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Herein, a magnetic nanocomposite is synthesized using ZIF-8, g-C3N4, and MnFe2O4 (g-C3N4/ZIF-8/MnFe2O4) as photocatalyst for the tetracycline hydrochloride photodegradation. Characterization of the nanocomposite was verified with various methods containing XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, EDS, elemental mapping, DRS, PL, and EIS. Then, its application as photocatalysts for the tetracycline hydrochloride degradation is studied under visible light illumination. Using this photocatalyst, after 60 min, the conversion of tetracycline hydrochloride, is measured to be 98.8%. Also, average apparent reaction rate constant of photodegradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by g-C3N4/ZIF-8/MnFe2O4 nanocomposite was 9.7, 12.1, 15.6, 3.1, 3.7, and 4.8 times those of g-C3N4, ZIF-8, MnFe2O4, g-C3N4/ZIF-8, g-C3N4/MnFe2O4, and ZIF-8/MnFe2O4, respectively. In the radical scavenger, and ESR experiments, ˙OH, and h+ were exhibited to be major species in the photocatalytic degradation process. Furthermore, we proposed a mechanism for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by g-C3N4/ZIF-8/MnFe2O4 nanocomposite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intricate relationship between gut microbiota and the brain has emerged as a pivotal area of research, particularly in understanding myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). This complex condition is characterized by debilitating fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and a wide array of systemic manifestations, posing significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Recent studies highlight the microbiota-gut-brain axis as a crucial pathway in ME/CFS pathophysiology, suggesting that alterations in gut microbial composition may impact immune responses, neurochemical signaling, and neuronal health. This narrative review systematically explores English-language scholarly articles from January 1995 to January 2025, utilizing databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The findings underscore the potential for targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at correcting gut dysbiosis. As research progresses, a deeper understanding of the microbiota-gut-brain connection could lead to innovative approaches for managing ME/CFS, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for affected individuals.

Benzo-fused γ-lactams are fundamental in medicinal chemistry, acting as essential elements for various therapeutic agents due to their structural adaptability and capability to enhance biological activity. In their synthesis, transition metals play a pivotal role as catalysts, offering more efficient alternatives to traditional methods by facilitating C-N bond formation through mechanisms like intramolecular coupling. Recent advances have especially spotlighted transition-metal-catalyzed C-H amination reactions for directly converting C(sp 2 )-H to C(sp 2 )-N bonds, streamlining the creation of these compounds. Furthermore, biocatalytic approaches have emerged, providing asymmetric synthesis of lactams with high yield and enantioselectivity. This review examined the transition metal-catalyzed synthesis techniques for producing benzo-fused γ-lactams, marking a significant leap in organic synthesis by proposing more effective, selective, and greener production methods. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers in the fields of transition metal catalysts and those engaged in synthesizing these lactams., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)