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• Robust experimental and theoretical modeling frameworks developed for thermal loss estimation. • Host of volumetric absorption based receiver-cover configurations analyzed. • Relative to uncoated glass, ZnO based heat mirrors reduce thermal losses by 27.72%. • Thermal losses are strong functions of the 'side' of the glass that has been coated; i.e. whether 'receiver facing' or 'sky facing'. • Fundamental performance limits of transparent heat mirrors have been determined. The present study investigates efficacy of ZnO based transparent heat mirror covers as thermal loss mitigators in 'direct volumetrically absorbing' solar thermal platforms. Comprehensive experimental and theoretical modeling frameworks have been developed to understand and quantify the heat loss mechanisms. Detailed analysis reveals that performance characteristics are strong functions of the 'side' of the glass that has been coated (i.e. whether 'receiver facing' (RF) or 'sky facing' (SF) sides of the cover has been coated). Results show that employing ZnO based heat mirror as a cover significantly reduces the thermal losses relative to uncoated glass cover (27.72% and 21.44% reduction for RF and SF side coated heat mirrors respectively). Moreover, fundamental performance limits of ideal heat mirrors have also been determined for both RF and SF side coated cover configurations. Relative to the uncoated glass covers, ideal heat mirror covers (viz., RF and SF side coated) promise 47.42% and 36.07% thermal loss reduction respectively (@ 400 °C receiver surface temperature and 1.5 μm cut-off wavelength). Overall, the present work represents a significant step in improving the existing volumetric absorpion based solar thermal systems; particularly aiming at intermediate temperature applications (viz. industrial and domestical heating/cooling). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid cancer is caused by thyroid gland, located in front part of neck below voice box called larynx. The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland, which controls hormones in the human body resulting the regulation of metabolism. It is one of the common cancer, which is about four per thousand people in the world. Thyroid cancer is seen more in women as compare to men as it is 1.9 and 6.1 per hundred thousand people in the world. From past ten years in India, it has been seen that the growth rate is increased up to 62 percent and 48 percent in women and men respectively. Objectives: To develop and compare machine learning algorithm for thyroid cancer detection and prevention at early stage. Methods: Artificial intelligence (AI) is continuously changing the shape of the healthcare industry. To categorize the cancer types in thyroid disease, a machine learning-based support vector machine approach has been applied. The multiclass support vector machine is one of the best-performing approaches in this domain. The support vector machine algorithm has been applied to the machine learning datasets offered by the university of California Irvine to evaluate (train, test, validate) the final AI model. Results: The final AI model using the support vector machine technique shows the precision is 73 percent, recall is 81percent, and f1-score is 77 percent respectively. The result is very significant in this domain with overall 97 percent accuracy. Conclusions: Thyroid cancer is among the most frequent types of cancer. It is really difficult to detect it at an early stage. Machine learning (ML) is an emerging method for thyroid cancer categorization and prediction. In this paper machine learning-based multiclass support vector machine approach has been used to categorize the types of thyroid cancer with a 97 percent accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid cancer is caused by thyroid gland, located in front part of neck below voice box called larynx. The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland, which controls hormones in the human body resulting the regulation of metabolism. It is one of the common cancer, which is about four per thousand people in the world. Thyroid cancer is seen more in women as compare to men as it is 1.9 and 6.1 per hundred thousand people in the world. From past ten years in India, it has been seen that the growth rate is increased up to 62 percent and 48 percent in women and men respectively. Objectives: To develop and compare machine learning algorithm for thyroid cancer detection and prevention at early stage. Methods: Artificial intelligence (AI) is continuously changing the shape of the healthcare industry. To categorize the cancer types in thyroid disease, a machine learning-based support vector machine approach has been applied. The multiclass support vector machine is one of the best-performing approaches in this domain. The support vector machine algorithm has been applied to the machine learning datasets offered by the university of California Irvine to evaluate (train, test, validate) the final AI model. Results: The final AI model using the support vector machine technique shows the precision is 73 percent, recall is 81percent, and f1-score is 77 percent respectively. The result is very significant in this domain with overall 97 percent accuracy. Conclusions: Thyroid cancer is among the most frequent types of cancer. It is really difficult to detect it at an early stage. Machine learning (ML) is an emerging method for thyroid cancer categorization and prediction. In this paper machine learning-based multiclass support vector machine approach has been used to categorize the types of thyroid cancer with a 97 percent accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the potential of Tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, in a rat model of hyperhomocysteinemia induced vascular dementia. Hyperhomocysteinemia induced vascular dementia in Wistar rats was produced by administering l-Methionine (1.7 g/kg/day; p.o.×8 weeks). Learning and memory was assessed by employing Morris water maze (MWM) test. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed through acetylcholine-induced endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation and serum nitrite levels. Various other biochemical and histopathological estimations were also performed. l-Methionine produced significant impairment in acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and a decrease in serum nitrite levels indicating endothelial dysfunction. Further, these animals performed poorly on Morris water maze, depicting impairment of learning and memory. There was a significant rise in brain oxidative stress level (indicated by an increase in brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species and a decrease in reduced glutathione levels). Increase in brain acetylcholinesterase activity; brain myeloperoxidase activity and brain neutrophil infiltration (a marker of inflammation) were also observed. Tadalafil (5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o.)/Donepezil (0.5 mg/kg, i.p., serving as standard) treatment ameliorated l-Methionine induced endothelial dysfunction; memory deficits; biochemical and histopathological changes in a significant manner. It may be concluded that tadalafil has shown efficacy in the rat model of l-Methionine induced vascular dementia and that phosphodiesterase-5 can be considered as an important therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation is aimed towards the effect of passive methods on the performance of supersonic air intake along with the control of shock wave boundary layer interaction at various engine operating conditions. A computational study has been carried out in this regard using the commercially available software Ansys Fluent. The k–ω turbulence model has been selected for the present investigation. All the simulations have been carried out at a design Mach number of 2.2. The Independent effect of the air‐jet vortex generator (AJVG), tapered micro ramp vortex generator (MRVG), and the combined effect of AJVG with MRVG on the shock wave boundary layer interaction have been investigated. Detailed comparative studies of all controlled cases with uncontrolled cases show significant improvement in the flow field inside the air intake and improved performance. The shock train is also captured for all the cases along with shock wave boundary layer interaction at various operating conditions. The movement of the normal shocks is seen as the backpressure increases. All the essential performance parameters related to air intake have been examined in detail. The hybrid type of control showed better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by the spurt of misinformation, which was termed as 'infodemic' and 'disinfodemic', swaying the health decisions of the populace. There was the binge of bizarre information which putatively intensified the coronavirus and consequent fatalities due to relying on false information. The overview provides essence of infodemic during COVID-19 situation, mainly actuated through social media platforms. The absence of au courant media and information literacy skills amongst masses as they were unable to extricate the trustworthy information from the substantial available information they were accessing on their gadgets, underpins the need for immediate action to curtail any further infodemic. Literature accessed from the Internet was documented, analyzed, and compiled. The splurge of misinformation during COVID-19 pandemic, bizarre instances of infodemic, efforts of social media platforms to curb it, need for strengthening media and information literacy of folks and role of libraries and educational institutions in accomplishing this have been discussed. The prevalent milieu necessitates the need for empowering folks with media and information literacy skills for developing critical thinking skills amongst them for managing any future outflow of misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical study of flow characteristics around eight elliptic cross-section cylinders in an octagonal configuration is presented. The axis ratio of elliptic cylinder is taken as 1:2. Three spacings between the cylinders (0.07 m, 0.14 m and 0.2 m), two angles of attack (a=0° and a=15°) and two Reynolds numbers (Re=4060 and Re=45800) are considered to investigate the parametric influences. The flow is modelled using three-dimensional large eddy simulation. Simulations are performed by utilizing ANSYS Fluent software. The results comprise of flow patterns and force coefficients (drag and lift). It is seen that both the drag and lift forces acting on the cylinders vary with the spacings values, angle of attack and Reynolds numbers. The lift force peaks at a=15° and Reynolds number 45800. The drag force on the upstream cylinder reaches its peak at a=0° and Reynolds number 4060. It is observed that the drag on the upstream cylinders decreases as the value of the Reynolds number increases. Contours of velocity and subgrid turbulent viscosity are also presented. Moreover, it is concluded from the present study that the effect of change in the Reynolds number on flow characteristics is more significant as compared to the change in the spacing between the cylinders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the effect of ozagrel, a selective thromboxane A2 (TXA2) inhibitor, in rat model of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)‐induced vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Wistar rats were administered L‐methionine (1.7 g/kg/day; p.o. × 8 weeks) to induce VCID. Morris water maze (MWM) test was employed to assess learning and memory. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed in the isolated aorta by observing endothelial‐dependent vasorelaxation and levels of serum nitrite. Various biochemical and histopathological estimations were also performed. L‐methionine produced significant impairment in endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation and decreases serum nitrite levels indicating endothelial dysfunction. Further, these animals performed poorly on MWM, depicting impairment of learning and memory. Further, a significant rise in brain oxidative stress level (indicated by increase in brain thiobarbituric acid‐reactive species and decrease in reduced glutathione levels), brain acetylcholinesterase activity, brain myeloperoxidase activity, brain TNF‐α and IL‐6 levels, and brain leukocyte (neutrophil) infiltration was also observed. Treatment of ozagrel (10 and 20 mg/kg, p. o.)/donepezil (0.5 mg/kg, i.p., serving as standard) ameliorated L‐methionine‐induced endothelial dysfunction, memory deficits, and biochemical and histopathological changes. It may be concluded that ozagrel markedly improved endothelial dysfunction, learning and memory, and biochemical and histopathological alteration associated with L‐methionine‐induced VCID and that TXA2 can be considered as an important therapeutic target for the management of VCID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergent COVID-19 pandemic forced the academic institutions throughout the world to embrace alternative ways to continue the teaching-learning activities. During this 'global lockdown' situation, the online-teaching appeared as a remedial measure to prevent cessation of teacher-student connection. Online teaching in most of the institutions has been an outcome of COVID-19 crises, thus, it becomes imperative to ascertain the attitude of teachers towards online teaching, so that the necessary measures may be taken for making this venture a success and substantial. The present study has been conducted to ascertain the opinion of teachers working in various colleges and universities of India and their attitude towards online teaching. The findings revealed no significant difference in attitude of teachers towards online teaching in context of their gender and type of institution, whereas the marital status of teachers was found to have a significant impact. A significant correlation was found between the age (negative relation), familiarity with online learning tool(s) and the attitude of teachers with respect to online teaching. The results of the study brought forward the need for imparting training to teachers and a better communication between teachers and Information Technology staff for developing a positive attitude amongst teachers for persuasive online teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shiromani Akali Dal has provided an important platform for the Scheduled Caste community which has been integral to the party's electoral success. This paper empirically shows that share of the SC community in electoral success of the Akali Dal has always remained one-fourth or more since 1962 except 2017 election alongwith better electoral success rate of the SC community leaders. Despite these contributions, the SC community perceives caste discrimination in the party while the Jats and rich families dominate the party. The paper suggests organic integration of the SC community and addressing their grievances in the party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urge to implement eco-friendly approach for modern manufacturing techniques has assisted in eliminating the hazardous effect of the undesirable byproducts released into the atmosphere. In electro-discharge machining (EDM) process, the hydrocarbon oil degradation releases various toxic gases and non-biodegradable residuals as byproducts. Several bio-dielectrics have been implemented to overcome such setbacks as an economical replacement to conventional hydrocarbon oil dielectrics. The current research demonstrates a green Maglev EDM operation on Ti-6Al-4V alloy using neem oil and canola oil as bio-dielectrics compared with EDM oil. Maglev EDM utilizes novel bipolar linear self-servo strategy for tool positioning which generates consistent machining stability by unique magnetic repulsive force balance action. The performance characteristics of all the dielectrics have been examined through machining rate (MR), tool wear rate (TWR), consumed specific energy (SE), area roughness parameters and surface morphology. The results were compared for respective bio-dielectric at variable discharge voltages (V D) i.e. 22 V, 25 V and 28 V, whereas the discharge current (I D) varied within (220-250 mA). The performance assessment depicts (25 to 28) % lower SE consumption in neem oil and (35 to 37) % in canola oil as compared to EDM oil. The surface morphology assessment portrays lower deformities and better uniformity using bio-dielectrics with huge potential for selective surface modification. [Display omitted] • Process efficiency analyzed for sustainability of bio-dielectrics in Maglev EDM. • Utilized bipolar self-servo linear actuator mechanism to deal discharge irregularity. • Green manufacturing examined by comparative analysis of utilized specific energy. • Quality characteristics evaluated by using 3D surface profiles and FESEM analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant Angelica archangelica, owing to its magnificent therapeutic effectiveness in folklore medicine system, has been regarded as an "angel plant." The current investigation was aimed to optimize extraction conditions of A. archangelica roots and to investigate in vivo role of optimized extract in fibromyalgia. Plant material (dried roots) was subjected to methanol extraction at variable temperature (40 to 60 °C) and time (12 to 36 hr) conditions as per two‐factorial design strategy, and responses in terms of antioxidant activity were determined. The optimized extraction conditions were found to be temperature of 60 °C and time of 36 hr. HPLC fingerprinting indicated the presence of coumarins in extract. To induce fibromyalgia, the mice were administered reserpine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Mice were orally treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg extract, and magnitude of fibromyalgia was quantified. In comparison to reserpine group, the extract treatment attenuated pain as shown by significant increase in paw withdrawal threshold against mechanical stimuli (P < 0.05), improved motor ability indicated by increase in fall‐off time in inclined plane test (P < 0.05), improved locomotion indicated by increased square crossings in open field test (P < 0.05), and improved cognition as shown by significant reduction in time to reach platform in Morris water maze test and passive avoidance task test (P < 0.05). Extract treatment significantly halted reserpine‐induced rise in serum cytokine level (P < 0.05) and brain oxidative stress (P < 0.05). Angelica archangelica extract exerted its beneficial effects in fibromyalgia possibly through the attenuation of oxidative stress‐mediated inflammatory cascade. Practical Application: Leads from natural products have become an integral part of drug designing processes and have high acceptability due to their better tolerance. The optimization of extraction conditions of plant yields better results and could reduce the processing time, thus increasing its industrial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silent information regulator-1 (SIRT-1), is a member of the class III group of histone deacetylases and is collectively called sirtuins. There have been preclinical and clinical studies indicating the downregulation and decreased activity of sirtuin 1 in various inflammatory bowel disease models. Furthermore, the downregulation of sirtuin 1 is responsible for the sustained production of proinflammatory cytokines and the generation of oxidative stress in colitis. Hyperacetylation of NF-κB and HSF-1 (heat shock factor-1) in the absence of sirtuin1 is responsible for the induction of colitis. Accordingly, exogenous administration of sirtuin1 activators has been shown to attenuate the colitis in various inflammatory bowel disease models. On the other hand, the knockdown of sirtuin 1 gene or pharmacologic inhibition of sirtuin 1 has also been shown to be protective in the colitis. The deletion of the sirtuin1 gene may be helpful in the improvement of the disease condition of colitis through the maintenance of gastrointestinal immune homeostasis. The current review highlights the dual role of sirtuin 1 in the different experimental models of IBD along with possible mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, fluid flow over an array of eight, 0.029m× 0.029 m, square cross-section cylinders in an octagonal configuration is studied numerically. The mean force coefficients (drag and lift) and the vortex formation characteristics of the array are calculated numerically by utilizing a three-dimensional large eddy simulation mathematical model for turbulence. The numerical simulation is performed with commercial software ANSYS Fluent 19R1. To investigate the parametric influences, three spacings between the cylinders (0.07, 0.14, and 0.2 m), two array attack angles (0° and 15°), and two Reynolds numbers (4060 and 45 800) are considered. The results comprise flow patterns and force coefficients' variations with Reynolds numbers. The lift force of the downstream cylinder reaches its maximum at α=15°, and the drag force of the upstream cylinders finds its peak at α=0°. It is observed through velocity and viscosity contour plots that vortex formation length near the cylinder increases at higher Reynolds number. Velocity vector plots are also presented to show fluid flow behavior near the cylinder. Furthermore, the predicted mean forces on the cylinders are slightly different for different Reynolds numbers, spacings, and angles of attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-ionic carbohydrate based gemini surfactants with rigid aromatic spacer CH2-Ar-CH2, which carry two hydrophobic tails of different tail lengths (C12, C14 and C16) and two sugar moiety polar head groups were synthesized and their reverse micellar behavior for solubilization of some aromatic α-amino acids viz. histidine (His), phenylalanine (Phy), tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) in n-hexane were studied by spectroscopic analysis. The head group of these gemini surfactants consists of sugar moiety connected to C-6 of tertiary amines. Amino acids form complexes in order of His > Phy > Tyr > Trp, and in all cases it was found that the D-enantiomers solubilize better in comparison to the L-enantiomers. Moreover, more hydrophobic surfactants i.-e. surfactants with longer hydrocarbon tails show greater complex formation tendency towards D- and L-enantiomers of aromatic α-amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Reperfusion of ischaemic myocardium results in reduced nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) leading to endothelial dysfunction and subsequent tissue damage. Impaired NO biosynthesis may be partly due to increased levels of asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of eNOS. As dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) is a key enzyme responsible for degradation of ADMA, the present study was designed to explore the role of DDAH/ADMA/NO pathway in cardio-protective mechanism of ischaemic postconditioning. Materials and Methods: Isolated rat hearts were subjected to myocardial ischaemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 2 hours in control group. Myocardial injury was assessed by measurement of infarct size, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) enzymes in coronary effluents. The reperfused hearts were homogenised and tissue concentration of nitrite, ADMA level and DDAH enzyme activity was determined. Results: A significant increase in infarct size, LDH, CK release in coronary effluents and ADMA level in myocardial tissue was observed in control group. The increase in tissue ADMA coincided with reductions of NO tissue concentrations and DDAH activity. Ischaemic postconditioning significantly attenuated ischaemia-reperfusion induced myocardial injury manifested in the terms of decreased infarct size, LDH, CK, tissue ADMA along with increase in NO levels and DDAH enzyme activity. Pretreatment with L-Homocysteine (300 μM), a competitive inhibitor of DDAH, and L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 100 μM), an inhibitor of eNOS, completely abolished ischaemic postconditioning-induced myocardial protection. Conclusion: Enhancing DDAH activity by postconditioning may be a novel target to reduce ADMA level and increase NO bioavailability to prevent myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents scientometric analysis and network visualization of journal articles on Nipah virus for a better understanding of research trends on the subject. Metadata of journal articles were retrieved from Scopus database in 2018. After filtration of irrelevant and incomplete records, 1007 records were analysed to examine the publishing trends on Nipah virus. The network visualization was accomplished using 'VOSviewer', 'Gephi' and 'Sciencescape' software. Results revealed inconsistent growth of articles on the subject. There were only few productive authors with = 15 records, but others contributed on the subject occasionally. The United States (as a country) and North America (as continent) led the world in terms of contribution to the number of articles (n = 469 and 522 records respectively). Six leading institutes contributed to =50 records each. Out of 373 journals, ten core journals published 31% of the total journal articles. Predominant topics discussed in the articles included: characterization, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, transmission, outbreaks and vaccine development. A great degree of inter-country and inter-continent collaboration was detected among the US, Australia, Malaysia, United Kingdom and Bangladesh, depicting that the developed world is working in association with the developing nations to tackle the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence has demonstrated that resveratrol preconditioning exhibits neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. The current investigation aimed to explore whether pharmacological postconditioning, by administering resveratrol, after a sustained ischemia and prior to prolonged reperfusion abrogates cerebral IR injury. Cerebral IR-induced injury mice model was employed in this study to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of pharmacological postconditioning with resveratrol (30 mg/kg; i.p.) administered 5 min before reperfusion. We administered sirtinol, a SIRT1/2 selective inhibitor (10 mg/kg; i.p.) 10 min before ischemia (17 min) and reperfusion (24 h), to elucidate whether the neuroprotection with resveratrol postconditioning depends on SIRT1 activation. Various biochemical and behavioural parameters and histopathological changes were assessed to examine the effect of pharmacological postconditioning. Infarct size is estimated using TTC staining. It was established that resveratrol postconditioning abrogated the deleterious effects of IR injury expressed with regard to biochemical parameters of oxidative stress (TBARS, SOD, GSH), acetylcholinesterase activity, behavioural parameters (memory, motor coordination), infarct size, and histopathological changes. Sirtinol significantly reversed the effect of resveratrol postconditioning. We conclude that induced neuroprotective benefits of resveratrol postconditioning may be the consequence of SIRT1 activation and resveratrol can be considered, for further studies, as potential agent inducing pharmacological postconditioning in clinical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out to map out the dynamics of scientific output in fisheries and aquaculture in India during the decade 2007-2016, applying scientometric tools. The publication pattern, most productive journals and author have been identified and statistical analysis of citations to publications has been executed. The data was retrieved from 'Scopus' database for phrases such as 'fisheries', 'fishery' and 'aquaculture' as main operators. The search results were filtered for journal articles, English language and for the period 1 January 2007-31 December 2016. The authorship, geographical and keyword landscapes were visualized using free to use visualization software. The study revealed that the number of articles on fisheries and aquaculture have more than doubled from 2007 to 2016. The results indicated a significant correlation between number of citations and number of years from which the article has been published. The United States emerged to be the top most collaborator of India to work in this field followed by South Korea, United Kingdom, Japan and Germany. The network visualization is expected to be useful to the scientific community in analysing the research trends in subject under study and further strengthening the research activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ephrins are protein ligands that act through the tyrosine kinase receptor family, Eph receptors. The role of ephrin/Eph in the critical processes involved in the development of the nervous system, including axon guidance and cell migration, has been well documented. Moreover, studies have shown an upregulation of ephrin B1/EphB1 and ephrin B2/EphB2 in neuropathic pain of different etiology. The activation of the ephrin B/EphB system in the dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn of the spinal cord may be essential in initiating and maintaining neuropathic pain. Accordingly, it can be proposed that the pharmacological inhibitors of EphB receptors may be potentially employed to manage the manifestations of pain. One of the primary mechanisms involved in ephrin B/EphB‐mediated synaptic plasticity includes phosphorylation and activation of NMDA receptors, which may be secondary to activation of different kinases, including MAP kinases (MAPK), protein kinase C (PKC), and Src family kinases (SFK). The other molecular mechanisms may include activation of inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord, caspase‐3, calpain‐1, phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K), protein kinase A (PKA), and cAMP Response Element‐Binding Protein (CREB). The present review discusses the role and molecular mechanisms involved in ephrin B/EphB‐mediated neuropathic pain of different etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the mechanism of neuroprotection rendered via pharmacological postconditioning in cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion‐induced injury in mice. Methods: Pharmacological postconditioning is strategy which either involves hindering deleterious pathway or inducing modest stress level which triggers intracellular defence pathway to sustain more vigorous insult leading to conditioning. Hence, in current research we explored the potentiality of CGS21680 (0.5 mg/kg; i.p), an adenosine A2A receptor agonist and PTEN inhibitor, SF1670 (3 mg/kg; i.p.) to trigger postconditioning after inducing cerebral global ischaemia (17 min) and reperfusion (24 h)‐induced injury via occlusion of both carotid arteries. Mice were also given treatment with LY294002 (1.5 mg/kg; i.p.), a PI3K inhibitor and adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, Istradefylline (2 mg/kg; i.p.), to establish the precise mechanism of postconditioning. Various biochemical and behavioural parameters were assessed to examine the effect of pharmacological postconditioning. Key Findings: Pharmacological postconditioning induced with CGS21680 and SF1670 attenuated the infarction along with improved behavioural and biochemical parameters in comparison with ischaemia–reperfusion control group. The outcome of postconditioning with CGS21680 and SF1670 was significantly reversed by LY294002 and Istradefylline, respectively. Conclusions: The neuroprotective effects of CGS21680 and SF1670 postconditioning on cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion injury may be due to PI3K/Akt pathway activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain state caused by injury of the nervous system, and there are various conditions associated with it such as diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, cancer pain, trigeminal neuralgia, cervical radiculopathy, and anticancer and anti-HIV-induced neuropathic pain. The pathophysiological role of voltage-gated T-type calcium channels in neuropathic pain has been well documented. ABT-639 is a peripherally acting, selective T-type calcium channel blocker, and it is shown to efficiently reduce nociceptive and neuropathic pain in rats in multiple models. However, three clinical studies exploring the role of single dose or multiple doses of ABT-639 (100 mg) in diabetic neuropathy have not found significant pain-attenuating actions. The present review discusses the unsuccessful clinical trials of peripherally acting ABT-639 in patients with diabetic neuropathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been approved for use in patients with severe aortic stenosis at intermediate, high and extreme surgical risk. This meta-analysis was performed to assess the safety and efficacy of TAVR compared to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in intermediate risk patients.Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases for studies comparing TAVR versus SAVR in patients at intermediate surgical risk, with a mean Society of Thoracic Surgeon score of 3-8% or a mean logistic European risk score of 10-20%. The primary endpoint was to assess the efficacy of TAVR compared to SAVR, defined as all-cause and cardiovascular mortality at 30-days, 1-year, and ≥2 years of follow-up. Secondary endpoints were the safety profile, comprising of cerebrovascular events, myocardial infarctions, permanent pacemaker placement, new onset atrial fibrillation, aortic regurgitation, vascular complications, major bleeding and acute kidney injury.Results: This is the largest and most contemporary meta-analysis of 5647 intermediate risk patients in eleven studies published to date. There were no statistically significant differences in all-cause and cardiac mortality at 30 days, 1- year and >2-years of follow up. Acute kidney injury and atrial fibrillation occurred more frequently in patients treated with SAVR and permanent pacemaker implantation and aortic insufficiency were more frequent in patients treated with TAVR.Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that for intermediate risk patients with severe aortic stenosis, TAVR has similar efficacy as SAVR but with a different adverse event profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is envisioned to investigate the Information Seeking Anxiety (ISA) among postgraduate (masters' and PhD) students of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The Information Seeking Anxiety Scale (ISAS) developed by Erfanmanesh, et al., containing 47 statements representing ISA under seven components having Cronbach alpha values reported to be at 0.902, was used as a data collection tool. 108 students participated in the survey. About 70 % respondents experienced mild level of anxiety. The gender-based difference in ISA associated with 'Computer and the Internet' was found to be significant at .05 (t= 2,426), females being less anxious. The location of the students did not influence their ISA, and different components of the ISAS were found to be interrelated, affecting the overall anxiety level. Prevalence of low to severe levels of ISA amongst students mandated the need for planning and execution of well-prepared information literacy programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel non-ionic gemini surfactants derived from carbohydrate carrying two hydrophobic tails with varying tail length of C12, C14 and C16, two sugar moiety as head groups, and an a-(CH2)6-flexible spacer have been synthesized. The head group of these gemini surfactants consists of sugar moiety connected to C-6 of tertiary amines. These gemini amphiphiles were explored as reverse micellar systems for encapsulation of some D- and L-enantiomers of aromatic α-amino acids i.e. histidine (His), phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) in n-hexane in the absence of water. It is found that these amino acids are encapsulated in the order of His > Phe > Tyr > Trp, and it is also observed that in almost all cases the D-enantiomers were better encapsulated as compared to the L-enantiomers. In all cases, encapsulation of D- and L-enantiomers of aromatic α-amino acids increased with increase of the hydrophobic chain length of the gemini surfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: FFR is useful in defining the physiological significance of intermediate coronary stenosis and requires induction of maximal hyperemia and measurement of pressure proximal and distal to the stenosis. Hyperemia normally is induced by either IV or IC adenosine, a medication associated with short-term side effects. IV regadenoson and IC nitroprusside have been suggested as viable alternatives. This meta-analysis aims to identify all studies comparing use of intravenous (IV) regadenoson or intracoronary (IC) nitroprusside with IV adenosine to determine differences related to the agent utilized for assessment of fractional flow reserve (FFR).Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Cochrane Library databases for studies comparing IV regadenoson or IC nitroprusside to IV adenosine for FFR assessment. The main outcome was difference in mean FFR measurement. The main secondary outcomes were composite side-effect profile and reclassification of lesions.Results: Seven studies were included in the analysis, with a total of 375 patients. Compared to IV adenosine, there was no difference in the mean FFR derived from IV regadenoson (p=1.0) or IC nitroprusside (p=0.48). IV regadenoson was associated with 53% lower risk of pooled side effects compared to IV adenosine (p=0.05). IC nitroprusside was associated with 97% lower risk of pooled side effects compared to IV adenosine (p<0.001).Conclusions: IV regadenoson and IC nitroprusside produce similar pressure-derived FFR measurements compared to IV adenosine and have a favorable side effect profile. Both can be considered as alternative agents to IV adenosine for FFR measurement. Further clinical validation is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quasi partial actions or partial actions on algebras in which some Dg's are not generated by central idempotents donot admit global actions (enveloping actions). In the process of generalizing the results of Montgomery [11, 12] and Passman [13] for such actions, we found a new class of group actions namely restricted group actions in this paper. These actions play the same role in studying quasi partial fixed rings (defined in this paper) and quasi partial skew group rings that global actions play for partial actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discharge energy generated during the EDM operation characterizes the productivity of the process. The present research attempts to model the material removal process of EDM by obtaining the actual discharge energy during the spark occurrence. The model incorporates the actual discharge conditions by analyzing the real-time V–I waveforms acquired during the EDM operation to determine the discharge power. The model also establishes that discharge power density is a function of applied heat flux and discharge gap. The model verification is conducted by performing a series of experiments on Titanium grade-5 alloy using a full factorial L18 design. The current study implements tool lift time compensation to achieve accurate MRR from the experimental outcomes. The specific energy obtained using the current approach shows better stability compared to previous literature. The parametric studies show gap voltage to be the most significant parameter in influencing the MRR. The main effects plot show the influence of different process parameters on MRR. Additionally, the surface morphology of workpiece and tool surface through SEM and EDS analysis shows the presence of different anomalies and confirms surface alloying. The predicted outcomes of the model show a maximum deviation of 13.05% from the practical evidence. [Display omitted] • Numerical modeling of MRR by determining the actual discharge power during EDM operation. • Analysis of acquired V–I waveforms to determine the real-time discharge attributes. • Determination of discharge power density as a function of heat flux and discharge gap. • Determination and comparison of specific energy by implementing utilized discharge energy. • Tool lift time compensation has been implemented to acquire MRR from the experimental outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the potential of Rolipram a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor in cognitive deficits induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 3 mg/kg intracerebroventricularly) and natural ageing in mice. Morris water maze (MWM) test was employed to evaluate learning and memory of the animals. Extent of oxidative stress was measured by estimating the levels of brain glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). Brain acetylcholinestrase (AChE) activity was also estimated. The brain activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured as a marker of inflammation. STZ and ageing results in marked decline in MWM performance of the animals, reflecting impairment of learning and memory. STZ treated mice and aged mice exhibited a marked accentuation of AChE activity, TBARS and MPO activity along with fall in GSH level. Further the stained micrographs of STZ treated mice and aged mice indicate pathological changes, severe neutrophilic infiltration and amyloid deposition. Rolipram treatment significantly attenuated STZ induced and age related memory deficits, biochemical and histopathological alterations. The findings demonstrate the potential of Rolipram in memory dysfunctions which may probably be attributed to its anti-cholinesterase, anti-amyloid, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The study concludes that PDE-4 can be explored as a potential therapeutic target in dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The present study was designed to investigate the potential of Cyclosporine (CsA) and Tacrolimus, the inhibitors of calcineurin (CaN) in cognitive deficits of mice. Methods Streptozotocin [STZ, 3 mg/kg, injected intracerebroventricular ( i.c.v. )] was used to induce memory deficits in NIH mice, while aged mice separately taken served as a natural model of dementia. Morris water maze (MWM) test was employed to evaluate learning and memory of the animals. A battery of biochemical and histopathological studies was also performed. Extent of oxidative stress was measured by estimating the levels of brain glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). Brain acetylcholinestrase (AChE) activity was estimated to assess cholinergic activity. The brain level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured as a marker of inflammation. Results STZ i.c.v. and aging results in marked decline in MWM performance of the animals, reflecting impairment of learning and memory. STZ i.c.v. treated mice and aged mice exhibited a marked accentuation of AChE activity, TBARS and MPO levels along with a fall in GSH level. Further the stained micrographs of STZ treated mice and aged mice indicate pathological changes, severe neutrophilic infiltration and amyloid deposition. Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus treatment significantly attenuated STZ induced and age related memory deficits, biochemical and histopathological alterations. Conclusion The findings demonstrate the potential of CaN inhibitors Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus in memory dysfunctions which may probably be attributed to anti-cholinesterase, anti-amyloid, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. It is concluded that CaN can be explored as a potential therapeutic target in dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to explore the bibliometric characteristics of the 'European Journal of Phycology' (EJP) and presents citation analysis of 201 articles published in five volumes of the journal during 2009-2013. All papers have been examined carefully to explore the year wise distribution of articles, authorship pattern, degree of collaboration, average number of references per article, form of documents referred to, age of references, citations to the articles included in EJP, subject-wise distribution of articles, etc. Findings revealed that on an average each article refers to 50 information resources. Journals are the primary source of references used for writing research papers/ articles. The study revealed a high degree of authorship collaboration among Phycologists. Crossing the geographical boundaries, 50.24% articles have been contributed in international collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Estrogen is reported to be renoprotective agent in various preclinical studies, attributing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The aim of present study was to investigate the involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) in estrogen-mediated protection against renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats. Materials and methods The renal damage induced by IRI (40-min ischemia and 24-h reperfusion) was assessed by measuring serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, electrolytes, and microproteinuria in rats. The myeloperoxidase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide anion generation, and reduced glutathione levels were measured to assess oxidative stress in renal tissues. Hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid schiff staining of renal tissues were done to demonstrate histopathologic changes. Estrogen (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p. ) was administered 1 h before subjecting rats to renal IRI. Separately, bisphenol A diglycyl ether (BADGE, 30 mg/kg, i.p .), a PPAR-γ receptor antagonist, was given before estrogen administration followed by IRI in rats. Results The ischemia reperfusion demonstrated renal damage in rats with significant changes in serum and urinary parameters, enhanced oxidative stress, and histopathologic changes in renal tissues. Estrogen administration demonstrated marked renoprotection that was attenuated by BADGE pretreatment in rats. Conclusions It is concluded that PPAR-γ agonism serves as one of the mechanisms in estrogen-mediated renoprotection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a bibliometric analysis of the scholastic output on breast cancer in India. The purpose is to provide an overview of the research activities in the country on the subject during the last ten years, exploring different aspects of scientific literature. Data on 3529 items, including 2945 articles and 584 reviews published during 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2014 were collected using Scopus. An advanced search was conducted in the database. The search results were filtered for English language, journals, India and the period under study. Lotka's law was applied to assess the author productivity and Bradford's law of scattering was used to ascertain the distribution pattern of articles in journals. Most (about 96%) contributions were found to be an outcome of collaborative authorship. Around 19.05% of the papers had collaboration of four authors and 16.53% appeared due to collective efforts of three authors each. Trend of an increasing number of articles published over the period has been observed. Author productivity did not fit the Lotka's law with a value of n = 2. The distribution of articles in journals was found acceptable to the Bradford's law of scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homocysteine (Hcy) is a nonproteogenic sulfur containing amino acid derived from dietary methionine through demethylation. Homocysteine can be re-methylated to methionine [precursor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)] via the re-methylation or 5-methyltetrahydrofolate pathway or undergoes transsulfuration to form cysteine by the action of metabolic enzymes and cofactors. Impaired metabolism due to genetic alteration in metabolic enzymes (methionine synthase, methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), cystathionine β-synthase (CβS), and cystathionine-c-lyase (CγL) or deficiency in cofactors (vitamin B6, B12, folate) may lead to acquired metabolic anomaly known as hyperhomocysteinemia. Hcy excess decreases the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent synthesis of catecholamines, viz. dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and noncatecholamine, viz. serotonin (5-HT), due to genetic alteration in key enzyme MTHFR in the homocysteine metabolism pathway that leads to depression. Thus, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)-induced SAM level is influenced by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) MTHFR C677T. Furthermore, HHcy leads to production of precarious neurotoxic product homocysteic acid (HCA) and cysteine sulfinic acid (CSA) which acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist and has neurotoxic effects on dopaminergic neurons. In the current review, an attempt has been made to discuss the neurotoxic effects of HHcy in the pathogenesis of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabricating the nanopatterned features through a cost-effective nanomachining technique is one of the great challenges in NEMS industries. The micro-electrical-discharge machining process is one of the promising machining technologies which is capable to write the micro-scale features on any electrically conductive materials. However, its potential has not been tested yet for replicating the nanoscale features through the scaling approach. Hence, this article addresses a scaling approach for fabricating the nanopatterned features on super finished titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4 V) using vertically aligned ZnO nanorods grown on the apex of the microtip. For achieving this, first of all, cylindrical micro-tools of diameter (ø) 90–95 μm (tungsten) were fabricated through a micro-electrochemical turning process under KOH (2.5 M) electrolyte medium. On the apex of the micro tools, the ZnO nanorods were grown by the low-temperature hydrothermal process by dipping the apex of the tip in seed and growth solution followed by essential heat treatment at 90 °C. It was found that the grown nanorods were well defined in shape and size and further utilized as nanotools during short-duration discharge (5 ms) μ-EDM experiments. It was expected that by downsizing the tooltip, the discharge energy per unit pulse may be reduced due to the localization effect. Moreover, it is well-known fact that the discharge happens only in the nearest established gap in the μ-EDM process. The experimental results of this study confirmed the same. The FESEM micrographs were utilized for the morphological characterization of formed nanopatterned cavities, microtools, and nanorods while the chemical characterization of the same is carried out by EDX spectroscopy. Additionally, the stability of the machining process was tested first for multiple discharge energy pulses then after a short duration discharge energy pulse has been characterized by voltage-current (V-I) waveforms during nanocavity fabrication. Finally, the supporting results of this experimental investigation show the feasibility of the approach towards nano-EDM with extensive potentials/applications in micro/nanofabrication devices. • A novel maglev μ-EDM system has been reported for fabrication of nanopatterned features using ZnO nanorods as nanotools. • Microelectrodes were prepared using the electrochemical micro-turning process for growing the nanorods on the tip. • Nanorods were grown on the apex of the tooltip via a low-temperature hydrothermal process. • The morphological and chemical characterization of nanorods and fabricated nanopatterned cavities has been investigated. • Voltage-current (V-I) waveforms of the machine is evaluated for short duration discharge multiple energy pulses. • The feasibility of the approach towards nano-EDM is tested through the scaling approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explores the role of simvastatin in vincristine-induced neuropathic pain, which was induced by administering vincristine (100 µg/kg i.p. ) for 10 days (two 5 day cycles with 2 days pause). Pain was assessed by determining mechanical hyperalgesia, mechanical dynamic allodynia, heat hyperalgesia and cold allodynia. Biochemically, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured along with serum cholesterol levels. Simvastatin (7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg) was administered for 14 days after administration of vincristine. Simvastatin (7.5 and 15 mg/kg) reversed vincristine-induced neuropathic pain and attenuated vincristine-induced increase in MPO, without altering cholesterol levels. Simvastatin at higher dose (30 mg/kg) did not alter neuropathic pain despite decreasing MPO levels. Furthermore, administration of simvastatin (30 mg/kg i.p. ) in vincristine treated rats as well as it's per se administration in normal rats reduced cholesterol levels. Per se administration of simvastatin in normal rats produced neuropathic pain. It is concluded that simvastatin attenuates neuropathic pain only at lower doses with no reduction in cholesterol levels and anti-inflammatory effects may possibly reverse neuropathic pain. However, despite reducing inflammation, simvastatin did not confer beneficial effects at higher doses at which there is reduction in cholesterol levels, suggesting the critical role of cholesterol in neuropathic pain induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Coronary atherosclerosis often involves small-caliber coronaries, yet the safety and efficacy of 2.25-mm DES have been poorly defined, with a general lack of separation of 2.25 with 2.5-mm performance. No randomized head-to-head 2.25 mm DES studies have been reported. There are several single-arm prospective studies, and we aim to systematically review all published specific 2.25-mm data to estimate composite DES-specific performance and highlight current knowledge gaps. Methods We performed a systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane database for clinical trials of 2.25-mm DES. Angiographic and composite clinical outcomes were compared with descriptive statistics. Results 2.25 mm-Paclitaxel (PES), sirolimus (SES), everolimus (EES) and platinum chromium EES DES-specific outcomes have been reported. Death at 12 months for SES, PES, EES and platinum chromium EES was 1.3%, 3.0%, 1.5%, and 4.4%. Rates of target vessel revascularization at 12 months for SES, PES, EES and platinum chromium EES were 5.7%, 13.3%, 8.8%, and 3.3%. Angiographic outcomes at 9 months to one year were as follows: mean late lumen loss (LLL) for SES, PES, and EES was 0.15 ± 0.11-mm, 0.28 ± 0.11-mm, and 0.16 ± 0.41-mm and mean diameter restenosis for SES, PES, and EES were 29.5 ± 6.2%, 34.7 ± 4.2%, and 20.9 ± 22.5%. Reported stent thrombosis rates for 2.25-mm DES were low ranging from 0% to 2.2% in up to 24-months of follow-up. Conclusions This systematic review summarizes and tabulates all available specific data on 2.25-mm DES. Based on our descriptive analysis, 2.25-mm DESs have a favorable safety and efficacy profile for the treatment of very small coronary lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punjab witnessed unprecedented violence for about one and half decades from the late-1970s to the early-1990s. This violence took the lives of thousands of people, and created large-scale human suffering. The creation of Punjab state on a linguistic basis in 1966 was an attempt to satisfy the demand of the Sikhs for a Sikh-majority, Punjabi-speaking state within India. However, creation of the state did not prevent a subsequent violent struggle for an independent Sikh state of 'Khalistan' during the 1980s. The sense of discrimination and of being a minority amplified in the Sikhs, and the community felt utterly disappointed with the Congress-run central government for issues documented in the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. Fallouts of the Green Revolution, the nature of intervention of the central government to address Punjab's problem, and increased communalization of politics led to an eruption of militant violence. The state eventually empowered the security forces legally and logistically to deal with militant violence. The eventual strong resistance of the rural Sikh population against militancy, along with effective counterinsurgency strategies led to complete elimination of violence in the state in mid-1990s. In this article, we try to critically reappraise the existing literature, which claims to explain and describe the rise, dynamics, and decline of militancy in Punjab. Our analysis contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the insurgency in Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Postconditioning (PoCo) is an adaptive phenomenon whereby brief repetitive cycles of ischemia with intermittent reperfusion instituted immediately after prolonged ischemia at the onset of prolonged reperfusion elicit tissue protection. PoCo is noted to exert a protective effect in various organs like heart, liver, kidney and brain. Various triggers, mediators and end effectors are suggested to contribute to the protective effect of PoCo. However, the neuroprotective mechanism of PoCo is poorly understood. Objectives: The present study has been designed to investigate the role of nitric oxide pathway in the neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning (iPoCo) employing a mouse model of global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion-induced injury. Materials and Methods: Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) of 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed to produce ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced cerebral injury in mice. Cerebral injury was assessed in the terms of cerebral infarct, memory impairment and motor in-coordination. Brain nitrite/nitrate; acetylcholinesterase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and glutathione level were also estimated. Results: BCAO followed by reperfusion produced a significant rise in cerebral infarct size, memory impairment and motor incoordination. Further a rise in acetylcholinesterase activity and TBARS level along with fall in brain nitrite/nitrate and glutathione levels was also noted. iPoCo consisting of three episodes of 10 s carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion (instituted immediately after BCAO) significantly attenuated infarct size, memory impairment, motor incoordination as well as altered biochemicals. iPoCo-induced neuroprotective effects were significantly abolished by pretreatment of L-NAME, a nonselective NOS inhibitor. Conclusion: It may be concluded that the nitric oxide pathway probably plays a vital role in the neuroprotective mechanism of iPoCo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consortium for e-Resources in Agriculture (CeRA) is the palpable effort of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research to facilitate access to select scientific literature to the academic and research society in the National Agricultural Research System. The consortium provides access to articles from nearly 3000 journals in the broad spectrum of agricultural sciences, including 194 journals in the subjects of animal husbandry, livestock management and poultry sciences; animal nutrition, feed, feed additives and manufacture; dairy technology; fisheries and aquaculture and veterinary science. This article is an attempt to assess the journal collection of CeRA in the above-mentioned subjects. The review status of journals, impact factor, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences rating of scientific journals 2012 (effective from 1 January 2013) and access to archives, are the parameters used for assessment of the journal collection of the consortium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present study has been undertaken to explore the potential of liver X receptor (LXR) modulator, T0901317, in dementia induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and cholesterol enriched diet. Streptozotocin [STZ, 3mg/kg, injected intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)] and high fat diet (HFD, administered for 90 days) were used to induce dementia in separate groups of Swiss albino mice. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate the effect on cognitive functions. Brain homogenate was used to perform a series of biochemical studies such as, estimation of brain reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), acetylcholinestrase (AChE) activity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels. Serum cholesterol was also determined. STZ and HFD produced a significant decline in MWM performance of the animals, reflecting impairment of learning and memory. STZ/HFD treated mice exhibited a noticeable accentuation of AChE activity, TBARS and MPO levels along with reduction in GSH level. Further the stained micrographs of STZ/HFD treated mice indicated pathological changes, severe neutrophilic infiltration and amyloid deposition. T0901317 treatment significantly attenuated STZ and HFD-induced memory deficits, biochemical and histopathological alterations as well as HFD induced rise in cholesterol content. Hence the study indicates the potential role of liver X receptors in the pathophysiology of dementia. Therefore, the results demonstrate the defensive role of T0901317 in memory dysfunctions which may probably be attributed to its anti-cholinesterase, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and cholesterol lowering effects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: The present study was conducted to pharmacologically investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) pathway in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning (iPoCo) and determine the influence of nitric oxide (NO) signaling in PKC-mediated effects. Materials and methods: Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was used to produce ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)–induced cerebral injury in male Swiss mice. Memory was assessed using Morris water maze test. Degree of motor incoordination was evaluated using inclined beam-walk test, rota-rod test, and lateral push test. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, nitrite/nitrate, and reduced glutathione levels were also estimated. Results: Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced significant rise in cerebral infarct size, acetylcholinesterase activity, and thiobarbituric acid reactive species levels along with the fall in nitrite/nitrate and glutathione levels. A significant impairment of memory and motor coordination was also noted. iPoCo consisting of three episodes of 10 s carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion significantly attenuated infarct size, memory impairment, motor incoordination, and altered biochemicals. iPoCo-induced neuroprotective effects were significantly abolished by chelerythrine (a nonselective PKC inhibitor). l-Arginine, an NO precursor significantly attenuated I/R-induced injury and mimicked the neuroprotective effect of postconditioning. Furthermore, this protective effect of l-arginine on I/R injury and iPoCo was abolished when it was coadministered with chelerythrine. Conclusions: It may be concluded that neuroprotective mechanism of iPoCo involves PKC mediated pathway with NO signaling as an essential step. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Vitamin A and its derivatives, the retinoids, modulate several physiological and pathological processes through their interactions with nuclear retinoid receptor proteins termed as retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). An increasing body of evidence signifies the existence of retinoid signaling in diverse brain areas including cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and striatum suggesting its involvement in adult brain functions. Defective retinoid signaling has been evidenced in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Reports demonstrate that vitamin A deprived mice exhibit serious defects in spatial learning and memory signifying its importance in the maintenance of memory functions. Retinoid signaling impacts the development of AD pathology through multiple pathways. Ligand activation of RAR and RXR in APP/PS1 transgenic mice ameliorated the symptoms of AD and reduced amyloid accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation. Retinoids also reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by astrocytes and the microglia. Studies also suggest that neuronal cell lines treated with retinoid agonists exhibit an up-regulation in the expression and activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Reports depict that retinoic acid isomers enhance, the expression of genes linked with cholesterol efflux e.g. apoe, abca-1 and abcg-1 proteins in astrocytes. Furthermore numerous studies also indicate antioxidant potential of retinoids. Through this review we concisely summarize the biology of retinoids, emphasizing on their probable neuroprotective mechanisms that will help to elucidate the pivotal role of these receptors in AD pathology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: The present study was conducted to pharmacologically investigate the isoform-specific role of nitric oxide pathway in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning (iPoCo). Materials and methods: Bilateral carotid artery occlusion of 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was used to produce ischemia- and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in male Swiss mice. Memory was assessed using Morris water maze test. Degree of motor in-coordination was evaluated using inclined beam-walk test, rotarod test, and lateral push test. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Brain acetylcholinestrase activity, thiobarbituric acid–reactive species, nitrite/nitrate, and reduced glutathione levels were also estimated. Western blotting was performed to determine endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. Results: Bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by reperfusion produced significant rise in cerebral infarct size, acetylcholinesterase activity, and thiobarbituric acid–reactive species levels along with fall in nitrite/nitrate, and glutathione and eNOS expression levels. A significant impairment of memory and motor coordination was also noted. iPoCo consisting of three episodes of 10-s carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion significantly attenuated infarct size, memory impairment, motor in-coordination, altered biochemicals, and protein expression levels. iPoCo-induced neuroprotective effects were significantly abolished by l-NAME (a nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) and l-NIO (a selective eNOS inhibitor). However, aminoguanidine (a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) and 7-nitroindazole (a selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) did not modulate beneficial effects of iPoCo. Conclusions: It may be concluded that nitric oxide pathway probably plays a vital role with specific involvement of eNOS in neuroprotective mechanism of iPoCo. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study investigates the modulatory effect of tadalafil, a selective phosphodiesterase (PDE-5) inhibitor, on the neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning (iPoCo) in mice. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) for 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed to produce ischemia and reperfusion induced cerebral injury. Cerebral infarct size was measured using TTC staining. Memory was assessed using the Morris water maze test. Degree of motor incoordination was evaluated using inclined beam-walking, rota-rod, and lateral push tests. Brain nitrite/nitrate, acetylcholinesterase activity, TBARS, and glutathione levels were also estimated. BCAO followed by reperfusion produced a significant increase in cerebral infarct size, brain nitrite/nitrate and TBARS levels, and acetylcholinesterase activity along with a reduction in glutathione. Marked impairment of memory and motor coordination was also noted. iPoCo consisting of 3 episodes of 10 s carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion instituted immediately after BCAO significantly decreased infarct size, memory impairment, motor incoordination, and altered biochemistry. Pretreatment with tadalafil mimicked the neuroprotective effects of iPoCo. The tadalafil-induced neuroprotective effects were significantly attenuated by l-NAME, a nonselective NOS inhibitor. We concluded that tadalafil mimics the neuroprotective effects of iPoCo, probably through a nitric oxide dependent pathway, and PDE-5 could be a target of interest with respect to the neuroprotective mechanism of iPoCo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aldose reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme of the polyol pathway that leads to conversion of glucose to sorbitol. Its increased activity, which results in abnormal activation of the polyol pathway, is implicated in the development of long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. Different plant species and their active components have shown potent in vitro and in vivo aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Among different phyto-constituents, alkaloids that contain isoquinoline/bis(isoquinoline)and related ring structures (such as berberine, palmatine, coptisine, and jateorrhizine) have shown very potent aldose reductase inhibitory activity. The structural activity relationship has revealed the importance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups of isoquinoline/bis(isoquinoline)for binding to an enzyme. The dioxymethylene group in the D ring (hydrophobic group) of these alkaloids binds tightly to the site adjacent to the anionic binding site (active site), while the methoxyl groups (polar) bind to the site adjacent to the nicotinamide ring of the coenzyme. On the basis of these findings, it may be proposed that the presence of isoquinoline/bis(isoquinoline)ring structures is the most important requirement for alkaloids to behave as potent aldose reductase inhibitors. Thus, other plants may also be screened for the same activity. The present review discusses these isoquinoline/bis(isoquinoline)-based alkaloids as aldose reductase inhibitors that may be used to manage diabetic complications and may substitute for the chemically synthesized aldose reductase inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: The present study investigates the neuroprotective effect of tadalafil, a selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, in a mouse model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Materials and methods: Bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 12 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h was employed to produce ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in male Swiss mice. Cerebral infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Memory was assessed using Morris water maze test. Degree of motor incoordination was evaluated using inclined beam walk test, rota-rod test, and lateral push test. Brain nitrite/nitrate, brain acetylcholinesterase activity, brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species, and glutathione levels were also estimated. Results: Bilateral carotid artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion, produced a significant rise in cerebral infarct size, brain nitrite/nitrate levels, acetylcholinesterase activity, and thiobarbituric acid reactive species level along with a fall in glutathione. A significant impairment of memory and motor coordination was also noted. Pretreatment of tadalafil significantly attenuated the above effects of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Tadalafil-induced neuroprotective effects were significantly attenuated by administration of L-NAME, a nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Conclusions: Results indicate that tadalafil exerts neuroprotective effects, probably through nitric oxide–dependent pathways. Therefore, phosphodiesterase-5 can be explored as an important target to contain ischemia-reperfusion injury. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The present study investigates the effect of ozagrel, a TXA2 synthase inhibitor, in a rat model of streptozotocin diabetes induced dementia. • Single i.p injection of streptozotocin [STZ, (50 mg/kg)] produced diabetes associated endothelial dysfunction:. • Endothelial dysfunction,. • Impairment of learning and memory,. • Treatment of ozagrel (10 & 20 mg/kg, p. o) ameliorated STZ induced endothelial dysfunction; memory deficits; biochemical and histopathological changes. Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second leading cause of dementia worldwide. It is very important to find the possible pharmacological agents which may be useful in management and therapy of VaD. The present study investigates the effect of ozagrel, a selective thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthase inhibitor, in a rat model of VaD. Single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin [STZ, (50 mg/kg)] was administered to Wistar rats to induced diabetes-associated vascular endothelial dysfunction and memory impairment. Morris water maze (MWM) test was employed to assess learning and memory. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed in the isolated aorta by observing endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation and levels of serum nitrite. Various biochemical and histopathological estimations were also performed. STZ treatment produced endothelial dysfunction, impairment of learning and memory, reduction in body weight and serum nitrite/nitrate, and increase in serum glucose, brain oxidative stress (increased brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species and decreased reduced glutathione levels), brain acetylcholinesterase activity and brain myeloperoxidase activity. Further a significant rise in brain tumor necrosis factor-α & interleukin-6 levels and brain neutrophil infiltration were also observed. Treatment of ozagrel (10 & 20 mg/kg, p. o.)/donepezil (0. 5 mg/kg, i.p. , serving as standard) ameliorated STZ induced endothelial dysfunction; memory deficits; biochemical and histopathological changes. It may be concluded that ozagrel markedly improved endothelial dysfunction; learning and memory; biochemical and histopathological alteration associated with STZ induced dementia and that TXA2 can be considered as an important therapeutic target for the management of VaD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the potential of lansoprazole (a proton pump inhibitor and agonist of liver x receptors) in experimental dementia of AD type. Streptozotocin [STZ, 3 mg/kg, injected intracerebroventricular (i.c.v), and high fat diet (HFD, administered for 90 days)] were used to induce dementia in separate groups of Swiss mice. Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed to assess learning and memory of the animals. A battery of biochemical and histopathological studies were also performed. Extent of oxidative stress was measured by estimating the levels of brain reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). Brain acetylcholinestrase (AChE) activity and serum cholesterol levels were also estimated. The brain level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured as a marker of inflammation. STZ and HFD produced a marked decline in MWM performance of the animals, reflecting impairment of learning and memory. STZ/HFD treated mice exhibited a marked accentuation of AChE activity, TBARS and MPO levels along with a fall in GSH levels. Further, the stained micrographs of STZ/HFD treated mice indicated pathological changes, severe neutrophilic infiltration and amyloid deposition. Lansoprazole treatment significantly attenuated STZ and HFD -induced memory deficits, biochemical and histopathological alterations. It also prevented HFD-induced rise in the cholesterol level. Therefore, the findings demonstrate potential of lansoprazole in memory dysfunctions which may probably be attributed to its anti-cholinesterase, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, both cholesterol-dependent as well as cholesterol-independent effects of lansoprazole appear to play a role. In addition study indicates the role of liver x receptors in dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, typified by the pathological accumulation of ß-amyloid peptides (Aß) and neurofibrillary tangles within the brain, culminating to cognitive impairment. Epidemiological and biochemical data have suggested a link between cholesterol content, APP (amyloid precursor protein) processing, Aß, inflammation and AD. The intricacy of the disease presents considerable challenges for the development of newer therapeutic agents. Liver X receptors (LXRa and LXRß) are oxysterol activated nuclear receptors that play essential role in lipid and glucose homeostasis, steroidogenesis and inflammatory responses. LXR signalling impacts the development of AD pathology through multiple pathways. Reports indicate that genetic loss of either lxra or lxrß in APP/PS1 transgenic mice results in increased amyloid plaque load. Studies also suggest that ligand activation of LXRs in Tg2576 mice enhanced, the expression of genes linked with cholesterol efflux e.g. apoe, abca-1, down regulated APP processing and Aß production with significant improvement in memory functions. LXR agonists have also depicted to inhibit neuroinflammation through modulation of microglial phagocytosis and by repressing the expression of cox2, mcp1 and iNos in glial cells. This review summarizes in brief the biology of LXRs, with an emphasis on their probable pathophysiological mechanisms that may elicit the defending role of these receptors in brains of AD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]