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Annual variations in animal's physiological functions are an essential strategy to deal with seasonal challenges which also vary according to the time of year. Information regarding annual adaptations in the immune-competence to cope with seasonal stressors in reptiles is scarce. The present research plan was designed to analyze the presence of circannual immune rhythms in defense responses of the leucocytes in an ophidian, Natrix piscator. Peripheral blood leucocytes were obtained, counted, and superoxide anion production, neutrophil phagocytosis, and nitrite release were tested to assess the innate immune functions. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated by centrifugation (utilizing density gradient) and the cell proliferation was measured. The Cosinor rhythmometry disclosed the presence of significant annual rhythms in the number of leucocytes, superoxide anion production, nitric oxide production, and proliferation of stimulated lymphocytes. The authors found that respiratory burst activity and proliferative responses of lymphocytes were crucial immune responses that showed the annual rhythm. It was summarized that the immune function of the N. piscator is a labile attribute that makes the animal competent to cope with the seasonal stressor by adjustment in the potency of response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser surface texturing uses a pulsed laser that is scanned on the surface, wherein each pulse creates a micro-crater through material ablation. A variety of textures can be generated depending on the laser parameters and the overlap of the laser spots. This work presents a computational model that can predict the topography of a textured surface produced using a nanosecond pulsed laser. The model involves a multi-physics approach that considers laser ablation with plasma effects and the melt pool's fluid dynamics to obtain the crater profile for a single pulse. The 3D surface profile created from the multi-physics model is mathematically superimposed to mimic the spatial overlapping of multiple pulses. The model predicts surface topography when a laser is scanned along a linear track with successive overlapping tracks. The experiments have confirmed that the proposed model has an accuracy greater than 90% in predicting surface roughness (Sa), as well as volume parameters such as core void volume (Vvc) and valley void volume (Vvv). It was observed that the variation of these surface characteristics is highly non-linear with the process parameters. Furthermore, the model is used to design engineered surfaces to modify friction coefficient, adhesion, and leakage probability. It is demonstrated that the surface parameters for functional requirements can be modified significantly just by varying the overlap of the laser spots in different directions. The proposed model can be used to create textured surfaces for various applications through an appropriate choice of laser parameters and scanning parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of Kommerell's Diverticulum (KD) has been evolving from open repair to a hybrid of open and endovascular repair. While there is no consensus regarding the optimal strategy, the need for less invasive treatment with less morbidity early recovery, and improved quality of life is a common goal for both the patient and the provider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intense cultivation with narrow row spacing in wheat, a common practice in the Indo-Gangetic plains of South Asia, renders the crop more susceptible to lodging during physiological maturity. This susceptibility, compounded by the use of traditional crop cultivars, has led to a substantial decline in overall crop productivity. In response to these challenges, a two-year field study on the system of wheat intensification (SWI) was conducted. The study involved three different cultivation methods in horizontal plots and four wheat genotypes in vertical plots, organized in a strip plot design. Our results exhibited that adoption of SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm resulted in significantly higher intercellular CO2 concentration (5.9–6.3%), transpiration rate (13.2–15.8%), stomatal conductance (55–59%), net photosynthetic rate (126–160%), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception (1.6–25.2%) over the existing conventional method (plant geometry 22.5 cm × continuous plant to plant spacing) of wheat cultivation. The lodging resistance capacity of both the lower and upper 3rd nodes was significantly higher in the SWI compared to other cultivation methods. Among different genotypes, HD 2967 demonstrated the highest recorded value for lodging resistance capacity, followed by HD 2851, HD 3086, and HD 2894. In addition, adoption of the SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm enhanced crop grain yield by 36.9–41.6%, and biological yield by 27.5–29.8%. Significantly higher soil dehydrogenase activity (12.06 μg TPF g-1 soil hr-1), arylsulfatase activity (82.8 μg p-nitro phenol g-1 soil hr-1), alkaline phosphatase activity (3.11 n moles ethylene g-1 soil hr-1), total polysaccharides, soil microbial biomass carbon, and soil chlorophyll content were also noted under SWI over conventional method of the production. Further, increased root volumes, surface root density and higher NPK uptake were recorded under SWI at 20×20 cm in comparison to rest of the treatments. Among the tested wheat genotypes, HD-2967 and HD-3086 had demonstrated notable increases in grain and biological yields, as well as improvements in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and chlorophyll content. Therefore, adoption of SWI at 20 cm ×20 cm (square planting) with cultivars HD 2967 might be the best strategy for enhancing crop productivity and resource-use efficiency under the similar wheat growing conditions of India and similar agro-ecotypes of the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel virtual method to conduct continuous distillation experiment in an undergraduate unit operation laboratory with the help of SPM 700 Distillation Column, one of the modules available in Simtronics, a commercial process operation simulator. Simtronics simulator is a powerful tool to teach process industry skills and it is recognized in both industry and educational institutions. It also provides a virtual environment, which is clear and engaging, with navigational signs to guide a user through a process operation consisting of several unit operations. Hence, SPM 700 Distillation Column was utilized to conduct the continuous distillation experiment and acquire the experimental results virtually. The results were further validated by employing the McCabe–Thiele graphical method, which is considered the most instructive method for the analysis of binary distillation. Similarly, several other educational objectives of an undergraduate unit operation laboratory can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of femoral vessel cannulation for extracorporeal life support (ECLS) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in adults. While this method offers advantages such as avoiding neurologic injury associated with carotid artery cannulation, it is also associated with complications that can lead to amputation or death. The article reviews data from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) and concludes that bilateral femoral vessel cannulation is associated with fewer complications and lower mortality compared to unilateral cannulation. However, the article acknowledges limitations in the data and calls for further research on factors such as cannula size and monitoring methods to prevent complications. [Extracted from the article]

Water harvesting is a critical component of any approach to alleviating India's water crisis. Traditional rainwater harvesting systems are found in every region of the country. Haveli is one such system found in almost every village in the Bundelkhand region, Uttar Pradesh, India. A defunct Haveli in the Parasai-Sindh watershed of Jhansi district, Uttar Pradesh, was rejuvenated by providing a cement concrete core wall to the earthen embankment to address the problem of breaching, and the existing outlet was also expanded. This study was conducted from 2013 to 2019 to analyse the hydrology of the rejuvenated Haveli and to understand its impact on surface-water availability and recharging groundwater. The study period was divided based on long-term southwest monsoon (SWM) as wet (SWM > 20%), normal (SWM ± 20%) and dry (SWM < 20%) years. It was found that the Haveli could harvest about 1.91-2.0 times, 1.13-1.72 times and 0.2 times its capacity during a wet, normal and dry year, respectively. There was a 1.41 m difference in hydraulic head between pre- and post-Haveli rejuvenation in a wet year, whereas, a normal year, the difference was 2.71 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) poses a major clinical challenge with the androgen receptor (AR) remaining to be a critical oncogenic player. Several lines of evidence indicate that AR induces a distinct transcriptional program after androgen deprivation in CRPCs. However, the mechanism triggering AR binding to a distinct set of genomic loci in CRPC and how it promotes CRPC development remain unclear. We demonstrate here that atypical ubiquitination of AR mediated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF4 plays an important role in this process. TRAF4 is highly expressed in CRPCs and promotes CRPC development. It mediates K27-linked ubiquitination at the C-terminal tail of AR and increases its association with the pioneer factor FOXA1. Consequently, AR binds to a distinct set of genomic loci enriched with FOXA1- and HOXB13-binding motifs to drive different transcriptional programs including an olfactory transduction pathway. Through the surprising upregulation of olfactory receptor gene transcription, TRAF4 increases intracellular cAMP levels and boosts E2F transcription factor activity to promote cell proliferation under androgen deprivation conditions. Altogether, these findings reveal a posttranslational mechanism driving AR-regulated transcriptional reprogramming to provide survival advantages for prostate cancer cells under castration conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum group metal (PGM)-free oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts are of utmost importance for the rapid development of anion-exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) technology. In this work, we demonstrate the improved ORR performance and stability of Co and Fe oxide-decorated/N-doped reduced graphene oxide (CoOx-Fe3O4/N-rGO) prepared via a hydrothermal method at the low temperature of 150 °C. The catalysts were characterized thoroughly using transmission electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark field-scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2 physisorption, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to obtain information about morphology, elemental distribution, phases, porosity, defects, and surface elemental compositions. Significant ORR activity improvement (130 mV@-1.5 mA cm−2) was achieved with this catalyst compared to the pristine graphene oxide, and the ORR limiting current was even 12%@0.5 V higher than the commercial Pt/C. The enhanced ORR activity of CoOx-Fe3O4/N-rGO was attributed to the uniform dispersion of Co, Fe, and N on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets. Furthermore, ORR accelerated stress tests revealed excellent durability, suggesting that this material could be a promising and durable catalyst. With a cathode layer of the CoOx-Fe3O4/N-rGO catalyst, we achieved a peak power density of 676 mW cm−2 in an operando H2-O2 AEMFC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest reported power density per cathode catalyst mass in a reported PGM-free cathode catalyst. Finally, we quantified the various cell polarization losses as a function of cathode catalyst loadings to obtain insights for future work with AEMFCs based on this catalyst. The improvement in the AEMFC performance using CoOx-Fe3O4/N-rGO as a cathode catalyst can be attributed to the synergistic effects of (i) the high turnover frequency of the transition metals (Co and Fe) for ORR and (ii) the enhancement provided by N doping to the metal distribution and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipopeptide‐inspired lipidation of two short tripeptides, Phe‐Tyr‐β‐Ala and Tyr‐Phe‐β‐Ala leads to a pair of constitutional isomers of short peptide amphiphile (sPA). These two molecules were able to mimic lipopeptides properties and therefore could be used as potential drug delivery vehicles up to target sites. Further, these isomeric peptide amphiphiles were able to synthesize stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in presence of sunlight without using any reducing agents. Interestingly, the presence of AgNPs significantly controls the secondary structures of these two isomeric sPAs and hence their self‐assembly. Therefore, such AgNPs‐sPA nanostructures are further used to develop antibacterial materials. Various microscopy and spectroscopy techniques were used to characterize these nanostructures. The antibacterial analysis demonstrated that owing to high biocompatibility and less cytotoxicity, designed sPA exhibited great potential in locally addressing bacterial infections. Thus, such a strategic design of lipidated tripeptide fragments can be tuned for potential therapeutic value for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on H2-O2operando AEMFC performance based on several platinum group metal (PGM) and PGM-free catalysts. Specifically, we evaluate the AEMFC performance of commercial PtRu/C, as-synthesized PtRu/C, and Pd-CeO2/C catalysts as anodes and commercial Pt/C and as-synthesized N-doped carbon catalysts as cathodes. The evolution of cell performance with varying cathode catalyst layer compositions, back pressure, and dew points is underscored. The as-synthesized PtRu/C catalyst is characterized by advanced transmission electron microscopy and showed significantly high performance reaching a peak power density of 1900 mW cm−2 at 80 °C with remarkably promising initial stability. We further showed the cell performances using Pd-CeO2/C anodes paired with both standard Pt/C and metal-free N-doped carbon as a cathodes, which resulted in peak power densities of 890 and 537 mW cm‒2, respectively. Data reported in this study sheds light on the development of AEMFCs using PGM and PGM-free catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a comprehensive experimental and statistical approach for the analysis of vibration amplitudes in a high-speed rotating shaft employing a squeeze film damper (SFD). The research combines a comprehensive analysis that connects input parameters and response parameters, with a special emphasis on vibration amplitudes along the X and Z axes. This research utilizes the rigorous procedures of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) together with a Box-Behnken design and harnesses the capabilities of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) optimization techniques. The variables under scrutiny encompass critical factors such as shaft rotational speed, extending up to 8000 rpm, oil pressure, with a range extending up to 100 bar, and various oil mix ratios, spanning from 10 % to 50 %. Various statistical measures are computed to assess the errors and coefficients of determination of the projected models. The artificial neural network (ANN) model has shown somewhat reduced prediction errors and a greater coefficient of determination compared to the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for both the x and z axes of vibration amplitude. The values of mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R-squared) are found for both x and z axes from RSM (3.50, 3.77), (4.50, 4.72), and (0.81, 0.79), (1.88, 1.70), (2.41, 2.12), and (0.94, 0.95), respectively, using the ANN model. The overall mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) from the ANN model of both the x and z axes (9.73 %, 9.38 %) is found to be lower compared to the RSM model (18.18 %–20.50 %). The conclusive research reveals that the artificial neural network (ANN) prediction model outperforms the regression model based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM), exhibiting superior accuracy in predicting vibration amplitudes. The ANN approach is an excellent option for calculating vibration amplitudes in high-speed rotating shafts. Additionally, it provides significant benefits in terms of effectiveness and time economy. This research provides valuable new insights into the most efficient modeling approaches for vibration management and highlights the benefits of using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for predictive assessments in this context. Particle Swarm Optimization is used to minimize the vibration amplitude of the shaft along the x and z axes using experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainwater Management (RWM) interventions were implemented to address the scarcity of water and to restrict the degradation of land resources in the Parasai-Sindh watershed covering an areal extent of 1246 ha located in Jhansi district of Bundelkhand region, Central India. The region is constrained by several factors, the most significant of which is its high vulnerability to natural disasters and poor infrastructure development, resulting in low agricultural production and precarious livelihoods. This study's goal was to evaluate the impact of RWM intervention on groundwater dynamics and the changes in LULC that it has brought about. A total of 380 dug wells were monitored to investigate the ground water dynamics. Integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to prepare LULC maps using Landsat images. The changes in LULC were studied before and after the implementation of RWM interventions. The study revealed enhanced groundwater availability for agricultural and domestic applications. Due to increased water availability, a significant portion of fallow land was converted into cropland. Built-up land coverings have also increased in the watershed. A decrease in the areal extent of barren rocky and scrubland was witnessed over the study period. The area under plantation was also increased.The study underlines the relevance of RWM interventions in restoring watershed land cover, assisting in poverty alleviation, and providing long-term livelihood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser directed energy deposition (DED) is one of the most promising additive manufacturing processes for restoring high-value components. The damaged components can have complex free-form shapes, which necessitate depositions with an inclined nozzle, where the gravity can adversely affect the powder flow dynamics and the powder catchment efficiency (PCE). PCE is defined as the fraction of the total mass flowrate entering the melt pool, and a low PCE can render the process inviable. In this paper, the effect of nozzle inclination on the powder flow dynamics and resulting PCEs have been studied. It was found that the powder flow dynamics is altered significantly in an inclined nozzle and results in an asymmetric and skewed powder jet. The PCE deteriorates rapidly with an increase in the nozzle inclination due to the progressive defocusing and falls below 20% at 75 deg. A discrete phase model has been developed to understand the powder flow dynamics at different inclinations and process conditions. The mass flow distribution asymmetries on the focal plane at various nozzle inclinations have been analyzed via the model. The model can predict PCEs at different nozzle inclinations with reasonable accuracy ranging from 5.4% at 0-deg inclination to 29.2% at 45-deg inclination. The carrier gas flow, particle size, and laser diameter affect the PCE significantly and can be used to counter the enhanced powder loss at large nozzle inclinations. Process maps have been developed to identify the favorable, acceptable, and low PCE regions to select optimal DED parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In search of new antibacterial agents and therapeutic strategies, during this antibiotic resistance crises, we developed a facile and effective antibacterial nanomaterial by using di‐phenylalanine based hydrophobized short peptide amphiphile (HsPA) and AuNPs. Such peptide amphiphile functionalised nanoparticles can provide a universal platform for medicinal applications owing to their unique physicochemical properties. The nanostructures of sPA and HsPA‐AuNPs hybrids were confirmed by spectroscopic and microscopy techniques. The antibacterial activity of these nanostructures were tested against clinically relevant bacteria such as Escherichia coli and found satisfactory. The HsPA acted as a model drug (Au(III) and AuNPs) delivery agent. Therefore such stimuli responsive, HsPA‐AuNPs system may open new therapeutic paradigms for emerging the theranostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn–air and other metal–air batteries suffer from limited shelf life due to carbonization by CO2 and evaporation of water through the cathode. Bioinspired oxygen selective membranes (OSMs) with common similarities to lungs alveoli were prepared and applied as an oxygen selective passive membrane on the cathode of the Zn–air batteries, which limit CO2 and H2O transport while actively supporting O2 flux. The OSMs were prepared from polycarbonate and iron(II) phthalocyanine in volatile chlorogenic solvent ("breath figures self-assembly" mechanism) under controlled humidity conditions. Membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and gas chromatography. These membranes contain polycarbonate in a pulmonary alveolus-like structure of 0.2–4.0 microns thick, inclosing iron(II) phthalocyanine as an oxygen carrier molecule. The electrochemical measurements are performed to evaluate the membrane O2 permeability in both half- and full-cell Zn–air configurations. The effect of relative humidity, iron(II) phthalocyanine, and polycarbonate content is investigated during the optimization of membrane permeabilities and selectivity results. By installing the OSM on top of the cathode of a Zn–air prototype cell, we were able to reduce the water evaporation by 88% while supporting an oxygen limiting current of 73 mA cm−2OSM with an OSM (PC 11%, FePc 9.1%). In this contribution, we present an oxygen selective membrane (OSM) to increase the shelf life of the Zn–air cell. By applying OSM on top of the Zn–air cell cathode, we successfully demonstrated the reduction in the water evaporation by 88% while supporting an oxygen limiting current of 73 mA cm−2OSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling multitrack laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) is different from single-track deposition. There is a temporal variation in the deposition geometry and integrity in a multitrack deposition, which is not well understood. This article employs an analytical model for power attenuation and powder catchment in the melt pool in conjunction with a robust fully coupled metallurgical-thermomechanical finite element (FE) model iteratively to simulate the multitrack deposition. The novel hybrid analytical-numerical approach incorporates the effect of preexisting tracks on melt pool formation, powder catchment, geometry evolution, dilution, residual stress, and defect generation. CPM 9V steel powder was deposited on the H13 tool steel substrate for validating the model. The deposition height is found to be a function of the track sequence but reaches a steady-state height after a finite number of tracks. The height variation determines the waviness of the deposited surface and, therefore, the effective layer height. The inter-track spacing (I) plays a vital role in steady-state height evolution. A larger value of I facilitates faster convergence to the steady-state height but increases the surface waviness. The FE model incorporates the effects of differential thermal contraction, volume dilation, and transformation-induced plasticity. It predicts the deposition geometry and integrity as a function of inter-track spacing and powder feed rate. The insufficient remelting of the substrate or the preceding track can induce defects. A method to predict and mitigate these defects has also been presented in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by natural metallopeptides, we have rationally designed two pyridine-conjugated short peptides. These two peptide conjugates formed a pair of constitutional isomers that helped us describe their structure–function relationship. Both the isomers consisted of an equal number of aromatic amino acid residues, but shuffling was observed in the position of two key amino acids, viz; tyrosine and phenylalanine, which brought a remarkable change in their self-assembling behavior. The presence of specific functional groups and chemical diversity in both conjugates made them very active towards metal coordination. Both the constitutional isomers adopted different pathways of self-assembly, which could be further controlled or transformed by the use of transition metal ions. Interestingly, it was observed that the metal ions could precisely control the morphology of these metallopeptide nanostructures and make them more stable. Therefore, such artificial metallopeptides possess remarkable advantages over the natural counterparts primarily due to their tailor-made chemical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is a potent mitogen that activates the IGF receptor (IGFR)/insulin receptor substrate (IRS) axis, thus stimulating growth in normal cells and uncontrolled cell proliferation in cancer. Posttranslational modifications of IRS such as ubiquitination tightly control IGF signaling, and we previously identified IRS-1 as a potential substrate for the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF4 using an unbiased screen. Here we provide evidence that TRAF4-mediated ubiquitination of IRS-1 is physiologically relevant and crucial for IGF signal transduction. Through site-directed mutagenesis we found that TRAF4 promotes an atypical K29-linked ubiquitination at the C-terminal end of IRS-1. Its depletion abolishes AKT and ERK phosphorylation downstream of IGF-1 and inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation. Overexpression of TRAF4 enhances IGF1-induced IGFR-IRS-1 interaction, IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and downstream effector protein activation, whereas mutation of IRS-1 ubiquitination sites completely abolishes these effects. Altogether, our studies demonstrate that nonproteolytic ubiquitination of IRS-1 is a key step in conveying IGF-1 stimulation from IGFR to IRS-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary trend of cost-saving is the primary motive while studying the relative motion between the material surfaces. Therefore, exceptional surface characteristics are the most desirable features for any material. The rapid emerging surface modification phenomena like Friction Stir Processing (FSP) have proved its potential in the surface engineering applications. In this study, Magnesium–Aluminum–Silicon (Mg–Al–Si)-based AS21A magnesium alloy was examined for the wear characterization in respect with the cast and Friction Stir Processed (FSPed) conditions. FSP, performed at an optimized set of parameters, was utilized to attain the surface modification in the investigated material. In the wear study, cast and FSPed conditions of AS21A specimens were examined on Pin-on-disc apparatus with typical load values ranging from 10–40 N. The subsequent investigation involves characterization of worn surfaces through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrographs, and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer (EDS) to understand the accountable wear mechanism. It was found that the FSPed AS21A samples exhibited noteworthy improvement in the wear characteristics at all assessment conditions. FSPed sample showed overall 17% enhancement in the specific wear rate. Also, with an increase in normal load, around 53–55% reduction was observed in the Coefficient of Friction (COF) value. It was established that the morphology of Mg2Si precipitates had an active contribution in the wear behavior of cast and FSPed AS21A samples. The notable mechanisms found responsible for the wear of samples were adhesion, abrasion, oxidation, delamination and plastic deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evapotranspiration (ET) is needed in a range of applications in hydrology, climatology, ecology, and agriculture. Remote sensing-based estimation is the only viable and economical method for ET estimation over large areas. The current Landsat satellites provide images every 16 days limiting the ability to capture biophysical changes affecting ET. Thus, we explored the potential integration of Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 data for estimating ET using a surface energy balance model. The results indicate the proposed Landsat-Sentinel data fusion approach substantially reduced relative errors from 48% to 10% on area-wide and from 49% to 17% on pixel-wide compared to linear interpolation between two Landsat images. The proposed approach had a better agreement with expected actual ET maps across high-vegetation conditions than in low-vegetation conditions. The finer temporal resolution and better accuracy of ET maps based on Landsat-Sentinel integration is of great importance in managing limited water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the sluggish kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline electrolytes, the development of more efficient HOR catalysts is essential for the next generation of anion‐exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). In this work, CeOx is selectively deposited onto carbon‐supported Pd nanoparticles by controlled surface reactions, aiming to enhance the homogenous distribution of CeOx and its preferential attachment to Pd nanoparticles, to achieve highly active CeOx‐Pd/C catalysts. The catalysts are characterized by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy to confirm the bulk composition, phases present, morphology, elemental mapping, local oxidation, and surface chemical states, respectively. The intimate contact between Pd and CeOx is shown through high‐resolution STEM maps. The oxophilic nature of CeOx and its effect on Pd are probed by CO stripping. The interfacial contact area between CeOx and Pd nanoparticles is calculated for the first time and correlated to the electrochemical performance of the CeOx‐Pd/C catalysts. Highest recorded HOR specific exchange current (51.5 mA mg−1Pd) and H2–O2 AEMFC performance (peak power density of 1,169 mW cm−2 mgPd−1) are obtained with a CeOx‐Pd/C catalyst with Ce0.38/Pd bulk atomic ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐assembling peptides based on aromatic amino acids can adopt diverse nanostructures which primarily depend on their molecular structures. Therefore, to understand the nature of self‐assembly on the molecular level we rationally designed two constitutional isomers of short aromatic peptides. The first isomer consists of a tyrosine moiety at the N‐terminus and the second isomer consists of a tyrosine moiety at the C‐terminus of the FF peptide, a core recognition motif of Amyloid β peptides. Therefore, it can be considered that both the designed tripeptides are the analogues of the FFF peptide with only atomic(−H) level replacement by −OH functional group on the first and last phenyl ring, respectively. The first isomer self‐assembled into 2D porous nanosheets ("Nanowebs"), however the second isomers produced toroidal shapes with central spheres ("Nano‐Saturn" like assemblies). Interestingly, the presence of the transition‐metal ions (copper, zinc and iron) triggered the self‐assembly of both the peptides into fibrous circular discs, nanomats and nanoplates like assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct laser metal deposition (DLMD) is a promising additive manufacturing technique which has a huge potential in remanufacturing and restoration of high-value dies/molds and aerospace components. The residual stresses developed in the material deposited via DLMD affect the structural integrity of the restored components. The service life of the restored component will be compromised if tensile residual stresses are present in the deposited layer. The residual stresses originate due to differential thermal expansion/contraction and martensitic transformation-driven volumetric dilation and transformation-induced plasticity. The influence of martensitic transformation and processing conditions on the residual stresses of DLMD-processed components needs to be understood and modeled for sustainable repair. Hence, a finite element model has been developed to capture the coupled effect of thermomechanics and martensitic transformation on the evolution of residual stresses in DLMD. In this study, the individual and coupled effects of strains due to volume dilation and transformation-induced plasticity on residual stress evolution have been analyzed for the deposition of crucible particle metallurgy (CPM) 9 V on H-13 tool steel. The finite element model has been experimentally validated using X-ray and neutron diffractions. The inclusion of both transformation strains in the residual stress decreases the prediction errors of peak tensile residual stress from ~48% to ~15%. The fully coupled thermomechanical and metallurgical model has been used to obtain a critical linear mass density (m2/v) corresponding to the onset of a fully compressive longitudinal residual stress state in the deposited layer to ensure sustainable repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise control over self-assembling structures created by a rationally designed hydrophobized short peptide amphiphile (sPA) was studied. Bioactive transition metal ions were used to transform the supramolecular structures of this sPA. We aimed to understand the role of different transition metal ions in modulating the self-assembly of the sPAs. The presence and contribution of various secondary structures were quantitatively studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, which corresponded well with microscopy observations and was further supported by computational methods. The rational incorporation of di-phenylalanine in a previously designed sPA sequence was the new addition to the sequentially studied sPAs and represents another method of alteration that can impart data regarding ion-responsive behavior to the self-assembly process. Such an approach will contribute to the design and development of stimuli-responsive novel biomaterials for numerous applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the potential of a highly biocompatible golden brown algal cell, diatom, as a drug carrier to the bacterial cell. The strong interaction between diatom and bacteria that occur in the microenvironment, lead us to pave the way for exciting new directions where diatom can be used to address several bacterial infections. The surface of diatom frustules was modified with self‐assembled antibacterial aromatic amino acid conjugates, Tyr‐ZnII. Microscopy and spectroscopy observations confirmed the deposition of Tyr‐ZnII over diatom frustules. Diatoms can work as living microcontainers to store the toxic metal (drug) ions and therefore can be utilized as potential drug delivery agents to kill the clinically relevant bacteria. Due to antibacterial property of zinc ions, Tyr‐ZnII conjugates inhibits bacterial growth and diatom frustules were utilized as Tyr‐ZnII carrier for controlled release of zinc to the bacterial cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various physical, geophysical, geochemical, electrical and hydrological parameters are measured on the surface and in shallow/deep boreholes throughout mainland China to obtain early warning signals of impending earthquakes. Numerous wells are equipped with water level and temperature sensors for continuous observations of the water level and groundwater temperature. An analysis of water temperature data from boreholes equipped with water temperature sensors reveals that nearly half of the boreholes show coseismic response associated with the Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9, 12 May, 2008). The coseismic response of the groundwater temperature cannot be differentiated from the groundwater flow or movement when the earthquake occurred, but there is no fixed relationship between the temperature variation and the water flow. At the same time, we observed that the rock temperature in dry wells can record the seismic events and even the pre-seismic abnormal information. The spatial distribution of the coseismic groundwater temperature response is random and irregular, which does not support the dislocation model of seismic faults at the regional or larger scale. Changes in the groundwater temperature are closely related to the borehole temperature gradient, lithology profile and geological environment of the borehole and depths of the aquifers. The mechanism of the coseismic groundwater temperature response can be explained by an enhanced permeability induced by an earthquake. The groundwater temperature increases if the temperature sensor in the borehole is located near the deep-circulating aquifer and decreases if the sensor is near the shallow-circulating aquifer when seismic waves arrive. The groundwater temperature may be slightly affected or even unchanged if the temperature sensor is far from the aquifer during the propagation of seismic waves. However, it was hard to conclude the changes of rock temperature observed in six dry wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at incorporating all possible micro-scale damage mechanisms, namely, fiber failure, matrix cracking, fiber-matrix debonding and delamination in multi-fiber multi-layer representative volume element (M2RVE) subjected to multi-axial loading. Different loading conditions have been selected to induce a particular or combined damage mechanism/s to study the damage evolution. The predicted constitutive material responses for tensile and in-plane shear loading by M2RVE are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental results. M2RVE then used for capturing all the microscale damage mechanisms even for complex multi-axial loading. The stress–strain responses have been effectively captured for different combinations of dominant damage mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple parameters (brightness temperature, soil moisture, surface latent heat flux, surface air temperature and carbon monoxide) before and after the 2015 Nepal M7.8 Gorkha main earthquake and M7.3 Dolakha aftershock were analysed using satellite observation data. The thermal anomalies from optical and microwave data appear about two months prior to the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Some of the parameters show anomalous changes at different altitudes about 20 days prior to the main earthquake event and 10 days prior to the strong aftershock. Our results show that pre-earthquake anomalous signals propagate from the in situ to the top of atmosphere, and the anomalies in the atmosphere often observed prior to an impending earthquake. The changes on the land surface and corresponding changes in meteorological and atmospheric parameters show existence of strong coupling during the seismogenic period, although the transfer mechanism of seismic/electromagnetic is still has to be investigated and understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have comprehensively analysed the co-seismic response of the groundwater levels of 280 wells in mainland China that were associated with the Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) that occurred on 12 May 2008. The observed co-seismic responses can be classified as step-like changes in 138 wells, variations in 69 wells and non-responses in 73 wells. After a quantitative analysis of spatial distribution, there was no spatially coherent signal found in the step-like changes (positive values indicate a step-like rise, and negative values indicate a step-like fall), even within 300 km of the epicenter. The amplitude and the phase shift of the M2-wave were compared between the pre- and post-earthquake conditions. The phase was forward and was concentrated at 0.23 π ∼ 0.4 π , regardless of the proximity of wells to the epicenter; however, the change in amplitude randomly increased or decreased. By computing the post-seismic groundwater recession, the characteristic times of the aquifers were τ ∈ (− 3.3 × 10 6 , 1.8 × 10 6) . We concluded that by assuming a first-order approximation, i.e. a one-dimensional aquifer, the causal mechanism of the co-seismic response of the groundwater level was that the seismic waves enhanced rock permeability by clearing the facture-filling materials. The shapes of the co-seismic responses were determined by the well-aquifer system and the proximity of the wells to recharge or discharge areas ( x / L ). The water level rose if the well was closer to the recharge area, the water level decline if the well was closer to the discharge area, and the water level oscillated if the well was farther from the recharge or discharge areas when the seismic wave was transmitted. The water level remained unchanged if the well did not penetrate any confined aquifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of a drop when airflow is incident on the surface is studied. A polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrate is chosen for the study, and a drop of water is made to fall from various heights. Airflow of various velocities is focused towards the surface when the drop impacts. It is found that generally the maximum spreading diameter increases with the Reynolds number of the airflow (Re air) for a given impact Weber number (We water) , compared to still air. However, the maximum spreading diameter reduces suddenly and becomes almost equal to that of still air for a critical We water and Re air tested. Maximum spreading reduces further when We water is further increased while keeping Re air same. The reason is found to be the sudden increase in the rim thickness. It is known that with increasing We water , the viscous force and surface tension restrict the radial flow and result in the formation of the rim at the periphery. For the present case, the restriction in the radial flow occurs due to the imposed air pressure around the drop, as well. As the rim of the drop expands outward, the pressure restricts the motion, resulting in the gain in momentum in the vertical direction, i.e. a thick finger forms at the periphery of the drop. The thicker rim flows at slower pace reducing the viscous dissipation. The rise in rebound height decreases, whereas the time of recoiling increases with Re air as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) causes a disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) worldwide and jeopardizes sustainable production, with yield losses up to 100%. The Tomato leaf curl disease in the Varanasi region of India is caused by Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (TLCGV). The ToLC disease occurrence is shifting from the rainy to the winter season that may be due to changing climate. A number of resistant genes have been identified in the wild background and a limited number of genotypes resistant to ToLCV are available in tomato. The wild species have been determined to be ToLCV resistant using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers. Tomato populations (F2, F3, Recombinant Inbred Lines) developed using wild species have been investigated using Mendelian genetics through breeding. Molecular approaches have provided opportunities in the form of linked molecular markers and loci on chromosomes to speed up, and simplify, selection of host resistance genes. However, transformation of resistant genes by genetic engineering is preferred for developing ToLCV resistant varieties. Modern techniques combined with conventional techniques offer opportunities for improving ToLCV resistance in tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structurally rigid dipeptide Pro‐Pro, known to self assembled into well defined dumbbells followed by robust three dimensional copper embedded discs under the appropriate physicochemical conditions. Now the assembly of dipeptide Pro‐Pro in the presence of Ag(I) and Au(III) metal ions was studied followed by its application as potential antibacterial agents. In the presence of Au(III) ions, ordered two dimensional sheets of submicron dimensions were obtained whereas in the presence of Ag(I) ions mostly random aggregates were found. Microscopy and spectroscopic study revealed that the Pro‐Pro‐Au(III) structures, in essence, can be considered as toxic metal ion "reservoirs" and can provide batter platform to target bacterial membrane. The antibacterial assay demonstrated that owing to high biocompatibility Pro‐Pro dipeptide with bacterial cell, this simplest dipeptide worked as metal ion delivery agent and therefore it can show great potential in locally addressing bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As per Indian system of medicine (Ayurveda), Mattha is helpful in maintaining gut health, mitigation of kappa and vata and preventing obesity. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of mattha and chedu on parasitic load of Murrah calves. 1-year-old twenty growing buffalo calves with approximately similar weight were selected and divided into four groups having five animals in each group. Following treatments were offered: – T0 (control), T1 (application of Chedu on their body), T2 (Administration of Mattha @ 2% of body weight with salt @ 0.5% of Mattha), T3 (Administration of Mattha and application of Chedu). Fecal samples were collected directly from rectum or freshly voided feces in sterilized poly bags, twice a month from buffalo calves to check the internal parasitic load. Number of ticks, were counted in most heavily infested area i.e. inguinal region, brisket region, neck region, tail fold, and base of the ear after every 4 days. From 30th day to 90th day there was a significant difference observed in terms of eggs per gram (EPG) in treatment groups T2 and T3 with respect to control group indicating lower parasitic load in treated groups. Application of chedu in T1 and T3 group resulted in gradual decrease of tick load which depicts therapeutic value of chedu and combination of mathha and chedu on ticks. Also chedu treated groups showed increased lusture of body coat which is desirable in terms of aesthetic value and wellbeing of buffalo calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 50 years, the major drawback of HA ceramic usage in clinical applications is its inherent brittleness and lower mechanical strength than those of cortical bone. This is turn calls for the development of dense nanostructured HA with the major concern is to enhance densification while limiting its grain growth. Hence, a promising way to obtain this could be a fabrication of fully dense nanostructured materials through sintering process. In this work, eggshell derived hydroxyapatite (HA-Es) powder has been prepared via solid state sintering and its sinterability was investigated through microwave sintering at various sintering temperatures (950-1250 °C). The phase stability, microstructural evolution and relative density of HA-Es were deliberated. The results indicate that microwave sintering regime has been successfully employed and this short sintering regime did not promote extensive grain growth even when sintered at high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the formation of gold nanoparticle (AuNP)–biotinylated triskelion peptide hybrid nanostructures. These structures were created by using self‐organization and mimicking strategies to develop AuNP‐ornamented peptide nanobangles with predetermined properties on biocompatible surfaces. Such intelligent and fascinating nanomaterials can be used for several bio‐nanotechnological applications. As good as gold: We report the formation of gold nanoparticle (AuNP)–biotinylated triskelion peptide hybrid nanostructures by using self‐organization and mimicking strategies to develop AuNP‐ornamented peptide nanobangles with predetermined properties on biocompatible surfaces (see figure). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal anomalies associated with earthquakes using satellite infrared data are being studied in different parts of the world for more than three decades. The thermal anomalies have emerged as one of the potential earthquake precursor. However, often cloud cover obstructs detection of the thermal anomalies. Compared to infrared, passive microwave sensors provide information about the thermal radiations under any weather conditions. In the present study, we have carried out detailed analysis of brightness temperature data derived from the Defense Meteorological Space Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) to determine thermal anomalies associated with the 1997 Manyi and 2001 Kokoxili earthquakes. Brightness temperature data for 13 years period from 1996 to 2008 observed from F13 satellite were considered to avoid difference in the sensor sensitivity. Based on 9 years background data that ignoring data for the years in which strong earthquake occurred, we computed Index of Microwave Radiation Anomaly (IMRA) over the Manyi-Yushu Fault (MYF) and Kun Lun Fault (KLF) zones, Tibetan Plateau. Our results indicate that the microwave brightness temperature at 19.35 GHz has higher sensitivity to the seismic anomalies in comparison to the other higher frequency channels. The IMRA with multi-region, multi-frequency, and multi-parameter variation were analyzed to validate our results. In addition, variation of different parameters (microwave brightness temperature, near surface air temperature and carbon monoxide-CO) observed for Kokoxili earthquake shows the transfer process of thermal anomalies from the focal region to the atmosphere during the preparation and occurrence of earthquake. Passive microwave satellite data combined with other surface and atmospheric parameters provide better understanding of physical mechanism of thermal anomalies associated with earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urea oxidation is the key limiting reaction in energy conversion devices based on this molecule. Ni-based catalysts are widely used to catalyze this reaction via the intermediate formation of reactive NiOOH from nickel hydroxide. In this study, β Ni(OH) 2 urea oxidation activity is compared to that of Ni/Ni(OH) 2 . Electrochemical active surface area, exchange current density, rate constant, and capacitance are estimated for these catalysts to mechanistically probe the reaction. A quantitative electrochemical analysis of urea oxidation on these catalyst surfaces yields important reaction parameters. The reaction orders of β Ni(OH) 2 with respect to KOH and (NH 2 ) 2 CO are 1.22 and 0.26, respectively, at a kinetically-controlled potential of 1.43 V vs. RHE. The reaction order with respect to KOH decreases gradually with potential and it is almost constant with urea. The similar trends in reaction order are observed with Ni/Ni(OH) 2 . Electrochemical impedance measurements displayed lower charge-transfer resistance of β Ni(OH) 2 indicative of faster urea oxidation kinetics. It is observed that at the potential of 1.43 V, the charge transfer resistance of β Ni(OH) 2 (87.3 Ω cm ECSA 2 ) lowered by a factor of ∼1.23 compared to Ni/Ni(OH) 2 (107.6 Ω cm ECSA 2 ). The electrochemical surface area normalized heterogeneous rate constant of β Ni(OH) 2 is ∼2 times higher than that of Ni/Ni(OH) 2 , in line their high intrinsic urea oxidation activity, capacitance and higher electrochemical phase stability. Moreover, the electrochemical chemical mechanism is observed on both catalysts in support with earlier report [ 1 ]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important drivers of cancers. In addition to genomic alterations, aberrant activation of WT RTKs plays an important role in driving cancer progression. However, the mechanisms underlying how RTKs drive prostate cancer remain incompletely characterized. Here we show that non-proteolytic ubiquitination of RTK regulates its kinase activity and contributes to RTK-mediated prostate cancer metastasis. TRAF4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is highly expressed in metastatic prostate cancer. We demonstrated here that it is a key player in regulating RTK-mediated prostate cancer metastasis. We further identified TrkA, a neurotrophin RTK, as a TRAF4-targeted ubiquitination substrate that promotes cancer cell invasion and found that inhibition of TrkA activity abolished TRAF4-dependent cell invasion. TRAF4 promoted K27- and K29-linked ubiquitination at the TrkA kinase domain and increased its kinase activity. Mutation of TRAF4-targeted ubiquitination sites abolished TrkA tyrosine autophosphorylation and its interaction with downstream proteins. TRAF4 knockdown also suppressed nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulated TrkA downstream p38 MAPK activation and invasion-associated gene expression. Furthermore, elevated TRAF4 levels significantly correlated with increased NGF-stimulated invasion-associated gene expression in prostate cancer patients, indicating that this signaling axis is significantly activated during oncogenesis. Our results revealed a posttranslational modification mechanism contributing to aberrant non-mutated RTK activation in cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harvey was one of the worst hurricanes that hit the Gulf coast in recent history, causing severe loss of lives and property through excessive precipitation and flooding. In the present study we have carried out analysis of satellite data and high-resolution models to understand the physical processes that led to the development and intensification of hurricane Harvey as it made landfall and progressed inwards. We have studied horizontal and vertical changes in meteorological parameters, along the track of the hurricane Harvey to understand the intensification and spatial distribution of high precipitation. Maximum intensity of the storm was observed on 26 August; however the most intense precipitation occurred on 27 August that was caused by the slowing down of Harvey. Our detailed analysis shows contrasting storm intensity between the two sides of the storm, one along the direction of storm motion and the other along the trailing side, which has been shown to be the primary driver for the distribution of precipitation and its variation in intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biotinylated ditryptophan triskelion peptide molecule was synthesized and reported for its unique self assembly modulated by egg white protein, avidin. The presence of biotin over each arm of the synthesized triskelion peptide molecule supports its self assembly into a well defined robust nanotorus morphology in ethanol when deposited over a hydrophilic mica surface. Atomic force and electron microscopic techniques were used to investigate these nanotorus structures and the obtained results were further supported by spectroscopic investigations. Biotin–avidin interaction modules were applied to modulate these nanotorus structures to create other possible nanoarchitectures from this triskelion molecule. Interestingly, the dimerization of nanotorus structures was observed in the presence of avidin and appeared as the numbers “8 and 0”. Furthermore, these nanotori simultaneously organized into an elongated random chain, which was appropriately aligned in a straight row when the solution of the nanotorus was spread over the avidin coated surface, thus providing an expeditious entry into creating interesting nanoarchitectures for potential nanotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity during prebreeding or postbreeding programme, is the key pillar to characterize the valuable traits and gene of interest. Whereas, superior or inferior heterotic performance of F1 depend on the diverse nature of their pedigree. Therefore, the aim of this study was to see the diversity between the interspecific crosses and effect of heterosis, and inheritance for the morphological traits and ToLCV resistance. All the 24 F1 interspecific crosses were classified into four clusters on the basis of morphological traits as well as simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Among the F1 hybrids, 23 were grouped into clusters II, III and IV with different phylogeny, while PBC× EC 521080 was individual with cluster I. On the basis of visual observation of fruit colour, deep red and green colours in the crosses of S. pimpinellifolium (EC 521080) and S. habrochaites (EC 520061) exhibited dominant effects. In context of heterosis breeding, the crosses which were made using Solanum pimpinellifolium (EC 521080), S. chmielewskii (EC 520049) and S. cerasiforme (EC 528372) were better for yield capacity and the crosses of S. habrochaites (EC 520061) exhibited low and negative heterosis for ToLCV resistance. The F2 progenies were segregated in various Mendelian ratio as follows 3:1, 1:2:1, 1:3, 13:3, 15:1, 12:3:1 and 9:6:1 for ToLCV disease reaction of incidence, plant growth habit and fruit colour appearance, respectively. Therefore, these interspecific crosses can be utilized for developing high yield, impressive fruit colour combiners and resistant hybrids/varieties of tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inexpensive Ni-based catalysts have shown comparable urea oxidation activity to that of precious metals in an alkaline electrolyte. We investigated the urea oxidation on binary NiCr catalysts supported on a carbon matrix in 1 m KOH and 0.33 m urea. The amount of Cr was optimized in the catalyst layer, and it was found that the catalyst with 40 % Cr (Ni60Cr40/C) exhibits the highest urea oxidation activity of 2933 mA mgNi−1 at 0.55 V; with an onset potential of 0.32 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Chronoamperometry curves of NiCr catalysts show stability over 2000 s in oxidizing urea. A lower charge-transfer resistance of 3.3 Ω cm2 at 0.40 V was calculated on Ni60Cr40/C compared to that on Ni/C (13 Ω cm2). The exceptionally high mass activity of Ni60Cr40/C is attributed to its improved charge-transfer kinetics, enhanced surface coverage of NiII/NiIII redox center, better dispersion of Ni nuclei, and a low-Tafel slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubilities of H2S in ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim+][BF4−]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexaflorophosphate ([C4mim+][PF6−]) and -butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)amide ([C4mim+][Tf2N−]) are predicted using isothermal–isobaric Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo method (NPT-GEMC) at temperatures ranging from 333 to 453 K and pressure up to 20 bar. The low pressure points (up to 3 bar) of the absorption isotherms are fitted to a straight line to get a rough estimation of the Henry’s law constants. The van’t Hoff relationship is used to estimate the partial molar enthalpy of the absorption. The obtained results are in a good agreement with Jou and Mather [18], and Jalili et al. [13]. When comparing the solubility in ILs, it is found that H2S solubility is highest for [C4mim+][Tf2N−], followed by [C4mim+][PF6−]. The lowest solubility is observed in [C4mim+][BF4−]. The highest solubility in [C4mim+][Tf2N−] is consistent with Jalili et al. [13]. However, their results indicate slightly higher solubility in [C4mim+][BF4−] than in [C4mim+][PF6−], and do not agree with the predictions. Upon absorption, the molar volumes of the mixtures decrease linearly, showing only small changes in volume. The effect of H2S absorption on ILs is further studied by calculating the radial distribution functions between the ions. The results indicate that the solute molecules accommodate themselves in the cavities without significantly disturbing the ionic arrangement of the ions, similar to CO2absorption in ILs. The spatial distribution functions show similar spatial distribution for H2S around cation in all of the studied ILs, whereas the distribution around anion depends on the shape and flexibility of the anion. The mechanism of H2S absorption is studied by computing the van der Waals (VDW) and electrostatic (ELEC) energies. It is observed that the solubility of H2S in the studied ILs is primarily controlled by VDW interaction. When comparing the interaction of H2S with the ions, it is found that solute molecules interact with cations mainly due to VDW interaction. Both VDW and ELEC energies contribute in the interaction between H2S and anions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A field study was carried out at the Banaras Hindu University's Agricultural Research Farm during the rabi (dry) seasons of 2013-14 in a Randomized block design (RBD) with three replications, consisting of 9 treatments, namely, T1-(6 t/ha mulching + No irrigation), T2 (6 t/ha mulching + One irrigation at 35 DAS), T3-(6 t/ha mulching + Two irrigation at 35 DAS & 85 DAS), T4 (4 t/ha mulching + No irrigation), T5 (4 t/ha mulching + One irrigation at 35 DAS), T6 (4 t/ha mulching + Two irrigation at 35 DAS & 85 DAS), T7 (No mulching + No irrigation), T8 (No mulching + One irrigation at 35 DAS) and T9 (No mulching + Two irrigation at 35 DAS & 85 DAS). The research results indicated that amongst different mulching and irrigation levels, the treatment T3 recorded expressively higher grain yield, straw yield, quality parameters and nutrient uptake. This in turn resulted in significant improvement in grain, straw yield, biological yield and nutrient uptake in T3 over remaining mulching and irrigation levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific work of fracture (R) has been widely used to quantify the energy consumed in formation of new surfaces during metal cutting.Rbecomes a significant portion of total cutting energy in microcutting, thereby influencing the phenomenon of “size effect. ” Therefore, this work presents an evaluation of specific work of fracture for sharp and rounded-edged tools, knowing cutting forces and shear angles from LS-DYNA simulations of orthogonal microcutting of low-carbon AISI 1215 steel. TheRwas also evaluated as a function of process parameters such as cutting speed, rake angle, tool edge radius, and uncut chip thickness, so as to illustrate the effect of these variables on the magnitude ofRand contribution ofRto the specific cutting energy or “size effect.” It is observed thatRincreases with an increase in uncut chip thickness, whereas it decreases with an increase in cutting speed, rake angle, and tool edge radius.URdefines the contribution of fracture to the specific cutting energy (U) due to specific work of fractureR. At all the parametric conditions, the contribution of fracture is higher at lower uncut chip thickness and it is of 8–36% in microcutting of AISI 1215 steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The earth tide, atmospheric pressure, precipitation and earthquake fluctuations, especially earthquake greatly impacts water well levels, thus anomalous co-seismic changes in ground water levels have been observed. In this paper, we have used four different models, simple linear regression (SLR), multiple linear regression (MLR), principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) to compute the atmospheric pressure and earth tidal effects on water level. Furthermore, we have used the Akaike information criterion (AIC) to study the performance of various models. Based on the lowest AIC and sum of squares for error values, the best estimate of the effects of atmospheric pressure and earth tide on water level is found using the MLR model. However, MLR model does not provide multicollinearity between inputs, as a result the atmospheric pressure and earth tidal response coefficients fail to reflect the mechanisms associated with the groundwater level fluctuations. On the premise of solving serious multicollinearity of inputs, PLS model shows the minimum AIC value. The atmospheric pressure and earth tidal response coefficients show close response with the observation using PLS model. The atmospheric pressure and the earth tidal response coefficients are found to be sensitive to the stress-strain state using the observed data for the period 1 April-8 June 2008 of Chuan 03# well. The transient enhancement of porosity of rock mass around Chuan 03# well associated with the Wenchuan earthquake (Mw = 7.9 of 12 May 2008) that has taken its original pre-seismic level after 13 days indicates that the co-seismic sharp rise of water well could be induced by static stress change, rather than development of new fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and voltammetry are used to investigate the interaction of hydrogen with Pd and Pd 3 Co nanoparticles supported on a carbon-matrix. The EIS patterns are recorded in the hydrogen underpotential deposition (UPD) and overpotential deposition (OPD) regions of the voltammogram in acidic electrolyte (0.1 M HClO 4 ) where the hydrogen interacts with palladium. The atomic ratio of hydrogen to Pd (n (H/Pd) ) estimated from the H upd region of the voltammogram of Pd nanoparticles suggests a gradual α-β transition unlike the sharp transition reported with bulk Pd thin-films. However, a potential range of this transition can be estimated from the EIS patterns. The diffusion characteristics of hydrogen in the Pd lattice are absent in the EIS patterns (at mid-frequency region) of these nanoparticles due to the very small particle size. The kinetic parameters, those effectively describe the Pd-H system, are estimated from the complex non-linear least square (CNLS) fit of the EIS patterns. A maximum in the charge-transfer resistance with potential, similar to that reported with bulk Pd thin-films, is observed with both Pd and Pd 3 Co nanoparticles suggesting the trapping mechanism of hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of civil structures were designed according to old seismic code that do not meet current safety standards. They may also suffer from ageing and deterioration induced by environmental factors such as corrosive agents and earthquakes. A methodology has been developed to assess the current state of existing structures using vibration-based structural health monitoring. This technique has attracted civil engineering community recently. Vibration-based, non-destructive damage identification uses changes in the dynamic characteristics of the structure to identify damage. Full or large-scale dynamic tests of structural specimens provide unique opportunities to evaluate and validate these methods under realistic conditions, i.e. with the same level of measurement noise, estimation uncertainty and modelling errors, which are observed as in situ conditions. In this paper, we have studied the behaviour of existing structures and the models casted in the lab. Experimental determination of the dynamic characteristics of the model of RCC building under different levels of damage has been used to develop correlation between damage in the models of RCC buildings with its known dynamic characteristics using artificial neural network models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]