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Several landslides and floods were triggered by unprecedented, incessant heavy monsoon rainfall from 4 August 2019 to 8 August 2019, along the northern slopes, at Kavalappara, in the Malappuram district and Puthumala, in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India. The geological and geomorphological field settings were analyzed within the sub-basin wide catchment areas, for a preliminary evaluation of the causative factors of the landslides. This paper provides insights into the causative factors of landslides, together with suggestions on appropriate land use planning and deployment of real-time flood and landslide monitoring systems, besides building an adaptable community resilience model in high landslide-prone areas. The structurally disturbed weakened bedrocks and generally incompetent residual alteration products, exacerbated by nonchalant human interventions, reduction of cohesive strength, on super-saturation of underlying earth material, were inferred to be the primary causes of major landslides, triggered during 5 days of excessively heavy rainfall (400% over the normal average). Additionally, massive toe erosion was observed by streams gushing with course clastic sediments and debris. The destructive nature of such multi-hazards was evoked by unscientific modifications of slopes, mismanagement of water drainage, unplanned residential developments, across the channel courses and within active floodplain of rivers, and lack of early warning schemes for landslide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduce new approaches for numerical solution of Volterra integral equation of second kind. This numerical solution based on Galerkin method by using Hermite, Chebyshev & orthogonal polynomials. All calculation performed by MATLAB 13 versions. Many examples are given for comparative study of numerical solution of integral equations with estimated error. This comparative study of numerical solution of linear and nonlinear integral equation is more effective & better accuracy other than existing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of large landslides in India has risen in the recent years, due to an increased occurrence of extreme monsoon rainfall events. There is an urgent need to improve our understanding of moisture-induced landslide dynamics, which vary both spatially and temporally. Geophysical methods provide integrated tools to monitor subsurface hydrological processes in unstable slopes at high spatial resolution. They are complementary to more conventional approaches using networks of point sensors, which can provide high temporal resolution information but are severely limited in terms of spatial resolution. Here, we present and discuss data from an electrical resistivity tomography monitoring system—called PRIME—deployed at the Amrita Landslide Early Warning System (Amrita-LEWS) site located in Munnar in the Western Ghats (Kerala, India). The system monitors changes in electrical resistivity in the subsurface of a landslide-prone slope that directly threatens a local community. The monitoring system provides a 4D resistivity model informing on the moisture dynamics in the subsurface of the slope. Results from a 10-month period spanning from pre-monsoon to the end of the monsoon season 2019 are presented and discussed with regard to the spatial variation of soil moisture. The temporal changes in resistivity within the slope are further investigated through the use of time-series clustering and compared to weather and subsurface pore water pressure data. This study sheds new light on the hydrological processes occurring in the shallow subsurface during the monsoon and potentially leading to slope failure. This geophysical approach aims at better understanding and forecasting slope failure to reduce the risk for the local community, thereby providing a powerful tool to be included in local landslide early warning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]