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Let X be a compact Riemann surface of genus g ≥ 3 . Let L = (L , [. ,. ] , ♯) be a holomorphic Lie algebroid over X of rank one and degree (L) < 2 − 2 g . We consider the moduli space of holomorphic L λ -connections over X, where λ ∈ C . We compute the Picard group of the moduli space of L λ -connections by constructing an explicit smooth compactification of the moduli space of those L λ -connections whose underlying vector bundle is stable such that the complement is a smooth divisor. We also show that the automorphism group of the moduli space of L λ -connections fits into a short exact sequence that involves the automorphism group of the moduli space of stable vector bundle over X. For λ = 1, we get Lie algebroid de Rham moduli space of L -connections and we determine its Chow group. Communicated by Manuel Reyes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal that is very harmful to both the environment and human health, makes it difficult to detect in environmental and analytical research. However, given the adverse impacts, a remedy is urgently required. Due to its special benefits, electrochemical approaches have recently attracted a lot of interest for the detection of Cd(II) ions. We have prepared zinc selenide/graphene oxide (ZnSe/GO) nanocomposites and characterized its structural, compositional, and morphological properties using X-ray diffraction, elemental mapping, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, to fabricate an efficient electron mediator for electrochemical sensor. Results of the experiments proved that the device is reliable in Cd(II) detection with 45.54 µM limit of detection (LOD) and 138.00 µM limit of quantification (LOQ). The sensor showed a linear range of output current at 100–700 µM Cd(II) with the coefficient of correlation (R2 = 0.996). Interferents have a negligible effect on the response of the sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyaniline (PAni) is a widely studied conductive polymer that has unique properties such as high conductivity and stability. However, poor solubility and mechanical properties limit its prospective applications. To overcome these limitations, different synthesis methods have been developed and studied. One of these methods is to make the composites of PAni which displayed prominent results not only in addressing poor stability but also in achieving high mechanical properties. This review summarizes various synthesis methods, properties, and applications of PAni composites that have been incorporated with different materials such as carbon, carbon nanotube, graphite, graphene oxide, metal and metal oxides, metal–organic framework, bio-molecules, silica, and many more to enhance their potential applications. The most important applications of the PAni composite are briefly revealed at the end of this review and discussed appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research investigates the genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.), a nutrient-rich crop vital for sustainable agriculture and food security. Sixteen qualitative traits, including growth habits, pigmentation, and grain attributes, were examined among 150 accessions, shedding light on the diversity within the germplasm. The study quantified and interpreted trait relationships using the Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index and Spearman's Rank Correlation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed the pivotal traits shaping genetic diversity. Most genotypes exhibited decumbent growth habit and diverse leaf sheath pubescence intensities. Round-shaped grains predominated with copper brown as a common color among grain traits. Pericarp persistence remained consistent among all genotypes. The Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index highlighted varying levels of diversity among traits, with 'ear head shape' exhibiting the highest diversity. Spearman's Rank Correlation exposed relationship between leaf sheath pubescence and seed shattering, emphasizing the importance of trait management in crop breeding. These results provide insights into genetic diversity within finger millet germplasm and its potential application in developing resilient and productive cultivars, addressing food security and sustainability challenges in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-resolution temporal records (1738–2018 CE) of the dendrochronological analysis on Cedrus deodara from Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh in the western Himalayan region were generated. An analysis of the association between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and tree-ring radial growth indicated a significant positive relationship from April to July. The association between tree rings and other hydroclimatic variables was used to further evaluate this relationship. Based on the observation, mean April–July NDVI variability since 1790 CE was reconstructed based on the regional tree-ring chronology. Comparisons of the reconstructed NDVI with gridded precipitation, drought records, and proxy-based hydroclimatic reconstructions revealed a consistent agreement over a large spatial domain extending beyond the study region. We observed a correlation between the region's NDVI browning (reduction) and past droughts and famines. Comparison has been made to the regional proxy-based hydroclimatic reconstruction and stable oxygen isotope datasets with the present NDVI reconstruction. This revealed the commonalities in the regional hydroclimatic scenario recorded in these data sets over the last few centuries. This first tree-ring-based NDVI reconstruction from the western Himalayas infers regional climate-vegetation dynamics during the past two centuries. This reconstruction provides valuable input for modeling vegetation dynamics for predicting vegetation changes due to climate variations in the western Himalaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn the realm of lubrication, nanoparticles exert a notably positive influence on enhancing tribological performance, particularly certain oxide nanoparticles exhibit exceptional capabilities as friction and wear mitigators. However, a substantial research gap exists concerning the efficacy of oxide nanoparticles across various lubricant categories. Therefore, this study meticulously elucidates the effective integration of oxide nanoparticles in diverse lubricant categories. Using HRTEM, XRD, and FTIR, we characterize shape, size, and crystallinity. A Taguchi L18 orthogonal array is used for experimental planning, with performance characteristics of nano lubricants measured using four-ball testers.The experimental findings reveal a hierarchy of parameters governing the minimization of the coefficient of friction (COF), which are as follows: nanoparticle type, nanoparticle composition, load, speed, and lubricant, in that order. Similarly, the parameters controlling the reduction of wear scar diameter (WSD) are ranked as follows: load, nanoparticle composition, nanoparticle type, speed, and lubricant (base oil).Furthermore, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) is conducted to assess the contributions of these factors to COF and WSD. Regarding COF, 43.37% of the variance is attributed to nanoparticle type, 26.78% to nanoparticle composition, 14.49% to load, 11.8% to speed, and 2.36% to lubricant (base oil). In the case of WSD, the factor contributions are 47.67% for load, 22.4% for nanoparticle composition, 14.03% for nanoparticle type, 7.26% for lubricant (base oil), and 7.01% for speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and straightforward method is developed for the enantioselective synthesis of indol‐3‐yl‐piperidine. The reaction proceeds through a proline‐catalyzed direct Mannich reaction between glutaraldehyde and C3‐indolyl‐imines, followed by intramolecular reductive cyclization as an overall [4+2] annulation in one‐pot fashion. A series of indol‐3‐yl‐piperidine have been accessed with good yields up to 71 % and high enantioselectivity up to >99 % ee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollutants are continually being released into the land, water, and air around the world as a result of the high levels of human activity and urbanisation, which cause a rapid an increase in the growth of pollution. To meet the complex specifications needed for the separation of these contaminants regarding selectivity, sensitivity and limit of detection using various nanoparticles, researchers are modifying the electrodes using different nanoparticles. In this study, silver-doped magnesium oxide nanoparticles are prepared via sol–gel method and fabricated Ag-doped MgO-modified electrodes for investigating its electrochemical determination of resorcinol (RS) and RS degradation as measured with photocatalytic activity in the visible region. A number of characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), UV–Vis spectroscopy, XPS and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to confirm the optical properties, composition and morphology of synthesised Ag doped MgO nanoparticles. While the crystalline size of the synthesised nanoparticles was found to be 28 nm, the strong XRD peaks indicate the high crystallinity of the particles. The detection and quantification limits of the fabricated electrode are found to be 20.2 µM and 61.3 µM, respectively. The correlation value (R2) was ~ 0.99. Pure resorcinol exhibits a maximum absorption peak at 283 nm in its UV–visible spectrum. From the discoloration of resorcinol within 60 min, it can be shown that the synthesised material has a capability to degrade resorcinol effectively in the presence of sodium borohydride. The synthesised Ag-doped MgO nanoparticles degraded the RS with 98% efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gangotri glacier located in the Uttarkashi District of the Garhwal Himalaya, is one of the longest valley glacier. It exhibits Lateral Moraines (LM), Recessional Moraines (RM), Kame Terraces (KT) and Outwash Plains (OWP) as important landforms. The sediments coded in these landforms, provide the information about sedimentary characteristics, and the evolutionary history of the Gangotri Glacier Region (GGR). The Gangotri is a well studied glacier, however the sedimentological characteristics and evolution of many landforms are yet to be understood. Therefore, present paper aimed to explain the sedimentological characteristics and the evolutionary history of the outwash plain deposits. The OWP deposits were studied by making a trench near Bhujbas and collecting the samples from it. The granulometric analysis explain that the mean grain size of the OWP sediments varies from 0.258 φ to 2.006 φ indicate coarse to medium sand. The skewness, varies from 0.138 φ to 0.427 φ indicate dominance of fine grained sediments. The kurtosis varying from 0.839 φ to 1.067 φ explain the dominance of finer sediments. The standard deviation varies from 1.210 φ to 1.633 φ thus indicating poor sorting of the OWP deposits and fluctuation in the energy of the depositional environment. Five sedimentary facies identified are gravel sandy facies, ripple laminated silty sand facies, sandy facies, poorly sorted sandy facies and silty sand facies. The study describes that the OWP deposits are stratified, consolidated to semi-consolidated, coarse to fine grained silt, sand and gravels with primary sedimentary structures, which are evolved by glacio-fluvial environment under fluctuating energy conditions during the late Holocene period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for food and feed has created immense pressure on agricultural production systems, with emphasis on conventional agricultural practices, especially these that threaten the sustainability of the entire production system. Current cultivation practices are responsible for adding 2.33-12.4 t ha-1 CO2 to the atmosphere. Burning crop residues also adds air pollutants to the atmosphere and causes a significant loss of soil organic carbon and vital plant nutrients. Furthermore, animal-based activities related to manure storage and its application in crops also add approximately 12% GHGs of the total agricultural GHGs emissions. These practices have necessitated the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices which provide soil cover, enhance soil organic matter, C-sequestering, GHG emissions savings and reduce soil erosion such as these that incorporate crop residues into the soil. Agricultural residues are abundantly available and have great potential; if properly used since they can significantly contribute to C-sequestration, GHG emission savings, resulting in a profitable and environmentally friendly agriculture. On average, the crop's C-sequestering potential is reported at 6343.7 kg C ha-1, of which 4030 kg C ha-1 originate from edible products and 2313.6 kg C ha-1 from crop residues retained in the field. Total GHG emission savings from cattle slurry digestion equals 34 kg CO2 eq. t-1 of slurry. In another study, 7.7 kg CO2 ha-1 yr-1 GHG emissions savings have been reported due to digestate application in a grassland-based production systems. The present review considers the benefits and significant issues of agriculture residue usage in terms of environmental quality and human health. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of agricultural production systems is also discussed. LCA offers alternatives concerning the suitability of agricultural residues in improving major agronomic and husbandry operations, such as crop nutrition and soil fertility, seed and seed germination, and weed control. They are also indicative regarding the margin in terms of GHG emission savings for improvement of food and agricultural production systems sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chitosan–poly(vinyl alcohol)–ionic liquid-grafted hydrogel was prepared for water purification. The hydrogel was characterized using various techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The swelling properties of the hydrogels were optimized by varying the solvent, pH, time, and temperature. The maximum swelling of the hydrogel was 330%. The hydrogel absorbed dye, nitrite, and Pb2+, with removal rates of up to 97% for dye and 88% for Pb2+. The hydrogel could effectively recover oil from an oil–water mixture, where the removal mechanism was predominantly attributed to electrostatic interactions between the cationic hydrogel and the dye, Pb2+, and nitrite anions. The hydrogel was biodegradable, making it environmentally friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the relative logarithmic connections on a holomorphic vector bundle over a complex analytic family. We give a sufficient condition for the existence of a relative logarithmic connection on a holomorphic vector bundle singular over a relative simple normal crossing divisor. We define the relative residue of relative logarithmic connection and express relative Chern classes of a holomorphic vector bundle in terms of relative residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infrastructure sector is one of the major pillars for economic growth and development of a country. The responsibility to develop this crucial sector is shifting away from the public to the private sector. After the economic liberalization in 1991, India opened the infrastructure sector, among many others, to private domestic and foreign investment. The shortage of electricity, the poor state of roads, and limited telecom access necessitated a stream of persistent reforms, which were expected to play a significant role in the infrastructure sector's growth. Although some subsectors witnessed success, others continued to face hurdles. The paper highlights the role of infrastructure in socio‐economic development through global literature. It also presents a story of infrastructure development in India since the inception of economic liberalization. It highlights various challenges that discourage private sector investments, thus providing a rationale for policy initiatives by the government. The paper also presents critical issues highlighted by multiple government committees over nearly three decades and identifies residual issues that merit attention. The outcomes of the paper are relevant in the context of developing and emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road traffic injuries are the seventh most common cause of long bone fractures. Following high velocity limb trauma, the defects in the long bone are usually associated with appreciable soft-tissue losses. These open long bone injuries always require multidisciplinary managements to reconstruct the composite defects of bone and soft tissue. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to find out radiological and clinical outcome, complications, and union time in complex and non-union fractures of long bone managed by fibular graft. Materials and Methods: Out of 50 cases, 40 cases were of complex fractures and ten cases were of non-union. We used Fibular strut grafts in reconstruction of bone defects and soft tissue injury. Results: Thirty (60.0%) had excellent functional outcome, 10 (20.0%) had good, 6 (12.0%) had satisfactory, and 4 (8.0%) patients had poor outcome. Main complications were non-union 2 cases and 3 cases of superficial wound infection, which subsided by wound dressing and intravenous antibiotic treatment. Conclusion: Free fibular grafting has been proven to be an ideal choice in the management of large segmental bone defects as well as in situations of biological failure of bone healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In these days, development of multicomponent‐based polymerization is gaining much attraction. Keeping this point in view, we synthesized fluorescent conjugated and nonconjugated polythioamide in one‐pot using dialdehyde, diamines, and elemental sulfur in presence of IL1–IL2@Fe3O4NPs as catalyst via Willgerodt–Kindler reaction. Herein, ionic liquid‐coated over magnetized iron nanoparticles heterogenous catalyst were synthesized. Catalyst was characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Polymerization of multicomponent reaction proceeds smoothly in the presence of catalyst at ambient temperature with excellent yield. As magnetic catalyst recovered easily from the reaction mixture, this method shows excessive potential for efficient polymerization approach toward structurally diversified polythioamides. By the development of new magnetic catalyst, we overawed the limitations of multicomponent polymerization such as the poor solubility of polymer, low molecular weight, stoichiometric balance, easy removal of catalyst, and complicated workup. The prepared polythioamides were characterized with 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the increasing need for green and cost‐effective catalysts, a novel biomass‐derived heterogeneous catalyst that is effective in a number of environmentally friendly applications has been synthesized. The heterogeneous catalyst (Au@CIL), composed of ionic‐liquid‐functionalized cellulose embedded with Au nanoparticles (NPs), was developed for the selective reduction of the nitro group. The Au NPs are formed by the reduction of Au3+ to Au0 with ascorbic acid while embedded in the solid support system. The presence of embedded Au NPs was confirmed using infrared spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, zeta‐potential measurements, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, elemental dot mapping, and atomic force microscopy. In water at 30 °C, the heterogeneous catalyst Au@CIL selectively transforms aromatic nitro compounds into the corresponding amines in the presence of other functional groups, such as hydroxy, amino, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, and amide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let X be a compact Riemann surface of genus g ≥ 3 . We consider the moduli space of holomorphic connections over X and the moduli space of logarithmic connections singular over a finite subset of X with fixed residues. We determine the Chow group of these moduli spaces. We compute the global sections of the sheaves of differential operators on ample line bundles and their symmetric powers over these moduli spaces and show that they are constant under certain conditions. We show the Torelli-type theorem for the moduli space of logarithmic connections. We also describe the rational connectedness of these moduli spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looks into artificial intelligence methods for scaling solar power systems, such as standalone, grid-connected, and hybrid systems, in order to lessen environmental effect. When all essential information is provided, conventional sizing methods may be a feasible alternative. It is impossible to apply typical procedures in instances where data is unavailable. The new suggested artificial intelligence model employing multilayered perceptrons is employed for sizing solar systems, and this model functions on current photovoltaic modules that incorporate hybrid-sizing models; so, they should not be rejected entirely. In this work, the convergence speed of the proposed model for single diode, two diodes, and three diodes are the comparison factors to estimate the performance of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of lubrication, nanoparticles play a pivotal role in enhancing the tribological efficacy of lubricating oils. Unveiling a critical need, the research underscores the necessity for a predictive model capable of anticipating these performance characteristics. This research endeavors to fill this gap by introducing an artificial neural network (ANN) tailored specifically for predicting the behavior of nanolubricants. The optimized neural network structure, at 5 × 8 × 2, attains a remarkable minimum mean square error of 0.00046667, with R-values hovering at impressive proximity to unity (0.99828). During the confirmation phase, the neural network's predictions demonstrate a deviation of 7.51% (negative) and 2.87% (negative) for COF, alongside 0.50% and 1.80% for WSD, further affirming its predictive capacity in assessing lubricant performance characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We give an exact criterion of a conjecture of L. M. Kelly to hold true which is stated as follows. If there is a finite family Σ of mutually skew lines in R d , d ≥ 4 such that the 3-flat spanned by every two lines in Σ , contains at least one more line of Σ , then we have that all of the lines of Σ are contained in a single 3-flat if and only if the arrangement of 3-flats is central. Finally, this article leads to an analogous question for higher dimensional skew affine spaces, where we prove that, for (2, 5)-representations of Sylvester–Gallai designs in R 6 , the analogous statement does not hold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise and timely detection of tuberculosis (TB) is crucial to reduce transmission. This study aims to assess the accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra on stool samples and systematically review the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra with different sample types by meta-analysis. Stool samples of smear-negative pulmonary TB (PTB), cervical lymph node TB, and abdominal TB patients were tested on the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra system. Meta-analysis was performed on a set of 44 studies. Data were grouped by sample type, and the pooled sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra were calculated. The sensitivity of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra with stool samples was 100% for smear-negative PTB, 27.27% for cervical lymph node TB, and 50% for abdominal TB patients, with 100% specificity for all included TB groups. The summary estimate for all PTB samples showed 84.2% sensitivity and 94.5% specificity, and EPTB samples showed 88.6% sensitivity and 96.4% specificity. Among all sample types included in our meta-analysis, urine showed the best performance for EPTB diagnosis. This pilot study supports the use of stool as an alternative non-invasive sample on Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for rapid testing, suitable for both PTB and EPTB diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the relative opers over the complex analytic family of compact complex manifolds of relative dimension one. We introduce the notion of relative opers arising from the second fundamental form associated with a relative holomorphic connection. We also investigate the relative differential operators over the complex analytic family of compact complex manifolds whose symbol is the identity automorphism. We show that the set of equivalent relative opers arising from the second fundamental form is in bijective correspondence with the set of equivalent relative differential operators whose symbol is the identity automorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanocomposite of CuO/rGO was prepared by a simple liquid approach. After characterization by XRD, SEM, EDS and FTIR, a facile and inexpensive route has been developed to determine ascorbic acid by modifying the surface of conductive fabric with CuO/rGO through electrochemical deposition. The synergistic effect, arising from combining the unique properties of Gr with the intriguing properties of CuO, shows highly electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of ascorbic acid. The electrochemical sensor showed a wide linear response in the concentration range from 500 to 2000 µM with 189.053 µM detection limit. It also exhibited good stability, reproducibility and specificity. The sensor was compared to a range of other available ascorbate sensors and found to be comparable or superior in terms of analytical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies in recent years show that nanoparticles have unlimited potential to enhance the tribological capabilities of lubricating oils. Several reviews are available that elaborate on the importance of nanoparticles in oil lubrication. Since friction is a surficial phenomenon, knowing about nano lubrication without knowing the surface of the tribological members would be only one side of the coin. So, this review focuses on tribological member materials used to evaluate lubricating oil performance. This review also provides detailed elemental information about nano lubrication along with tribological test methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a human sweat-based wearable sensor for real-time glucose monitoring has been fabricated on a cotton substrate after treating it with a two-step polymerization of pyrrole. The pyrrole-treated fabric was coated with solution of copper sulphate pentahydrate to grow Cu layer. The cotton/pyrrole/Cu fabric was treated with the solutions of copper acetate and manganese acetate to form Cu–Mn transition-metal alloy via electrochemical deposition technique. Results indicate that the developed sensor is reliable with glucose detection limit of 125 µM and 378 µM. In addition, the sensor output ranged between 50 and 400 µM glucose with coefficient of correlation, R2 = 0.983, indicating a linear range of output current. The sensor's response is not significantly affected by interferents. The developed sensor is also validated on human sweat with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, NaYF4:Eu@TiO2:Er nanomaterial is synthesized via sol–gel method. Various characterization techniques such as FESEM, HRTEM, XRD, EDS FTIR and XPS confirmed the successful formation of NaYF4:Eu@TiO2:Er nanoparticles. The average particle size is found to be 15 nm. Also, UV–Vis–IR and PL spectrometry verified the biluminescent properties of the synthesized material. It is then investigated as biluminescent security ink to be used for anti-counterfeiting applications. The results showed that the designed biluminescent security ink exhibits strong yellow and purple emission under 275 nm and 325 nm excitations, respectively. A written material was kept for 3 months under hot (40 °C) and humid (85%) environment and the obtained results were identical without any deterioration in their luminescence intensities even after such a prolonged time. Moreover, this written material also showed stability under the exposure of different chemical solvents (ethanol, glycerol and acetone). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of high-power electronics, the potential of gallium oxide (β -Ga 2 O 3) as a front-runner material has garnered significant attention due to its wide bandgap and the capacity to withstand high critical electric fields. To push the boundaries of performance for β -Ga 2 O 3 devices, a meticulous exploration into the effects of silicon (Si) doping on β -Ga 2 O 3 films was carried out using the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique with various tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) flow rates (0–30 sccm). The Si-doped β -Ga 2 O 3 films were systematically studied and characterized using XRD, SEM, and XPS techniques. XRD patterns demonstrated the preservation of the β -Ga 2 O 3 monoclinic structure in the Si-doped β -Ga 2 O 3 films, without any evidence of secondary phases. In addition to this, first-principles calculations were performed to explore the incorporation of Si atoms in Ga 2 O 3 supercells, which revealed the preference of Si atoms to occupy substitutional Ga tetrahedral sites within the Ga 2 O 3 lattice. Through the utilization of Si-doped β -Ga 2 O 3 films, a unique design of donut-shaped Schottky barrier diode (SBD) was successfully engineered. Remarkably, the Si-doped β -Ga 2 O 3 SBD (employed with 20 sccm TEOS flow rate) exhibited the breakdown voltage (V br) of 497 V and Baliga's Figure of Merit (BFOM) value of 1.16 kW/cm2, which is five-order higher BFOM compared to undoped β -Ga 2 O 3 SBD. This substantial improvement in BFOM underscores the significant potential of Si-doped β -Ga 2 O 3 films for high-power electronics, opening avenues for enhanced device efficiency and capabilities. [Display omitted] • Successful growth of Si-doped β -Ga 2 O 3 films on c-plane sapphire substrates using MOCVD is achieved. • XRD analysis confirmed the preservation of the β -Ga 2 O 3 monoclinic structure within Si doped β -Ga 2 O 3 films. • First-principle calculations indicated Si atoms occupy substitutional Ga tetrahedral sites. • Fabrication of donut-shaped SBDs improved the breakdown voltage. • Si-doped β -Ga 2 O 3 SBD exhibited 5 orders higher BFOM than undoped β -Ga 2 O 3 SBDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore algebro-geometric properties of the moduli space of holomorphic Lie algebroid (L) connections on a compact Riemann surface X of genus g ≥ 3. A smooth compactification of the moduli space of L -connections, such that underlying vector bundle is stable, is constructed; the complement of the moduli space inside the compactification is a divisor. A criterion for the numerical effectiveness of the boundary divisor is given. We compute the Picard group of the moduli space, and analyze Lie algebroid Atiyah bundles associated with an ample line bundle. This enables us to conclude that regular functions on the space of certain Lie algebroid connections are constants. Moreover, under some condition, it is shown that the moduli space of L -connections does not admit non-constant algebraic functions. Rationally connectedness of the moduli spaces is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollutant para-nitrophenol or 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) is being deemed lethal because it slows down photosynthetic processes, is carcinogenic, and has other major negative impacts on aquatic as well as terrestrial life. In this study, a distinctive electrochemical sensor for measurement of the 4-Nitrophenol was incorporated by electrodepositing nanocomposite of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and manganese dioxide (MnO 2) on conductive fabric (CF). The morphological features of the prepared electrode (RGO/MnO 2 /CF) were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whereas the phase purity and formation of composite were authenticated via X-ray diffraction method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and elemental mapping were also employed to analyze the morphology and elemental composition of the composite. Analysis and comparison were done on the electrochemical characteristics of 4-Nitrophenol on RGO/MnO 2 /CF. The electrochemical studies involved the pH study, cyclic voltammetry analysis at the rate of 0.05 Vs−1, scan rate study, and incubation time study which were done to examine the behavior and kinetics of the synthesized electrodes. The fabricated RGO/MnO 2 /CF electrode was found to have clearly defined redox peak currents towards 4-Nitrophenol. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 55.9 μM and 169.3 μM was calculated for optimal circumstances where the reduction peak current fluctuates linearly with a concentration of 4-Nitrophenol. Additionally, the as-fabricated sensor maintained >99.9 % of its original signal even after 5 weeks of storage, proving its good stability, significant specificity, and reproducibility. As a result, the suggested technique offers an outstanding framework for the simple and reliable sensing of 4-Nitrophenol. In addition, RGO and the optimal amount of NaBH 4 were added to study the degradation of 4-NP. The degradation was analyzed by taking the absorbance of the sample after an interval of 5 min. The findings demonstrate that 4-NP is effectively degraded by the RGO. [Display omitted] • In this work, MnO 2 /rGO nanocomposites based electrode is prepared by an electrochemical approach. • The electrochemical characteristics showed clearly defined redox peak currents towards 4-Nitrophenol. • Finally, 4- Nitrophenol is successfully degraded by the addition of RGO along with the optimized amount of NaBH 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single phase Ba 3 Co 2 Fe 24 O 41 (Co 2 Z) and Ba 2.8 La 0.2 Co 2 Fe 24 O 41 (La-Z) were prepared by solid state ceramic method. The dielectric, impedance and electric modulus were systematically investigated as a function of temperature from 50 °C–250 °C and in the frequency range of 1 Hz–1 MHz. Frequency dependent imaginary impedance and electric modulus implies that La3+ substitution significantly affect hopping and relaxation mechanism of charge carriers. Cole-Cole plots (Z" vs Z') has been fitted with suitable equivalent circuit for both Co 2 Z & La-Z. The obtained grain and grain boundary resistances confirmed that charge carriers experienced lower resistance in La-Z. Arrhenius plots of relaxation time (τ) vs 1/T showed parallel conduction mechanism in system. Complex electric modulus spectrum distinguished the capacitive contribution of grain, grain boundary and electric effect. A very high magnetodielectric effect at low frequencies has been observed for La-Z. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Principle of distraction and an indirect reduction was used to promote healing of fractures and adequate regeneration of cartilage at the subtalar joint. Aims and Objectives: The study was aimed to elaborate and develop role of Ilizarov as an alternative biological method to manage intraarticular fracture calcaneum with minimal chances of infection. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients were studied and the mean age of patients was 40.7 years (span: 20 to 65 years). Sanders CT classification was used to divide into type II, 11 (52.38%); type III, 7 (33.33%) and type IV, 3 (14.28%). The average follow-up was 17.2 months (range: 6 to 24 months). AOFAS scale for ankle and hindfoot was used for assessment of patients- 7 (33.33%) excellent, 7 (33.33%) good, 3 (14.28%) fair, and 4 (19.04%) poor results. The average score was 81.5 ±12.1. The mean period of treatment was 12 weeks (10 to 14 weeks). Results: On radiological assessment, Bohler's angle change was 19.7±4.4 degrees to 33.51± 5.7 degrees; angle of Gissane changed from 126.4 ± 6.7 degrees preoperatively to 124.9 ± 6.9 degrees postoperatively; calcaneal height changed 40.14 ± 1.98 mm preoperatively to 43.33 ± 1.87 mm and width changed 45.09 ±3.65 mm preoperatively to 43.09 ±3.16 mm postoperatively and reduction mal-alignment >10 degrees in 5 patients. Superficial skin infection at wire insertion sites was the most common complication encountered in our cases. Conclusion: Our results with this ergonomic technique in a small number of 21 non-randomised cases with a mean follow-up of 17.2 months attribute towards an alternate surgical substitute to conventional open reduction techniques in the treatment of intra-articular fractures of calcaneum having lesser rate of complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is the first attempt to explore the supercapacitor applications of Barium nickelate (BaNiO3) perovskite nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are synthesized using a simple combustion method and their morphology, elemental composition, and so forth are studied using standard characterization methods such as x‐ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and so forth. The nanoparticles were found to be hexagonal in shape, with an average particle size of 16 nm, and the elemental analysis confirms the successful synthesis of the BaNiO3 perovskite nanoparticles. For electrochemical studies, the electrodes are fabricated over a wearable and flexible conductive fabric (CF) substrate. A slurry paste of the synthesized BaNiO3 nanoparticles is applied over CF and dried overnight, thereby forming a thin film electrode. The fabricated electrode acts as a positive electrode with a high specific capacitance of 508.64 F g−1 at 2.2 A g−1 current density. Upon increasing the current density, the electrode maintains 60% of its specific capacitance and displays 97% cyclic stability over 5000 cycles. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study indicates excellent conductivity of the electrode, with a bulk resistance of 3.2 Ohms. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrode is also compared with various previously reported works and the electrode displays higher specific capacitance and better cyclic stability. These findings suggest that the BaNiO3 perovskite nanoparticles‐based electrode holds promise for utilization as an anode material in supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution and its deleterious public health risks are a major concern across the world. It is one of the leading health risk factors causing high mortality and disease burden in many cities. Epidemiological risk assessment studies have generated considerable evidence of disease burden due to air pollution. Such evidence proves useful as inputs for framing various air quality management and public health protection policies. Implementation of these policies also necessitates a critical insight from a perspective of differential population vulnerability to air pollution. Hence, the present study proposes a methodological approach for developing an integrated vulnerability assessment framework that focuses on multidimensional aspects adhering to vulnerability in nexus with health risk characterization. The designed framework has been applied in a pilot case study undertaken in four districts of Delhi, India. Weightage has been multiplied by a normalized score for each indicator to calculate the vulnerability score. The score reflects relative vulnerability level based on the components - emission load, exposure, land use-land cover features, sensitivity and coping capacity. Findings of the study have shown maximum score for East Delhi and minimum score for New Delhi. Hence the study throws light on the factors that are contributing towards the vulnerability of human health to air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the temporal changes of Swetvarn and Thelu glaciers between 1968 and 2019 in Rakvarn glacial valley of Bhagirathi basin. Here we utilized high-resolution satellite images of CORONA KHA (1968), LISS IV (2012) and SENTINEL-2 MSI (2019), along with medium resolution images of LANDSAT TM (1990) and SRTM (2000) to carry out the research work. Analytical viewed strongly convinced that the selected glaciers receding continuously with non homogeneous retreat rate since 1968. During 1968 to 2019 the snout of the Swetvarn glacier lost ~623m total length with 12.21ma−1 retreat rate, while the snout of Thelu glacier lost ~590m total length (11.56ma−1). Results further confirmed that about 16.60% glaciated area of Swetvarn glacier and 24.50% glaciated area of Thelu glacier also vanished completely between 1968 and 2019. During this tenure the ablation zone also shows 160m upward shift for Swetvarn glacier and 145m for Thelu glacier respectively. Overall analysis explains that three climatic trends of Garhwal Himalayan region; (1) catastrophic variation between rainfall and temperature during 1960–1990, (2) gradual increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation, (3) increased liquid precipitation and decreased solid precipitation highly influences the process of melting of the study region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research work deals with the health of Chorabari glacier between 1976 and 2017, using multi spectral and multi dated satellite data series of LANDSAT (MSS, TM, and ETM+) and RESOURCESAT II (LISS IV). Result closely reveals that the studied glacier receding continuously with inconsistent rate for the last 41 years and rate of receding dominates significantly after 2012. It lost ~306.43 ± 61 m total length (7.46 ± 1.48 m a−1); 0.074 km2 frontal area (0.0018 km2 a−1); 0.31 km2 (24%) glaciated area (0.007 km2 a−1); 0.015 km3 (32.60%) glaciated volume. The upward migration of SLA (Snow Line Altitude) from 5265 m to 5290 m also suggests that the melting process were prevailing during the study tenure. An existence of supra glacial lakes and its successive growth over the surface of Chorabari glacier further justifies that the temperature of the surroundings has increased significantly and influences the melting process as well. The melting process between 1976 and 1990 of the studied glacier directly influenced by the frequent episodes of precipitation and temperature anomalies of central Himalayan region during 1960–1990. While the melting process after 1990 is directly influenced by the increase in average mean temperature and decrease in average mean precipitation of Garhwal Himalayan region. The tree ring data of Garhwal Himalaya region also well matches the precipitation data of IMD (Indian Meteorological Department). The overall analysis explains that the Chorabari glacier is retreating continuously since 1976. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let X be a compact Riemann surface of genus g ≥ 3. Let MHod denote the moduli space of stable λ-connections over X and let M'Hod ⊂ MHod denote the subvariety whose underlying vector bundle is stable. Fix a line bundle L of degree zero. Let MHod(L) denote the moduli space of stable λ-connections with fixed determinant L and let M'Hod(L) ⊂ MHod(L) be the subvariety whose underlying vector bundle is stable. We show that there is a natural compactification of M'Hod and M'Hod (L) and study their Picard groups. Let MHod(L) denote the moduli space of polystable λ-connections. We investigate the nature of algebraic functions on MHod(L) and MHod(L). We also study the automorphism group of M'Hod(L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the notion of Hitchin variety over C. Let L be a holomorphic line bundle over a Hitchin variety X. We investigate the space of all global sections of sheaf of differential operators D k (L) and symmetric powers of sheaf of first order differential operators S k (D 1 (L)) over X and show that for a projective Hithcin variety both the spaces are one dimensional. As an application, we show that the space C (L) of holomorphic connections on L does not admit any non-constant regular function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • ZnGa 2 O 4 has shown promising results as a material for NO gas sensing applications. • Plasma surface treatment improves the performance of ZnGa 2 O 4 based NO gas sensors. • The limit of detection is found to be 2.4 ppb. • ZnGa 2 O 4 gas sensor possess highly selectivity for NO gas. • Ar surface modification techniques can enhance the performance of gas sensors. Gas sensors are essential devices in various industrial and environmental monitoring applications. Nitric oxide (NO) is a harmful gas that is produced in various combustion processes and is associated with air pollution and respiratory diseases. Zinc gallate (ZnGa 2 O 4) has shown promising results as a material for NO gas sensing applications. Previously, the performance of NO gas sensors based on ZnGa 2 O 4 epilayers was not substantial. However, there is potential for further improvement by optimizing their surface properties. Plasma surface treatment has been widely utilized to modify the surface characteristics of materials, including semiconductors, for various applications. We have investigated the impact of plasma surface treatment on the performance of metal–organic chemical vapor deposition grown ZnGa 2 O 4 based NO gas sensors in this work. An inductive coupled plasma reactive ion etching was used to apply Ar plasma to successfully optimize the sensing response of the ZnGa 2 O 4 based gas sensor for NO gas. The sensor response for ZnGa 2 O 4 -based NO gas sensors is 159.5%, which is enhanced by 8 times and reached 1276.1% under 5 ppm NO gas concentration after 10 min Ar plasma treatment. The limit of detection is found to be 2.4 ppb. These results demonstrate that Ar plasma treatment significantly improved the ZnGa 2 O 4 -based NO gas sensor's response. The cross-selectivity of this sensor is tested among NO, CO 2 , CO, and SO 2 gases, which indicated that ZnGa 2 O 4 gas sensor possess highly selectivity towards NO gas. This study provides valuable insights into the surface modification techniques for enhancing the performance of gas sensors, which can have a significant impact on the development of advanced sensing technologies for environmental and industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate relative holomorphic connections on a principal bundle over a family of compact complex manifolds. A sufficient condition is given for the existence of a relative holomorphic connection on a holomorphic principal bundle over a complex analytic family. We also introduce the notion of relative equivariant bundles and establish its relation with relative holomorphic connections on principal bundles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzotriazoles are employed as useful synthons in organic synthesis, and due to their unique structural motif, they are able to undergo denitrogenation during the construction of new bonds. Various methods for the functionalization of benzotriazoles as precursors of - ortho -amino arenediazoniums have recently been developed that involve transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, mainly via cyclization, borylation, alkenylation, alkylation, carbonylation and the formation of carbon–heteroatom bonds. In this short review, we primarily focus on the recent applications of benzotriazoles in organic chemistry that proceed via a denitrogenative process, and the mechanisms are also discussed. 1 Introduction 2 Common Synthetic Routes Allowing Easy Access to Benzotriazole Derivatives 3 Formation of C–C Bonds 3.1 Cyclization Reactions 3.2 Arylation, Alkenylation, Alkylation and Carbonylation Reactions 4 Carbon–Heteroatom Bond Formation 5 Miscellaneous Denitrogenative Functionalization 6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of climate change on glaciers brings the favorable conditions of lakes formation within glacier moraines. These lakes may produce outburst floods and transport the huge amount of debris (debris flow) in downstream settlements. The present study addresses the current knowledge on mass movement activity occurred in the Gangotri glacier area, Garhwal Himalaya Uttarakhand. Temporal response (terminus retreat and frontal area loss) of Meru glacier during 1976–2019 using the images of Landsat (MSS, 1976; TM, 1990, 2011; ETM+, 2001; OLI, 2019) and event of intense mass movement occurred along Meru glacier during 2017 is assessed. Our estimations clearly reveals that the Meru glacier is retreating continuously since 1976 with inconsistent rate. Considering the time span 1976–1990, 1990–2001, 2001–2011, 2011–2019 the terminus receded with 12.42 m y−1, 7.72 m y−1, 6.00 m y−1, 11.50 m y−1 and vacated the frontal area at the rate of 2330.70 m2 y-1, 2185.88 m2 y-1, 1425.18 m2 y-1, 1452.66 m2 y-1 respectively. Field observations and high resolution imagery of LISS IV suggest that the lower area of Meru glacier experienced the event of intense mass movement in July, 2017. This event breached the continuity of left morainic wall of Bhagirathi valley. This mass movement event influenced the initial course of Bhagirathi River (~1559 m length) and also modified the morphology of the Gaumukh region. The precipitation data from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and satellite images of different years suggest that the multiple factors such as intense precipitation, large amount of sediment transport from the upper reaches to lower area, slope failure, collapse of frontal part of Meru glacier were the main causative factors for this event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely diagnosis of paucibacillary tuberculosis (TB) which includes smear-negative pulmonary TB (PTB) and extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) remains a challenge. This study was performed to assess the diagnostic utility of stool as a specimen of choice for detection of mycobacterial DNA in paucibacillary TB patients in a TB-endemic setting. Stool samples were collected from 246 subjects including 129 TB patients (62 PTB and 67 EPTB) recruited at TB hospital in Delhi, India. Diagnostic efficacy of stool IS6110 PCR (n = 228) was measured, using microbiologically/clinically confirmed TB as the reference standard. The clinical sensitivity of stool PCR was 97.22% (95% confidence interval (CI), 85.47-99.93) for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in stool samples of smear-positive PTB patients and 76.92% (CI, 56.35–91.03) in samples from smear-negative PTB patients. Overall sensitivity of PCR for EPTB was 68.66% (CI, 56.16–79.44), with the highest sensitivity for stool samples from patients with lymph node TB (73.5%), followed by abdominal TB (66.7%) and pleural effusion (56.3%). Stool PCR presented a specificity of 95.12%. The receiver operating characteristic curve also indicated the diagnostic utility of stool PCR in TB detection (AUC: 0.882). The performance characteristic of the molecular assay suggests that stool DNA testing has clinical value in detection of TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate relative connections on a sheaf of modules. A sufficient condition is given for the existence of a relative holomorphic connection on a holomorphic vector bundle over a complex analytic family. We show that the relative Chern classes of a holomorphic vector bundle admitting relative holomorphic connection vanish, if each of the fiber of the complex analytic family is compact and Kähler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let MX denote the moduli space of rank one logarithmic connections singular over a finite subset S of a compact Riemann surface X with fixed residues. We study the rational functions into MX. We prove that there is a natural compactification of MX and the Picard group of MX is isomorphic to the Picard group of Picd (X). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Z-type Ba3Co2Fe24O41 (Co2Z) ferrite with different additives (Bi2O3, SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO) was prepared by solid-state synthesis method. Effect of sintering additives on structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties has been investigated. All XRD patterns confirmed the single-phase Z-type ferrite; however, a minor trace of M-type ferrite was observed with SiO2 additive. FTIR studies verified that the additive ions do not occupy any crystallographic sites of Co2Z ferrite. SEM micrographs revealed that SiO2, Al2O3, and Bi2O3 promote hexagonal platelet-shaped structure of different size. Magnetic measurements showed that coercivity increased and saturation magnetization decreased with sintering additives. All the sintering additives effectively reduced complex permittivity and dielectric losses of Co2Z ferrite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The good leaving tendency of the benzotriazole moiety has been exploited for the synthesis of symmetric, unsymmetric, N -acyl, and cyclic ureas in good yields from N -acylbenzotriazoles by treating the latter with various amines in the presence of TMSN3 /Et3 N in a sealed tube. The salient features of the devised protocol includes the high-yield, mild, metal-free, one-pot reaction conditions, and short reaction time. Furthermore, in many cases, no column chromatography is required for the purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Cu(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) has been utilized for the synthesis of novel glycodendrimers containing a rigid hexapropargyloxy benzene centered core with 6- and 18-peripheral β-d-galactopyranosidic units. Structures of the novel glycodendrimers and intermediates were well elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopies, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, and size-exclusion chromatography. The therapeutic evaluations of the developed glycodendrimers were investigated and they were found to have good potential as anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-tumour agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work discusses the growth characteristics, composition, and photoluminescence properties of Zn-doped Ga 2 O 3 (ZnGaO) films. The idea of doping of Zn divalent cation in β-Ga 2 O 3 is to modulate the n-type conductivity of β-Ga 2 O 3 to p-type. Therefore, a series of ZnGaO films with varying Zn contents have been deposited on sapphire substrates using co-sputtering of Ga 2 O 3 and Zn targets at the substrate temperature of 400 °C. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that divalent Zn dopant is stable up to 8.62% in ZnGaO films. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy defined the increasing amount of Zn content in ZnGaO films. The lowest defect formation energy per atom by first-principles calculations indicates that the favourable site of Zn atoms is substitutional Ga tetrahedral site (T-site) in ZnGaO. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibited that the peak emission wavelength of β-Ga 2 O 3 can be shifted with the inclusion of divalent Zn dopant in Ga 2 O 3 films, which is in accordance with the energy diagram and charge density distribution, indicating the Zn substituted T-site Ga are leading to more defect states, and inducing green luminescence in PL spectra. The ZnGaO films exhibited positive Hall coefficient, which verifies the p-type nature of films. ZnGaO films demonstrate a unique ability to realize p-type characteristics among emerging wide bandgap semiconductors, extending its applications at the forefront of contemporary optoelectronics technologies. [Display omitted] • Co-sputtering technique was used to deposit Zn-doped Ga 2 O 3 films. • The green luminescence was observed in Zn-doped Ga 2 O 3 films. • First-principles investigations were performed to verify the emission mechanism. • Zn atoms like to substitute Ga T-sites due to the lowest defect formation energy. • The positive Hall coefficient verified the p-type nature of Zn-doped Ga 2 O 3 films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N -Acylbenzotriazoles are achieved in good yields from the corresponding carboxylic acids by using only 0.35 equivalent of trichloroisocyanuric acid and 1.2 equivalents of PPh3. The salient features of the developed reaction path include an economic, facile, base-free, and equally useful method in milligram to gram scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]