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Additional file 1: Figure S1. GLP-1 receptor neuron distribution in the whole brain. Representative images of GLP-1R-ires-cre mouse crossed with Ai14 tdTomato reporter mice line.

Additional file 4: Figure S4. NTS GLP-1 neuron projection mapping in the whole brain. Representative images of Gcg-cre BAC mouse injected with DIO-Chr2-EYFP.

Additional file 3: Figure S3. NTS GLP-1 neuron projection mapping in the whole brain. Representative images of Gcg-cre BAC mouse injected with DIO-Chr2-EYFP.

Central nervous system (CNS) control of metabolism plays a pivotal role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1, encoded by Gcg ), secreted by a distinct population of neurons located within the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), suppresses feeding through projections to multiple brain targets 1-3 . Although GLP-1 analogs are proven clinically effective in treating type 2 diabetes and obesity 4 , the mechanisms of GLP-1 action within the brain remain unclear. Here, we investigate the involvement of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) mediated signaling in a descending circuit formed by GLP-1R neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN GLP-1R ) that project to dorsal vagal complex (DVC) neurons of the brain stem in mice. PVN GLP- 1R →DVC synapses release glutamate that is augmented by GLP-1 via a presynaptic mechanism. Chemogenetic activation of PVN GLP-1R →DVC neurons suppresses feeding. The PVN GLP-1R →DVC synaptic transmission is dynamically regulated by energy states. In a state of energy deficit, synaptic strength is weaker but is more profoundly augmented by GLP-1R signaling compared to an energy-replete state. In an obese state, the dynamic synaptic strength changes in the PVN GLP-1R →DVC descending circuit are disrupted. Blocking PVN GLP-1R →DVC synaptic release or ablation of GLP-1R in the presynaptic compartment increases food intake and causes obesity, elevated blood glucose, and impaired insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest that the state-dependent synaptic plasticity in this PVN GLP-1R →DVC descending circuit mediated by GLP-1R signaling is an essential regulator of energy homeostasis., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interests The authors declare no conflict of interest.