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Among the essential nutrients found in bee pollen, lipids comprise one of its principal and widely researched compounds with variable content and fatty acids composition depending on pollen's botanical and geographical origin. Although plant source effect on pollen lipids has been partially studied, the impact of geographical origin remains unclear and also, the analysis of polyfloral pollen samples from diverse regions may lead to inaccurate results. Thus, in the present study, monofloral bee pollen samples, Cistus criticus, and Sinapis arvensis, were collected from different areas to identify the effect of geographical origin on pollen lipid profile, excluding the impact of botanical origin. The total lipid content of Cistus pollen ranged from 2.50% to 3.24% and of Sinapis pollen from 7.64% to 9.06%, while statistically significant differences were found among the studied areas, both for the two species. However, it seems that regardless of origin, Sinapis pollen is a rich source of total lipid content, contrary to Cistus pollen. Likely, it was found that geographical origin affected their fatty acid composition. The presence of oleic acid (cis C18:1) was dominant in all Cistus pollen samples and ranged from 50.75% (Central Macedonia) to 65.78% (Attiki), while all Sinapis pollen samples exhibited high content of alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3), with the low average percentage (41.71%) found in Crete and the highest (52.94%) in Central Macedonia. The results showed that the determination of geographical origin effect on lipids profile of bee pollen should be considered for the establishment of global quality criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of new bacterial species in different infections, such as Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Enterococcus faecium needs materials to get rid of, especially if these materials are of 100% natural origin, however, repeated experiments must be conducted from different materials for the same bacterial species until reaching the target material. The research has investigated about if two nosocomial infective bacteria Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Enterococcus faecium could influence with some plants (Lepidium sativum, Sinapis arvensis, Eruca sativa and Raphanus sativus) belong to the Brassicaceae family which are mainly known containing compounds that are effective in combating pathogenic bacteria, using the disk diffusion method. The result was no inhibition zone around the disks saturated with water and alcoholic extracts separately by all plants against these two bacterial species tested. The authors concluded that these bacteria might have adaptation from previous exposure to their environment. From our result, it is clear that there is a need to test extracts from other plants to resist these two bacterial species, which may pose a health risk, especially since they are previously registered to be resistant to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of weeds with computer vision without the help of an expert is important for scientific studies and other purposes. The images used for the detection of weeds are recorded under controlled conditions and used in image processing-deep learning methods. In this study, the images of 3-4-leaf (true-leaf) periods of the wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) plant, which is the critical process for chemical control, were recorded from its natural environment by a drone. The datasets were included 50-100-250-500 and 1 000 raw images and were augmented by image preprocessing methods. Totally 12 different augmentation methods used and datasets were examined for understand how to affects the numbers of images on training-validation performance. YOLOv5 was used as a deep learning method and results of the datasets were evaluated with the Confusion Matrix, Metrics-Precision, and Train-Object Loss. For results of Confusion Matrix where 1 000 images gave the highest results with TP (True Positive) 80% and FP (False Positive) 20%. The TP-FP ratios of 500, 250, 100 and 50 image numbers were respectively; 65%-35%, 43%-57%, 0%-100% and 0%-100%. With 100 and 50 images, the system did not show any TP success. The highest metrics-precision ratio was found 92.52% for 1 000 images set and for 500 and 250 image sets respectively; 88.34% and 79.87%. The 100 and 50 images datasets did not show any metrics-precision ratio. The minimum object loss ratio was 5% at 50th epochs in the 100 images dataset. This dataset was followed by other 50, 250, 500, and 1 000 images respectively; 5.4%, 6.14%, 6.16%, and 8.07%.

Water deficit can alter floral traits with cascading effects on flower‐visitor interactions and plant fitness. Water stress induction can diminish productivity, directly resulting in lower flower production and consequently seed set. Changes in floral traits, such as floral scent or reward amount, may in turn alter pollinator visitations and behaviour and consequently can reduce pollination services resulting in lower reproduction output. However, the relative contribution of this indirect in comparison to the direct effects to changes in seed set are not fully understood.We manipulated water availability using rain‐out shelters in a field experiment and measured effects on floral scent bouquet, morphology, phenology, flower‐visitor interactions, pollination and seed set. Plant individuals of Sinapis arvensis (Brassicaceae) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: mean precipitation (=control), reduced mean precipitation or drought period treatment.Our results show that decreasing water availability lowers the number of flowers and seed set. This indicates a direct link between water stress and seed set, as seed mass increases with increasing flower number. The indirect link of water stress via floral traits, pollinator visits and pollination has weaker effects on seed set. However, floral traits remain relatively stable under decreased water availability, whereas plant growth and flower abundance decrease, potentially in order to allow investment in more resources in fewer flowers to maintain pollination success. Thus, plants are able to compensate for water stress and can maintain floral trait expression, such as a stable scent emission and bouquet, to retain pollinator attraction.These findings indicate that the direct link from water stress to seed set has a stronger impact on plants reproductive success than the indirect link through altered floral trait expression and pollinator visits in a generalist plant species. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play important roles in many biochemical processes, including the detoxification of xenobiotics, herbicides and pesticides, as well as enhancing stress tolerance in plants. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), an extremely toxic chlorophenolic, is a pollutant used as raw material in many industries, including the production of most herbicides and insecticides. This study investigated the response of GST for the phytoremediation of 2,4-DCP in Datura stramonium L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., and Sinapis arvensis L., plants with high phytoremediation potential following 2,4-DCP application. The seedlings grown in a hydroponic system were exposed to various solutions of 2,4-DCP in a concentration range from 75 to 275 ppm for 4 days. The GST activity was evaluated in the seedling roots and leaves. The activities in roots and leaves of D. stramonium increased to 125 ppm but decreased at 150 ppm and its higher doses compared to controls. In A. retroflexus, the GST activity increased to 175 ppm in leaves and 125 ppm in roots but decreased in both in parallel with higher doses of 2,4-DCP. In S. arvensis, on the other hand, all doses of 2,4-DCP decreased GST activity in leaves and roots compared to controls. Our results show that D. stramonium and A. retroflexus respond to 2,4-DCP toxicity with high GST activity, whereas S. arvensis is able tolerate the same toxicity, possibly by a different mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Sinapis alba and Sinapis arvensis are mustard crops within the Brassiceae tribe of the Brassicaceae family, and represent an important genetic resource for crop improvement. We performed the de novo assembly of Brassica nigra, S. alba, and S. arvensis, and conducted comparative genomics to investigate the pattern of genomic evolution since an ancient whole‐genome triplication event. Both Sinapis species retained evidence of the Brassiceae whole‐genome triplication approximately 20.5 million years ago (Mya), with subgenome dominance observed in gene density, gene expression, and selective constraint. While S. alba diverged from the ancestor of Brassica and Raphanus at approximately 12.5 Mya, the divergence time of S. arvensis and B. nigra was approximately 6.5 Mya. S. arvensis and B. nigra had greater collinearity compared with their relationship to either Brassica rapa or Brassica oleracea. Two chromosomes of S. alba (Sal03 and Sal08) were completely collinear with two ancestral chromosomes proposed in the Ancestral Crucifer Karyotype (ACK) genomic block model, the first time this has been observed in the Brassiceae. These results are consistent with S. alba representing a relatively ancient lineage of the species evolved from the common ancestor of tribe Brassiceae, and suggest that the phylogeny of the Brassica and Sinapis genera requires some revision. Our study provides new insights into the genome evolution and phylogenetic relationships of Brassiceae and provides genomic information for genetic improvement of these plants. Significance Statement: The genomes of Brassica and Sinapis share evidence of the ancestral whole‐genome triplication event that distinguishes tribe Brassiceae from other lineages within the family Brassicaceae. This is validated through high‐quality genome assemblies of Brassica nigra, Sinapis alba and Sinapis arvensis that also reveal that Sinapis may represent the more ancient lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of shoots (leaf, stem, fruits) of Cucumis melo L weed on the growth, photosynthetic, and antioxidant system of Brassica napus and Sinapis arvensis weeds. The fruit, leaf, and stem aqueous extracts of Cucumis melo L were sprayed at 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 % concentrations on the plants of Brassica napus and Sinapis arvensis at rosette stage and after one month the effects on plants were studied. The higher concentration of Donor Cucumis melo aqueous extracts, decreased the growth parameters in recipient Brassica napus and Sinapis arvensis weeds. The higher concentrations of Cucumis melo extracts increased the phenolic compounds and decreased the flavonoid compounds in both test plants and these changes were higher in Brassica napus than in Sinapis arvensis. The aqueous extracts of leaves, stems and fruits of Cucumis melo analyzed by GC-MS contained 30, 23 and 12 allelochemical compounds, respectively. These allelochemical compounds in extracts of leaf, stem and fruit of Cucumis melo influenced the morpho-physiological characteristics of Brassica napus and Sinapis arvensis weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An outbreak of possible acute poisoning by Sinapis arvensis occurred in a flock of 50 fat-tailed sheep located in the Semnan province of Iran. Sinapis arvensis is an annual or winter annual plant of the genus Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as field mustard, wild mustard or charlock. The poisonous constituents are volatile oil of mustard, the alkaloid sinapin, and the alkaloidal glucoside sinalbin. The flock was grazing in land containing high amounts of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) in late spring. Seven sheep (aged between 1 and 5 years) died within approximately 3 days. The affected animals displayed signs of depression, reluctance to move, tachycardia, tachypnea, mucoid and hemorrhagic nasal discharges, pale conjunctiva, ataxia, abdominal pain, bruxism, and anorexia. Rectal temperature in these animals was normal to high (39-41.5 °C). Ruminal movements were reduced (1-2/min). Serum biochemical levels in affected sheep showed marked increases of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorous (P) and a marked decrease in calcium (Ca). In urinalysis, marked hemoglobinuria and proteinuria were observed. Necropsy findings included congestion in lungs and hemorrhage on the epicardial and endocardial heart surfaces, on the surface and medulla of the kidneys, and abomasal mucosa. The liver was also congested with a nutmeg pattern. Rumen contents included digested materials and large quantities of seeds and stems of wild mustard. For the first time, our findings confirmed wild mustard toxicosis in sheep in Iran.

This study has been carried out in 2017-2018 in order to determine seed dormancy and effective germination depth wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). The in-vitro dormancy breaking experiments (tip breaking, sanding, H2SO4 application, holding in flowing and still water, GA3, KNO3 and GA3+KNO3 combination application) has been applied to wild mustard seeds collected from wheat field in Tokat province and has been applied to wild mustard seeds collected from wheat field in Tokat province and the most effective method was determined as 1000 ppm GA3+KNO3 with 98% impact on seed germination at 15°C within 72 hours. In contrast germination rate has been calculated as 5% in control plants. Furthermore 15°C was assessed as optimum temperature for seed germination was the most effective temperature and during depth studies 100% of wild mustard seeds germinated at 3-5 cm. Because of the difficulies with the work with seeds and plants that have dormancy, these data will contribute future studies.

Background: Due to increased bacterial resistance to common antibiotics, the tendency towards using herbal extracts is increasing. Plantago major L, Plantago ovata, Lallemantia iberica L, Sinapis arvensis L, and Ficus carica are widely used as herbal plants in traditional medicine. They were known to have a variety of therapeutic effects. The current study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic extract of these herbs against some hospital-acquired infections. Materials and Methods: Disk-diffusion antibiotic sensitivity testing, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration of hydroalcoholic extracts were applied to assess the antibacterial activity compared with tetracycline, as a control antibiotic. Results: The results of this experiment showed that the L. iberica and S. arvensis extract had the greatest effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus vulgaris. All the tested medicinal plants had a high antibacterial effect on P. vulgaris, except P. ovata. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the replacement of chemical drugs with herbal extract could be effective in the elimination of bacterial growth.

Sinapis arvensis, belonging to the genus Sinapis of the family Brassicaceae, has good agronomic characters that make it a valuable genetic resource for crop improvement and is a cytoplasmic source of heterologous cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). In addition, S. arvensis has played an important role in the evolution of the six major cultivated Brassica species involved in the triangle of U. Using next-generation sequencing, we assembled and revealed the gene composition of S. arvensis cytoplasmic genome. The chloroplast genome comprises 153,590 bp, with 112 individual genes, including 4 rRNA, 29 tRNA, and 79 protein-coding genes. The mitochondrial genome comprises 240,024 bp, with 54 genes, including 18 tRNA, three rRNA and 33 protein-coding genes. Genome structure and evolutionary analysis indicated that the sequences of the S. arvensis organellar genomes were more similar to those of Brassica nigra and B. carinata than to those of other Brassicaceae species. Four mitochondrial open reading frames displaying chimeric structural features and encoding hypothetical proteins with transmembrane domains may account for the infertility of Nsa CMS previously derived from somatic cell hybridization between B. napus and S. arvensis. These results will not only contribute to utilize the germplasm resource of S. arvensis, and comprehend the evolution of organelle genomes within the Brassicaceae family, but also help to identify genes conditioning the alloplasmic male sterility of Nsa CMS in B. napus.

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Weed Science is the property of Gaziosmanpasa Universitesi Matbaasi, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Nsa cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a novel alloplasmic male sterility system derived from somatic hybridization between Brassica napus and Sinapis arvensis. Identification of the CMS-associated gene is a prerequisite for a better understanding of the origin and molecular mechanism of this CMS. With the development of genome sequencing technology, organelle genomes of Nsa CMS line and its maintainer line were sequenced by pyro-sequencing technology, and comparative analysis of the organelle genomes was carried out to characterize the organelle genome composition of Nsa CMS as well as to identify the candidate Nsa CMS-associated genes. Results Nsa CMS mitochondrial genome showed a higher collinearity with that of S. arvensis than B. napus, indicating that Nsa CMS mitochondrial genome was mainly derived from S. arvensis. However, mitochondrial genome recombination of parental lines was clearly detected. In contrast, the chloroplast genome of Nsa CMS was highly collinear with its B. napus parent, without any evidence of recombination of the two parental chloroplast genomes or integration from S. arvensis. There were 16 open reading frames (ORFs) specifically existed in Nsa CMS mitochondrial genome, which could not be identified in the maintainer line. Among them, three ORFs (orf224, orf309, orf346) possessing chimeric and transmembrane structure are most likely to be the candidate CMS genes. Sequences of all three candidate CMS genes in Nsa CMS line were found to be 100% identical with those from S. arvensis mitochondrial genome. Phylogenetic and homologous analysis showed that all the mitochondrial genes were highly conserved during evolution. Conclusions Nsa CMS contains a recombined mitochondrial genome of its two parental species with the majority form S. arvensis. Three candidate Nsa CMS genes were identified and proven to be derived from S. arvensis other than recombination of its two parental species. Further functional study of the candidate genes will help to identify the gene responsible for the CMS and the underlying molecular mechanism.

Soil solarization using clear plastic is a promising weed management strategy for organic farms in the Northeast USA. Based on grower concerns that the practice might negatively affect beneficial soil microbiota, we conducted experiments to measure the effects of 2 and 4 weeks of solarization in a field and a closed greenhouse. Soil microbial communities were assayed by dilution plating on semi-selective agar media. Populations of general bacteria, general fungi, bacilli, and florescent pseudomonads were unaffected by field solarization, but fluorescent pseudomonads were reduced following greenhouse solarization. At plastic removal, soil biological activity was reduced non-significantly in the field and by 45% in the green- house. Soil biological activity fluctuated following field solarization, being significantly suppressed at 5 but not 14 days after plastic removal. In the greenhouse, biological activity remained suppressed up to 28 days after plastic removal. Solarization increased available nitrogen in the field and greenhouse. Four weeks of solarization reduced viability of buried weed seeds by 64% in the field and 98% in the greenhouse, indicating that the practice can cause substantial weed seed mortality. Maximum soil temperatures, measured at 10 cm depth under solarization, were 44◦ C in the field and 50◦ C in the greenhouse; temperatures were theoretically sufficient for the reduction of some soil borne pathogens. A subsequent experiment measured the effects of solarization and tarping (black plastic) on soil biological activity. During mulching, biological activity was unaffected by treatment, but 14 days after plastic removal, biological activity was reduced in the solarized treatment as compared with the control. Overall, these results suggest that solarization can deplete the weed seedbank. Although soil biological activity was reduced by solarization, it may bounce back after a period. Greenhouse solarization achieved higher temperatures and was more lethal to weed seeds and some microbiota than field solarization.

Copyright of Archives of Razi Institute is the property of Institut Razi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wheat is one of the most important crops grown all around the world. Weeds cause significant yield loss and damage to wheat and their control is generally based on herbicide application. Regular use leads to herbicide resistance in weeds. This study aims to reveal molecular detection of Sinapis arvensis resistance mutation against ALS inhibiting herbicides. For this purpose, survey studies have been carried out in wheat growing areas in Amasya, Çorum, Tokat, and Yozgat provinces and wild mustard seeds have been collected from 310 different fields. According to bioassay tests with tribenuron-methyl, 13 of these populations, have not been affected by the registered dose of herbicide. When survived populations were subjected to dose-effect study and herbicides were applied at 26-fold, the highest and lowest resistance coefficients were determined as 7.2 (A-007) and 1.02 (T-034) respectively. In addition, B domain region from ALS gene was amplified and analyzed in molecular studies to determine point mutation in wild mustard against ALS herbicides. The PCR products were sequenced and target-site mutation to Leucine was observed at Trp-574 amino acide. In the study, point mutation in Trp-574 amino acide and Trp-574 Leu mutation in Sinapis arvensis have been detected for the first time in Turkey.

Wheat is one of the most important crops grown all around the world. Weeds cause significant yield loss and damage to wheat and their control is generally based on herbicide application. Regular use leads to herbicide resistance in weeds. This study aims to reveal molecular detection of Sinapis arvensis resistance mutation against ALS inhibiting herbicides. For this purpose, survey studies have been carried out in wheat growing areas in Amasya, Çorum, Tokat, and Yozgat provinces and wild mustard seeds have been collected from 310 different fields. According to bioassay tests with tribenuron-methyl, 13 of these populations, have not been affected by the registered dose of herbicide. When survived populations were subjected to dose-effect study and herbicides were applied at 26-fold, the highest and lowest resistance coefficients were determined as 7.2 (A-007) and 1.02 (T-034) respectively. In addition, B domain region from ALS gene was amplified and analyzed in molecular studies to determine point mutation in wild mustard against ALS herbicides. The PCR products were sequenced and target-site mutation to Leucine was observed at Trp-574 amino acide. In the study, point mutation in Trp-574 amino acide and Trp-574 Leu mutation in Sinapis arvensis have been detected for the first time in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed resistance to herbicides is a serious agricultural issue that threatens the sustainability of world food production, as its widespread appearance has reduced the diversity of weed control practices and posed economic and environmental risks. Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), a very competitive weed in winter cereals, has evolved resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides used in Greece. As growth rate and genetic structure of weeds affect their competitive ability against crops, the purpose of this work was to study the effect of geographical origin and resistance profile on growth rate and genetic structure of five S. arvensis populations. In particular, the cross-resistant to tribenuron and imazamox P2, P3 and P4 populations originating from the counties of Larissa, Phthiotida, and Pieria, respectively, the resistant to tribenuron P1 originating from Chalkidiki and the susceptible PS originating from Thessaloniki were evaluated. The growth rate was studied by determining fresh weight, number of leaves, height, and seed weight of plants, whereas the genetic structure by using six inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. Regarding growth rate, the b slope values of the linear equation fitted on fresh weight regression against sampling time were 10.87, 9.94 and 11.41 for P2, P3 and P4 populations, respectively, which were higher than those of P1 (8.03) and PS (6.79) populations, while the b slopes of leaf number were 3.8 and 4.63 for P3 and P1 populations, which were higher than those of PS (2.1), P2 (2.79) and P4 (2.84). The use of ISSR markers showed also differences between populations in their genetic structure parameters [genetic diversity (h), Shannon index (I), number of alleles (Na), percentage of polymorphic loci for each population (P%), variance among and within populations, and FST value, that is a measure of differentiation among populations due to genetic structure], which attributed to origin and herbicide resistance profile. The ISSR bands indicated that 80% of the molecular variation was within populations and 20% among populations. In addition, the dendrogram produced by the combination of GenALEx and MEGA7 statistical software, along with the corresponding PCoA graphical output indicated similar groups of the individuals belonging in these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought may affect the effectiveness of herbicides. However, our knowledge about the interaction between drought and the response of different species to the application of herbicides is limited. Dose-response experiments were conducted on two major weeds of wheat fields to investigate the water stress effects on sulfosulfuron effectiveness. At the 2-leaf stage, Hordeum spontaneum and Sinapis arvensis were subjected to two irrigation regimes (10 and 65% of the available water depletion) and 7 days later, the plants were exposed to sulfosulfuron doses (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800% of the recommended dose). The biochemical and physiological responses of the plants were investigated 10 days later. H. spontaneum showed lower sensitivity to the herbicide than S. arvensis. Water stress decreased the efficiency of sulfosulfuron on both species with a greater effect on H. spontaneum. The herbicide required to induce 90% reduction of total dry mass (ED 90) in water-stressed H. spontaneum was 63248.0 g ai ha−1 (2377.7 times the recommended dose of herbicide), and this amount was 10.74 times the ED 90 value in irrigated plants. The ED 90 of sulfosulfuron to reduce the total dry mass of irrigated and water-stressed S. arvensis was 1022.4 and 1862.9 g ai ha−1, respectively. Water stress alleviated chlorophyll decline in herbicide-treated H. spontaneum , but induced chlorophyll degradation in S. arvensis and decreased Fv/Fm in both species. The results suggested that higher doses of sulfosulfuron are recommended for use in arid conditions to effectively manage weeds, particularly those exhibiting reduced sensitivity to the herbicide. • The study explores the under-researched interaction between drought and sulfosulfuron efficacy. • Hordeum spontaneum exhibits lower sensitivity to sulfosulfuron compared to Sinapis arvensis. • Water stress significantly diminishes the effectiveness of sulfosulfuron on both weed species. • Water stress alleviates chlorophyll decline in herbicide-treated H. spontaneum but induces degradation in S. arvensis. • To maximize effectiveness and minimize environmental pollution a strategic timing of herbicide application is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetolactate synthase (ALS)—inhibiting herbicides have been widely used for effective management and control of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) biotypes in Iran. The resistance of the ALS inhibitor to weeds is attributed to either target site alteration or enhanced herbicide degradation. Molecular and genetic characterization of the resistance mechanism is relevant to the evolution and management of herbicide resistance. The aims of this research were (a) to characterize the mechanism molecular suspected to Granstar (tribenuron methyl) and Atlantis (Mesosulfuron + Iodosulfuron) resistance in S. arvensis biotypes in the greenhouse and laboratory (b) to investigate the organization of the target-site loci in field selected S. arvensis populations and (c) instantly recognize the mutations that cause resistance to ALS inhibitors. Eighty resistant populations of S. arvensis were carefully collected from fields repeatedly treated with Granstar and Atlantis. The resistance level and pattern of the population were determined through a greenhouse dose–response experiment by applying the above-mentioned herbicides. Extraction of genomic DNA was carried out for PCR and ALS gene analysis. Our results showed that by greenhouse experiment across 80 biotypes suspected to resistance collected in the fields of whole Kermanshah Province, 30 biotypes (37.5%) conferred S. arvensis resistance species reported in the farm. Among 30 biotypes screened in a greenhouse experiment, six biotypes (20%), No. 9, 14, 17, 19, 23 and 28 revealed a mutation in the ALS gene that was detected by PCR-based method. Biotype No. 9 in the position 376 (Asp376-Gly, GAC to GGC), biotypes 14 and 19 in the position 197 (Pro197-Ala, CCT to GCT), biotypes 17, 23 and 28 in the position 574 (Trp574-Leu, TGG to TTG) and biotype No. 23 in the position 122 (Thr-122-Ala, ACA to GCA) showed herbicide resistance. The specific mutation in the position of 122 of the ALS gene in S. arvensis is the first report. Other biotypes showed resistance in the greenhouse but didn't indicate any mutation by PCR-based method. Most of the resistance to Granstar and Atlantis are genetic and are induced by mutations in the ALS gene. The resistance to herbicides may contain a non-mutagenic and non-genetic origin. The reason of herbicide resistance as non-target-site in some of the biotypes may relate to the activity of the herbicide-metabolizing enzyme(s) or transporter proteins that will naturally lead to an increase in herbicide degradation or compartmentation away from its active site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of ALS-herbicide-resistant Sinapis arvensis in wheat crops causes crop yield losses, which makes it necessary to understand the factors that influence the interference of this weed to develop safer management strategies. This study was aimed to evaluate the ecological fitness of wild mustard that is susceptible (S biotypes) and resistant (R biotypes) to Tribenuron Methyl herbicide in competition with wheat in 2014-2017. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments were placed in pots and arranged in replacement series for three experiments: 1) wheat with the R biotype; 2) wheat with the S biotype; and 3) the R biotype with the S biotype) at the following ratios: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. The results showed that S biotype of wild mustard was more competitive than R biotype. There was no significant difference between S biotype and R biotype with accordance of the aggressivity index. The difference between the relative yield of wheat and biotypes of S. arvensis was significant, and regarding relative yield total, the S biotype was superior. Relative seed production index as the resultant index of competition at similar densities was not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathy refers to the chemical inhibition or stimulation of one species by another which could influence on the growth or germination of other plant and used in control of weed in agricultural practices. In this sense in order to study the possibly allelopathic effects of lemon balm, bitter apple and lemon verbena medicinal plants on control of wild mustard weed, a laboratory experiment was arranged based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in three replications at laboratory of Mehrgan institute during 2014. In this study, effects of different aqueous extracts and essential oils of mentioned medicinal plants compared with control treatments. Evaluated values were germination rate, germination percentage, radicle length, shoot length, fresh and dry weight of radicle and shoot. Results showed that essential oil of Lemon verbena at 600 mg/L concentration had more meaningful effect on germination percentage and germination rate of wild mustard. Our results also indicated that aqueous extract of these plants had stimulating effect on weed seed development, while some essential oils treatments had an inhibitory effect on this weed seeds development.

Plant reproductive success is often the outcome of mutualistic and antagonistic plant–animal interactions, which can be moderated by landscape composition. Studies addressing single plant–animal interactions are common, but studies simultaneously considering multiple plant–animal interactions in a landscape context are still scarce. We selectively excluded flower-visiting insects on phytometer plants and quantified how mutualistic and antagonistic interactions shaped the reproductive success of a common annual plant, wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis). Floral herbivory by larvae of rape pollen beetles (Meligethes spp.) strongly reduced fruit production, but could be minimized by insecticide application. Total seed production (the product of fruit production and seeds per fruit) strongly increased with pollinator visitation. On average, pollinator access to plants enhanced seed numbers by 754%. Insecticide treatment almost redoubled this number. The landscape composition (proportion of semi-natural habitats in 1000 m radius) surrounding phytometer plants did not affect plant–animal interactions, presumably due to the high dispersal ability of both the pollen beetles and the major pollinators (syrphid flies, bumblebees). In conclusion, pest control increased reproductive success only in the case of sufficient pollination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rate-response experiments with nine putative resistant wild mustard ( Sinapis arvensis ) populations from Greece showed cross-resistance to tribenuron and imazamox. The calculated GR 50 values [herbicide rate (g ai ha − 1 ) required for 50% reduction of fresh weight] of the nine resistant (R) populations ranged from 51.8 to 555.6 g ai tribenuron ha − 1 and from 66.3 to 900.4 g ai imazamox ha − 1 . Regarding the susceptible population, GR 50 value was not estimated for tribenuron as its lower treatment reduced fresh weight by > 95%, whereas the respective value for imazamox was 0.5 g ai ha − 1 . Gene sequencing of als revealed that a point mutation at Trp574 position, leading to amino acid substitution by Leu in the ALS enzyme was present and the likely cause of resistance. The in vitro activity of the ALS enzyme indicated I 50 values (herbicide concentration required for 50% reduction of the ALS activity) ranging from 19.11 to 217.45 μM for tribenuron, whereas the respective value for the S population was 1.17 μM. All populations were susceptible to MCPA at the recommended rate. These results strongly support that cross-resistance of 9 S. arvensis populations was due a point mutation of the als gene, which resulted in a less sensitive ALS enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds are always a serious problem in agriculture. Depending on the type of product and weed, wide ranges of fighting methods have been utilized and consequently, it is associated with different harmful economic and environmental effects in different countries. Sinapis arvensis is a common weed with the ecumenical expansion causing performance reduction of many crops, especially wheat. In comparison to the other methods, the biological control method is more efficient. In this study, 4 strains of pea pesto-stricken farms, were isolated from Iran (Lorestan) with the aim of biological control of the Sinapis arvensis weeds. The effects of 50 μl /cm2 produced supernatant of 7 days cultured fungal biomass that was purified by filtration were assayed, on the goal plant in laboratory and research greenhouse, three-fold and according to numbering method, the most necrotic was related to IRLM.LC34 strain, because destructive effects were appeared as necrosis on leaf, stem and finally lead to the death. Therefore this strain was selected for further study. Since the strain was native, the supernatant was inspissated using ammonium sulfate, as a result, causes severe destructive effects on the plant. The protein purification using FPLC showed the presence of the main part containing a protein with about 24 kDa. The direct effect of 50 μl purified protein mixed with 0.5% tween 20 on the leaves of weed, resulting in necrosis on target plant. Its morphological properties survey based on 18S rDNA analysis showed that this strain has the most similarity to Fusarium exosporium. These results indicated that selective destructive effect on dicotyledon weeds and non-harmful effect on the type monocotyledon plants like wheat. In addition, losing of the biological activity of phytotoxin could have any serious environmental hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

بذر خردل وحشی مانند سایر بذور علف‌های هرز پس از جمع‌آوری دچار تغییراتی در پتانسیل جوانه‌زنی می‌گردد. در این پژوهش، تاثیر دمای محل نگهداری بذر پس از جدا شدن آن از گیاه مادر (18- ، 3+ و دمای اتاق: 22-25 درجه سلسیوس) بر جوانه‌زنی آن بررسی گردید. بذور خردل وحشی از چهار منطقه (استان‌های فارس، آذربایجان غربی، خوزستان و مازندران) جمع‌آوری شدند و پس از 3، 6، 9، 12و15 ماه انبارسازی در دماهای مذکور جوانه زنی آن‌ها درون ژرمیناتور مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. همچنین میانگین زمان جوانه‌زنی در شرایط دمایی مختلف طی گذشت 6، 12 و 18 ماه برای بذور به دست آمد.

Biotypes of the broad-leaved wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) found in wheat fields of Aegean and Marmara region of Turkey were characterized and shown to have developed resistance to sulfonylurea (chlorsulfuron), an inhibitor of acetolactate synthase (ALS). DNA sequence analysis of the ALS genes from two such resistant (‘R’) biotypes, KNF-R1 and KNF-R2, revealed point mutations, CCT (Pro 197) to TCT (Ser 197) in KNF-R1 and CCT (Pro 197) to ACT (Thr 197) in KNF-R2; these substitutions are consistent with the presence of chlorsulfuron-insensitive ALS enzyme activity in the ‘R’ S. arvensis biotypes. An additional phenotype of chlorsulfuron resistance in the Turkish S. arvensis ‘R’ biotypes was revealed in the form of an altered seed dormancy behavior over 4 to 48 months of dry storage (after-ripening) compared to the susceptible (‘S’) biotypes. Seeds of the ‘S’ biotypes dry stored for 4 months had a higher initial germination, which sharply decreased with storage time, while the seeds of the ‘R’ biotypes had lower germination after 4-months storage, rising sharply and peaking thereafter by 24 months’ of dry storage. The ‘R’ biotype seeds continued to maintain a higher germination percentage even after 48 months of after-ripening. The seed weight of ‘R’ and ‘S’ biotypes after-ripened for 4 months was similar but those after-ripened for 48 months differed, ‘R’ seeds were significantly heavier than those of the ‘S’ seeds. Differential seed germinability between ‘S’ and ‘R’ biotypes was found not a case of differential viability, temperature regimen or non-response to pro-germination hormone GA3. These studies are of relevance to ecological fitness of herbicide-resistant biotypes in terms of seed viability and germination.

The basic units of ecological and evolutionary processes are individuals. Network studies aiming to infer mechanisms from complex systems, however, usually focus on interactions between species, not individuals. Accordingly, the structure and underlying mechanisms of individual-based interaction networks remain largely unknown., In a common garden, we recorded all interactions on flowers and leaves of 97 Sinapis arvensis individuals from seedling stage to fruit set and related interindividual differences in interactions to the plant individuals' phenotypes., The plant individuals significantly differed in their quantitative and qualitative interactions with arthropods on flowers and leaves. These differences remained stable over the entire season and thus were time-invariant. Variation in interacting arthropod communities could be explained by a pronounced intraspecific variability in flowering phenology, morphology and flower scent, and translated into variation in reproductive success. Interestingly, plant individuals with a similar composition of flower visitors were also visited by a similar assemblage of interaction partners at leaves., Our results show that the nonuniformity of plant species has pronounced effects in community ecology, potentially with implications for the persistence of communities and populations, and their ability to withstand environmental fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, public concern relating to ecological deleterious effects of heavy metals is on the rise. To evaluate the potential ofRapistrum rugosumandSinapis arvensisin lead- contaminate phytoremediate, a pot culture experiment was conducted. The pots were filled by soil treated with different rates of leadoxide (PbO) including 0 (control), 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg Pb per 1 kg soil. Germinated seeds were sown. Surprisingly, with increasing concentration of Pb, dry weight ofR. rugosumandS. arvensisdid not decrease significantly. In both of species, the concentration of Pb was higher in roots than shoots. In general,S.arvensiswas absorbed more Pb compared toR. rugosum. The results revealed high potential ofR. rugosumandS. arvensisin withdrawing Pb from contaminated soil. For both species, a positive linear relation was observed between Pb concentration in soil and roots. However, linear relationship was not observed between Pb concentration in the soil and shoots. Although both species test had low ability in translocation Pb from roots to shoots but they showed high ability in uptake soil Pb by roots. Apparently, these plants are proper species for using in phytoremediation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]