosion fatigue (CF) samples, while their weights were recorded. Afterward, bending fatigue experiments were carried out under fully-reversed rotary conditions, within high-cycle fatigue regimes. Moreover, the fracture mechanism was also investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The obtained results indicated that the weight of the samples first increased and then decreased with time. The CF lifetime was 71 % of the relative difference, shorter than PF under the lowest stress level (80 MPa) and 38 % of the relative difference, shorter than PF at the highest stress level (140 MPa). The CF lifetime was entirely behind the PF lifetime, and fracture mechanisms were mostly brittle.

Magnesium has a special place in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. The high corrosion rate of magnesium in the body environment requires the use of a biocompatible coating such as calcium phosphate. In this paper, the effect of microstructure and crystalline texture of AZ31 magnesium alloy substrate on the morphology of calcium phosphate coating and the corrosion behavior of the material was investigated. The results imply that apatite crystals can form and grow on the surfaces of the biomimetic coating after soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF). The corrosion behavior of the material was investigated using an electrochemical polarization test in SBF solution for 3 days. The results showed that changes in the microstructure and crystalline texture of the substrate changed the coating morphology so that the growth of calcium phosphate changed from a rod-shaped with a diameter of 100–150 nm to a blade-shaped with a thickness of 20–50 nm. An increase in the corrosion resistance of the coated specimens with the corrosion rate of 0.65 mm/year was obtained compared to the uncoated specimen with the corrosion rate of 2.62 mm/year.

Abstract Background To analyse the changes in surface and nickel ion release characteristics of fractured root canal shaping instruments in a simulated body fluid environment. Methods A total of 54 new instruments were studied. The instrument groups consisted of five different NiTi alloys and a stainless-steel alloy. To standardize instrument fracture, a torsional type of failure was created on each instrument. The fractured specimens of each instrument group were randomly divided into three static immersion subgroups of 1 h, 7-day, and 30-day (n = 3). Simulated body fluid (SBF) was prepared to mimic human blood plasma by Kokubo&Takadama protocol for ex situ static immersions at 37ºC. The surfaces were examined via scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. To determine the quantitative ion release, the retrieved SBFs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests sought the statistical significance of the nickel ion values(p 0.05). Conclusions Within the limitations of the presented study, it was concluded that the fractured SS and NiTi root canal instruments release Ni ions in contact with body fluid. However, the Ni ion release values determined during the observation periods are lower than the critical toxic or allergic thresholds defined for the human body. This was due to the ionic dissolution cycle reaching a stable state from 1-hour to 30-day exposure to the body fluid of fractured instruments.

The experimental work focuses on the detailed monitoring of the interaction of commercial hydroxyapatite (HA) granules with various morphologies and surfaces with simulated body fluid (SBF) under varied in vitro test conditions. The ISO 23317:2014 standard, which specifies methods for the detection of apatite formation on the surface of materials in a simulated body fluid, mainly focuses on one-piece samples (tablets, rectangular shaped samples) under static conditions. The SBF solution modelling the inorganic part of blood plasma is buffered with a Tris buffer which can, under certain conditions, affect the in vitro test results by its own interaction with the tested material. Changes on the surfaces of the tested bioceramic granules with varied porosity and leachates from the buffered and unbuffered SBF solutions were characterised at selected time intervals using the available methods (SEM, BET, AAS, UV-VIS). The kinetics of the formation and morphology of the precipitated hydroxyapatite (HAp) was found to vary under different in vitro test conditions. The leachates from the solutions confirmed different rates of calcium and phosphate ions depletion, especially at the beginning of the assay. The pH analyses of the buffered and unbuffered SBF solutions also showed a Tris buffer effect.

Bone cement is one of the materials used in orthopaedics that serves various functions, such as binding bone implants, replacing damaged bones and filling spaces within bones. Various materials have been used to synthesize bone cement, and one promising material for further research is fish bone waste-based bone cement. This study investigates the potential of fish bone waste-based bone cement by incorporating nano fish bone (NFB) and L-arginine (L-Arg) protein into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to examine apatite growth. NFB derived from the Salmo salar fish positively influences osteoblast cell proliferation and differentiation, while L-Arg enhances biocompatibility and antibiotic properties. The NFB/L-Arg combination holds promise in accelerating new bone formation and cell growth, both of which are crucial for fracture healing and bone remodelling. Tensile strength tests reveal the superior performance of BC-PMMA-1-NFB/L-Arg (36.11 MPa) compared with commercial PMMA (32 MPa). Immersion tests with simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 7 days reveal accelerated apatite layer formation, emphasizing the potential benefits of NFB/L-Arg in bone cement applications.

This study aimed to develop new generation cakes that were fortified with calcined ZnO nanoparticles (CZnO), uncalcined ZnO nanoparticles (UCZnO), beads (B(CZnO)) synthesized by encapsulating the CZnO with sodium alginate (SA), and the beads (B(UCZnO)) synthesized by encapsulating the UCZnO with sodium alginate (SA) and investigated the zinc (Zn) release in fortified cakes in simulated body fluids (SBF). The present study represents a novel method for increasing intestinal absorption and bioavailability of dietary zinc with zinc nanoparticles for use in the preparation of Zn fortified cakes as a dietary supplement to compensate for zinc deficiency in humans. The results revealed that a rapid increase in the release time and rate in the SGF solution was noted in the UCZnO added cakes. It was attributed to increased intestinal absorption and bioavailability as a result of the ultra-small size of ZnO. Also, ZnO release kinetics in SBF was also studied and data were adjusted into different kinetic models involving zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer–Peppas models. The present investigation recommends adding UCZnO to the cakes to control and increase the release from the cakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The AZ31/1.5TiO2 metal matrix composite is added with different Sn (Tin) weight percentages to study the impacts on in vitro degradation and wear behaviour in simulated body fluid. The AZ31-xSn/1.5TiO2 (x = 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 wt%) composites were synthesized using stir casting. The microstructure of the alloy and the composites confirmed the existence of the intermetallic compound Mg17Al12 along the grain boundaries. When Sn was added, it dissolved in the Mg matrix and precipitated as an intermetallic compound (Mg2Sn). The Mg(OH)2 protective layer was found on the surface of the alloy and composites during the immersion test in simulated body fluid. As the immersion time increased to 48 hours, the layer started to break down, and corrosion pits appeared. The wear tests revealed that the simulated body fluid's lubrication effect effectively reduced the coefficient of friction (CoF) of the composites compared to dry sliding. But the corrosiveness of simulated body fluid resulted in a higher wear rate than under dry sliding conditions. Increasing the Sn content up to 6% improves wear resistance, and further Sn addition increases wear rate. The results of the worn surface morphology confirmed that abrasion was the dominant wear mechanism in dry sliding and simulated body fluid conditions. The increased oxygen content established the corrosion in simulated body fluid conditions in EDS spectra and corrosion pits on the worn surface morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we applied argon plasma treatment to titanium surfaces with nanostructures deposited by concentrated alkali treatment and investigated the effects on the surface of the material and the tissue surrounding an implant site. The results showed that the treatment with argon plasma removed carbon contaminants and increased the surface energy of the material while the nanoscale network structure deposited on the titanium surface remained in place. Reactive oxygen species reduced the oxidative stress of bone marrow cells on the treated titanium surface, creating a favorable environment for cell proliferation. Good results were observed in vitro evaluations using rat bone marrow cells. The group treated with argon plasma exhibited the highest apatite formation in experiments using simulated body fluids. The results of in vivo evaluation using rat femurs revealed that the treatment improved the amount of new bone formation around an implant. Thus, the results demonstrate that argon plasma treatment enhances the ability of nanostructured titanium surfaces to induce hard tissue differentiation and supports new bone formation around an implant site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study deals with the corrosion behavior of a harmonic structured Cantor alloy (FeCrMnNiCo) in freely aerated Hank's simulated body fluid. Harmonic structure featuring distinguished core regions containing clusters of coarse grains and shell regions containing a continuous network of fine grains is attained by powder metallurgical route. X-ray diffraction confirmed FCC structure both in the core and shell regions. Corrosion tests were carried out on the harmonic structured Cantor alloy and compared with its conventional counterpart and harmonic structured 316L stainless steel, a well-known biomaterial. The corrosion resistance of the harmonic structured Cantor alloy is found to be better than the conventional one and comparable to the harmonic structured 316L stainless steel. During corrosion, enrichment of Cr at the shell regions of the harmonic structured Cantor alloy allows early passivation, leading to its enhanced corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this research, tin was added to the AZ31/2Al2O3 magnesium metal matrix composite to investigate its influence on degradation rate in the presence of simulated body fluid (SBF) and wear behaviour in dry conditions. The AZ31- x Sn/2Al2O3 (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt%) composites were manufactured using the bottom pouring stir casting route. The microstructure of the manufactured AZ31/2Al2O3 and AZ31- x Sn/2Al2O3 composites revealed that they were composed of the α-Mg solid solution and the intermetallic compound □-Mg17Al12, which was situated near the grain boundaries. When tin was added, the Sn-rich intermetallic compound Mg2Sn was formed, increasing the volume fraction of the Mg2Sn phase. Compared to AZ31/2Al2O3 composite, the wear test revealed that AZ31/2Al2O3 composites containing Sn particles exhibited a higher ability to generate more stable tribo-layers at higher applied loads, which protected the worn surface and reduced the wear rate. The wear resistance of composites was improved primarily by the behaviour of the tribo-layer in the wear process. The degradation rates (mm/year) of the AZ31 composites were carried out for 72 h in SBF. The degradation rate was reduced when the Sn content in the AZ31/2Al2O3 composite was increased to 6 wt% and then increased with further Sn addition. It was observed that when the amount of Sn particles increases up to 6 wt%, the severity of the degradation decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties of polylactide stereocomplexes (PLA SC) have been primarily studied through tensile testing, with inconsistent results, and the compressive properties of PLA SC compared to homocrystalline or amorphous PLA remain poorly understood. In this study, we coated porous bioactive glass 13–93 scaffolds with amorphous, homocrystalline, or stereocomplex PLA to investigate their mechanical and degradation properties before and after immersion in simulated body fluid. The glass scaffolds had interconnected pores and an average porosity of 76%. The PLA coatings, which were 10–100 μm thick and approximately 3% of the glass scaffold mass, covered the glass to a large extent. The compressive strength and toughness of all PLA‐coated scaffolds were significantly higher than those of uncoated scaffolds, with approximately a fourfold increase before immersion and a twofold increase after immersion. The compressive strength and toughness of PLA SC‐coated scaffolds were similar to those of scaffolds with homocrystalline PLA coating, and significantly higher than for scaffolds with amorphous PLA coating. All PLA coatings moderated the initial pH increase caused by the glass, which could benefit surrounding cells and bone tissue in vivo after implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) due to excellent biocompatibility and high specific strength is known as a metallic biomaterial and is widely utilized in medical applications as implant material. Because of low strength of CP-Ti as compared to other bio-metals, it has been proved in literatures that applying equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) process can be useful to enhancement of mechanical and metallurgical properties of CP-Ti by improvement of initial microstructure to ultrafine grained (UFG). Implant in human body is attacked from cyclic fatigue loads and corrosion, simultaneous. Hence, aim of this study is examination of corrosion-fatigue resistance of CP-Ti before and after introducing ECAP in simulated body fluid (SBF) as a saline solution close to blood plasma. In this study, multi-pass ECAP is conducted on CP-Ti at room temperature and then the axial fatigue test is performed in SBF environment with temperature 37 °C. The comparison of stress-cycle curves demonstrated that corrosion-fatigue resistance of ECAPed CP-Ti is extremely higher than initial annealed one. Moreover, it was observed that by increasing the pass number of ECAP, corrosion-fatigue resistance improves significantly. Furthermore, these results are compared to fatigue behavior of CP-Ti in air environment. The results show that corrosion-fatigue resistance of unECAPed and ECAPed CP-Ti in SBF is slightly lower than fatigue ones in air. According to the results of this experimental research, it is concluded that UFG CP-Ti has an awesome corrosion-fatigue resistance in human body and it is very suitable for utilizing as material of implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for synthetic bone grafts has increased in recent years. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the highly suitable candidates as a bone graft material due to its excellent biocompatibility and high osteoconductive properties with low toxicity. HA has disadvantageous mechanical strength showing relatively fragile and brittle behavior due to its high hygroscopic properties. This leads to improper mechanical properties for such grafting applications. Therefore, HA should be combined with another material with similar biocompatibility and high hardness, such as SiO2. In this work, HA/SiO2 (HAS) composite material was prepared via a hydrothermal method to obtain the high purities of HA with a particle size of approximately 35 nm and around 50% crystallinity. It was found that the addition of SiO2 stimulated the composite system by forming an orthosilicic acid complex that can reduce the overall solution’s pH, thus contributing to the integrity and stability of the HAS composite. Therefore, higher SiO2 contents in the HAS composite can enhance its mechanical stability when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). Our work demonstrated that HAS can highly improve HA material’s hardness and mechanical stability under immersion of SBF. The Vickers test showed that the 0.05 GPa hardness in 10% SiO2 increased to 0.35 GPa hardness with the addition of 20% SiO2. The crystal structures of HAS were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, and the morphology of the HAS composites was observed under electron microscopy.

The durability of a metallic biomaterial to withstand weight loss is a key factor in determining its service life and performance. Therefore, it is essential to create biomaterials with high wear resistance to ensure the biomaterial has a long service life. Thus, this study aims to explore the dry and wet sliding wear characteristics of the developed Ti-15Mo-xSi as-cast alloys (where x equals 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt.%) in order to assess the impact of the Si addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance and to consider them for biomedical applications. The wear experiments were conducted using a pin-on-desk wear testing machine at a load of 20 N and a sliding distance of 1000 m with and without applying simulated body fluid (SBF). Different techniques were utilized in the evaluation of the developed Ti-15Mo-xSi alloys. The results showed that significant grain refining was attained with the Si addition. The hardness, compressive strength, and wear resistance of the Ti-15Mo-xSi as-cast alloys increased with the increase in Si content. The Ti-15Mo-2Si as-cast alloy exhibited the highest dry and wet wear resistance of all the Ti-15Mo-xSi alloys. The worn surfaces were investigated, the roughness and main features were reported, and the wear mechanisms were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate collagen scaffolds (CS) in terms of their in vitro resorption behavior, surface structure, swelling behavior, and mechanical properties in physiologically simulated environments, compared with porcine native connective tissue. Materials and methods: Three test materials—one porcine collagen matrix (p-CM), two acellular dermal matrices (porcine = p-ADM, allogenic = a-ADM)—and porcine native connective tissue (p-CTG) as a control material were examined for resorption in four solutions using a high-precision scale. The solutions were artificial saliva (AS) and simulated body fluid (SBF), both with and without collagenase (0.5 U/ml at 37 °C). In addition, the surface structures of CS were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after exposure to AS or SBF. The swelling behavior of CS was evaluated by measuring volume change and liquid absorption capacity in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Finally, the mechanical properties of CS and p-CTG were investigated using cyclic compression testing in PBS. Results: Solutions containing collagenase demonstrated high resorption rates with significant differences (p < 0.04) between the tested materials after 4 h, 8 h and 24 h, ranging from 54.1 to 100% after 24 h. SEM images revealed cross-linked collagen structures in all untreated specimens. Unlike a-ADM, the scaffolds of p-CM and p-ADM displayed a flake-like structure. The swelling ratio and fluid absorption capacity per area ranged from 13.4 to 25.5% among the test materials and showed following pattern: p-CM > a-ADM > p-ADM. P-CM exhibited higher elastic properties than p-ADM, whereas a-ADM, like p-CTG, were barely compressible and lost structural integrity under increasing pressure. Conclusions and clinical implications: Collagen scaffolds vary significantly in their physical properties, such as resorption and swelling behavior and elastic properties, depending on their microstructure and composition. When clinically applied, these differences should be taken into consideration to achieve the desired outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Fabrication and modeling of nanocomposites with bioceramic nanoparticles for rapid wound healing with (0wt. %, 5wt. %, 10wt. %, 15wt. % NPs) were investigated. After the fabrication of nanocomposites using the freeze-drying technique, X-ray diffraction (XRD) test is performed to show the crystallinity of hydroxyapatite and titanium oxide. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests are performed to demonstrate the morphology of the structure, atomic force microscope (AFM) test is performed to show surface roughness and pores. Finally by placing nano scaffolds in a simulated body fluid (SBF) for 21 days, their weight and pH changes are measured. Then, by performing the tensile test, the results related to the tensile strength of the scaffolds are examined. In this paper, the sum of mechanical and physical laboratory results are compared with the results obtained by molecular dynamics simulation (MDs). The results show that with the increase of titanium nanoparticles, the physical and mechanical properties, as well as the healing properties of the wound dressing, have increased significantly. Also, the comparison of laboratory results and MDs results determine the accuracy of this method. Therefore fabricating these nanocomposites helps a lot for rapid wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]