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Flavour molecules are generated now-a-days through microbial fermentation on a commercial scale. γ-Decalactone (GDL) is an important molecule due to its long-lasting flavouring impact as buttery, coconut and peach-type. In the current study, 33 microorganisms were isolated from different fruit sources, and their screening for target GDL production was performed. Using DNA sequencing, two potential strains yielding good amounts of GDL were identified from pineapple and strawberry fruits. The identified strains were Metschnikowia vanudenii (OP954735) and Candida parapsilosis (OP954733) , and further optimized by Taguchi method. The effectiveness of lactone production is influenced by the rate of microbial growth under various operating conditions. The factors such as substrate concentration, pH, temperature, cell density and rotation (rpm) with 3 levels were applied for the GDL production using M. vanudenii (OP954735) and C. parapsilosis (OP954733) strains. The results revealed that the highest molar conversion of GDL was 24.69% (115.7 mg/g quantitative yield) and 52.69% (272.0 mg/g quantitative yield) at the optimal conditions using SB-62 and PA-19 strains, respectively. The two novel strains are reported for the first time for production of γ-decalactone and overall, this study opens up the possibility of using Taguchi design for large scale up process development for producing food flavours utilising environmentally friendly natural strains. • β-oxidation pathway of yeast is required for γ-Decalactone (GDL) synthesis from RA. • Taguchi design is used to optimize the GDL production from RA. • Strain selection and other factors were optimized for improving the yield of GDL. • M. vanudenii (24.7%) and C. parapsilosis (52.7%) showed higher GDL production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enantiomeric pure and natural (+)-Lactones (C ≤ 14) with aromas obtained from fruits and milk are considered flavoring compounds. The flavoring value is related to the lactones' ring size and chain length, which blend in varying concentrations to produce different stone-fruit flavors. The nature-identical and enantiomeric pure (+)-lactones are only produced through whole-cell biotransformation of yeast. The industrially important γ-decalactone and δ-decalactone are produced by a four-step aerobic-oxidation of ricinoleic acid (RA) following the lactonization mechanism. Recently, metabolic engineering strategies have opened up new possibilities for increasing productivity. Another strategy for increasing yield is to immobilize the RA and remove lactones from the broth regularly. Besides flavor impact, γ-, δ-, ε-, ω-lactones of the carbon chain (C8-C12), the macro-lactones and their derivatives are vital in pharmaceuticals and healthcare. These analogues are isolated from natural sources or commercially produced via biotransformation and chemical synthesis processes for medicinal use or as active pharmaceutical ingredients. The various approaches to biotransformation have been discussed in this review to generate more prospects from a commercial point of view. Finally, this work will be regarded as a magical brick capable of containing both traditional and genetic engineering technology while contributing to a wide range of commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ranging from optical fiber communication to optical wireless communication regimes, twisted light has drawn the prodigious contemplation of researchers. Thus far, the tricolor visible light laser diodes (TVL-LDs) have not been scrutinized for optical angular momentum (OAM), which, however, could pioneer fortuitousness towards a new paradigm of indoor wireless communication. Here, we proposed an OAM superposition of three different Laguerre Gaussian modes such as l = 0, m = 0; l = 14, m = 0; and l = 40, m = 0, and realised by utilising red, green and blue (R/G/B) LDs as independent channels and binary data streams are encoded incorporating non return to zero linecoding, exhibiting a total capacity of 45 Gbps (3 wavelengths (λ) × 3 OAM beams × 5 Gbps). The performance of R/G/B LDs is compared in a visible light communication (VLC) model at different input parameters such as link length between the irradiating source (Lambertian) and receiver detection region, transmitter half angle, incidence half angle, and optical concentrator area. We successfully performed the transmission of 45 Gbps data over a 1.4 m line of sight VLC link and 2.3 m in a non-LoS link employing TVL-LDs, while the red LDs offered excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

90Sr (T1/2 = 28 y) is always in equilibrium with 90Y in High Level Liquid waste (HLLW) and hence 90Sr is a suitable long lasting source of 90Y, if it is purified suitably for therapeutic applications. A combination of CMPO & TBP was found to be the most suitable solvent system for alpha activity removal. CMPO has high selectivity for alpha contaminants (Pu/Am) w.r.t. 90Sr. For regeneration of spent organic, 3 M Phosphoric acid was most suitable with the ability to strip back more than 98% of gross alpha activity in single contact and thus solvent system was qualified for recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) contamination in rice and the deleterious effects of its consumption on human health is a major concern. To decrease the bioavailable fractions of arsenic in soil for achieving subsequently reduced accumulation of arsenic in rice grains, a pot experiment was conducted using arsenic-laden soil. The effects of different nutrient amendments viz., ZnSO4, FeSO4, Ca2SiO4, Murate of Potash (MOP), Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) independently and in combination (as a mix) at low, mid, and high doses were evaluated concerning arsenic accumulation in rice variety Muktoshree IET-21845. Changes in bioavailable fractions of soil arsenic were measured by the sequential extraction procedure. The total arsenic in the control treatment without any amendment was 19 mg kg−1. The maximum concentration of total arsenic in grains in the control treatment without any amendment was 1.02 mg kg−1. It was found that the combined (mid-dose of the mix) amendments enhanced rice growth by 55%, and decreased arsenic accumulation in the grain by 89%, which was the minimum total arsenic reached with the suitable amendments. The bioavailable fractions of soil arsenic were decreased to 79% and 88% in the case of mid-dose application of the DAP and the mix (combined amendments) treatments to the soil, respectively. These nutrient amendments in defined doses may be highly effective in reducing arsenic toxicity to rice cropping in the arsenic-contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

90Y, a beta emitting radionuclide (T1/2 ~ 64 h, Emax= 2.3 MeV), the daughter product of 90Sr is used for radio therapeutic applications. Non dispersive solvent extraction in hollow fibre membrane contactor (HFMC) with CMPO solvent studies were done to achieve the desired purification of 90Sr nitrate solution with respect to gross alpha activity. This purified solution is promising feed for 90Sr–90Y generator to achieve the clinical grade product of 90Y. In HFMC recirculations, around 99.97% alpha impurities were extracted in two recirculations from the feed solution with 0.2 M CMPO while only two recirculations were required with 0.4 M CMPO. A simplified mathematical model has also been developed to model the extraction of alpha impurities through the HFMC using CMPO as a solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial lipids are feasible alternatives to vegetable oils and fats in the production of biodiesel and other industrially significant compounds. To achieve the main goals of the circular economy, waste materials go under microbiological processes, it reduces wastes through recycling. To show the effectiveness of the suggested strategy, four fungi, and four oleaginous yeasts were used in the present investigation. Along with this, distilled biomasses from different aromatic crops (lemongrass, mentha, citronella, geranium, ocimum, palmarosa) were used for microbial growth and lipid production. The distillation process acts as a pretreatment step for the fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass. The heat results in the breakdown of some bonds to easily release monomers and increase the available surface for the action of hydrolytic enzymes produced by fermenting microbes to release monomers which may be used further for lipid production. The lipid content obtained by Trichoderma harzianum, Rhodotorula glutinosa, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Aspergillus awamori, and Fusarium solani under optimized growth conditions were found significant in comparison to other strains, control 1 and 2. Lemongrass, citronella, ocimum, and palmarosa showed a promising lipid accumulation in comparison to other distilled biomasses. The major fatty acids produced by Rhodotorula glutinosa, R. mucilaginosa, Trichosporon cutaneous, Aspergillus awamori and Trichoderma harzianum were oleic, linoleic, linolenic and lignoceric acid from after distilled biomass of mentha, citronella and ocimum. Principal component analysis was performed to observe the variability within the dataset and provide evidence that the results are matching with the observations. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy were also performed to confirm the lipid production by R. mucilaginosa and Aspergillus awamori. The oil obtained from R. mucilaginosa was further transesterified and assessed for their physical properties as biodiesel. It is found suitable to be used as bio-based fuel with the EN 14214 as well as ASTM D6751 standards. As a result, the distilled biomasses will provide a low-cost alternative for yeast growth that leads to accumulation of lipids and subsequently biodiesel generation. In order to integrate biotechnological processes in a circular economy challenge, this study offers convincing evidence that the valorization of distilled biomasses to lipid production using oleaginous yeasts is promising. [Display omitted] • Distilled biomass rich in cellulose and sugar aids in the growth of microbes. • Selected microbes accumulated significant amount of major fatty acids. • Lemongrass, palmarosa and ocimum as a substrate showed promising lipid accumulation. • Quality of biodiesel was found to meet international standards. • Solid waste biomass converts to transport fuel (biodiesel) by green approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was design to develop a scale of perceived causality of academic performance for three social categories in India. An open-ended Interview, thematic analysis, content validity and finally scale was administered on 300 university students. Obtained data was evaluated as exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency and convergent, and discriminant validity. Factor analysis extracted five factors with 63.85% variance and excellent internal consistency and reliability, (Cronbach's α 0.92). Scale domains has potential capacity to screen causality of academic performance which is appropriate steps to remedy situation for university teachers, staffs and students for whose are victim of low self-esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biotechnology has improved chemical production for using as flavour and fragrance. • Various biofermentation process are used for production of flavour and fragrance. • Biocatalysts are eco-friendly and boost aroma chemicals commercial production. • Whole cell biotransformation is sustainable & need advance method to improve yield. • Flavour impact lactones production is enhanced through immobilization techniques. Biocatalysis entails the use of purified enzymes in the manufacturing of flavouring chemicals food industry as well as at the laboratory level. These biocatalysts can significantly accelerate organic chemical processes and improve product stereospecificity. The unique characteristics of biocatalyst helpful in synthesizing the environmentally friendly flavour and aroma compounds used as a food additive in foodstuffs. With methods like enzyme engineering on biotechnological interventions the efficient tuning of produce will fulfil the needs of food industry. This review summarizes the biosynthesis of different flavour and aroma component through microbial catalysts and using advanced techniques which are available for enzyme improvement. Also pointing out their benefits and drawbacks for specific technological processes necessary for successful industrial application of biocatalysts. The article covers the market scenario, cost economics, environmental safety and regulatory framework for the production of food flavoured chemicals by the bioprocess engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic (COVID-19) has affected billions of lives, posing critical challenges to the healthcare system, vaccine manufacturers, packaging scientists, and daily public activity. Biotechnological advances have allowed to create rapidly vaccines, yet the success of an efficient immunization mainly depends on the safe and timely delivery of vaccines. In particular, packaging plays a crucial role in protecting, preserving, transporting, and distributing vaccines. Here, we review advanced packaging for distribution and storage of COVID-19 vaccines, with focus on innovative hybrid packaging materials, cyclic olefin polymers with nanolayer glass, and vials for vaccines. We present vaccine packaging, auto-disable syringes, stoppers, and closures. We discuss the chronology of the packaging system, and the labeling of the vaccine packages, with emphasis on bar codes, quick response codes, vaccine vial monitors, anti-counterfeiting and traceability measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep-fried carbohydrate-rich foods items such as potato chips and French fries are one of the most popular snack foods consumed across the globe. In the production of these carbohydrate-rich foods items, a compound known as acrylamide is formed which is carcinogen and mutagen as well. The conventional chemical-based methods for detection of the presence of acrylamide in the deep-fried carbohydrate-rich food items are a time-consuming, destructive process that requires skilled manpower. The present work proposes a deep learning-based computer vision framework for automatic detection of the presence of acrylamide in potato chip samples with and without transfer learning. The performance of proposed six-layer CNN (without transfer learning) has been compared with the performance of the other transfer learned-models, for the present classification task using fivefold cross-validation. Experimental results show that the proposed six-layer CNN classifies the acrylamide-positive and negative samples with an average f1 score of 0.9251, whereas with the transfer learning-based approach, best average f1 score of 0.9644 was achieved. In conclusion, the proposed methodology in the current work is well suited for the acrylamide detection problem and the proposed work also analyses the effectiveness of the transfer learning-based approach when compared with the approach without utilizing the concept of transfer learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Information on the genetic variability of drug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is of paramount importance to understand transmission dynamics of disease and to improve TB control strategies. Despite of largest number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis cases (1, 30,000; 27% of the global burden), strains responsible for the expansion or development of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections have been poorly characterized in India. Present study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity in MDR isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in North India. Results: Spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) was performed on 293 clinical MDR isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recovered from cases of pulmonary tuberculosis from North India. Spoligotyping identified 74 distinct spoligotype patterns. Comparison with an international spoligotype database (spoldb4 database) showed that 240 (81.91%) and 32 (10.92%) strains displayed known and shared type patterns, while 21 (7.16%) strains displayed unique spoligotype patterns. Among the phylogeographic lineages, lineage 3 (East AfricanIndian) was found most predominant lineage (n = 159, 66.25%), followed by lineage 2 (East Asian; n = 34, 14.16%), lineage 1 (Indo-Oceanic; n = 30, 12.50%) and lineage 4 (Euro American; n = 17, 7.08%). Overall, CAS1_DEL (60.41%; SITs 2585, 26, 2694, 309, 381, 428, 1401, 141, 25, 1327) was found most pre-dominant spoligotype pattern followed by Beijing (14.16%; SITs255, 260, 1941, 269) and EAI3_IND (5.00%; SITs 298, 338, 11). The demographic and clinical characteristics were not found significantly associated with genotypic lineages of MDR-M.tuberculosis isolates recovered from pulmonary TB patients of North India. Conclusions: Present study reveals high genetic diversity among the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and highlights that SIT141/CAS1_Del followed by SIT26/ Beijing lineage is the most common spoligotype responsible for the development and transmission of MDR-TB in North India. The high presence of shared type and unique spoligotype patterns of MDR strains indicates epidemiological significance of locally evolved strains in ongoing transmission of MDR-TB within this community which needs to be further monitored using robust molecular tools with high discriminatory power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Information on the genetic variability of drug resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is of paramount importance to understand transmission dynamics of disease and to improve TB control strategies. Despite of largest number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis cases (1, 30,000; 27% of the global burden), strains responsible for the expansion or development of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections have been poorly characterized in India. Present study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity in MDR isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in North India. Results: Spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) was performed on 293 clinical MDR isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recovered from cases of pulmonary tuberculosis from North India. Spoligotyping identified 74 distinct spoligotype patterns. Comparison with an international spoligotype database (spoldb4 database) showed that 240 (81.91%) and 32 (10.92%) strains displayed known and shared type patterns, while 21 (7.16%) strains displayed unique spoligotype patterns. Among the phylogeographic lineages, lineage 3 (East African-Indian) was found most predominant lineage (n = 159, 66.25%), followed by lineage 2 (East Asian; n = 34, 14.16%), lineage 1 (Indo-Oceanic; n = 30, 12.50%) and lineage 4 (Euro American; n = 17, 7.08%). Overall, CAS1_DEL (60.41%; SITs 2585, 26, 2694, 309, 381, 428, 1401, 141, 25, 1327) was found most pre-dominant spoligotype pattern followed by Beijing (14.16%; SITs255, 260, 1941, 269) and EAI3_IND (5.00%; SITs 298, 338, 11). The demographic and clinical characteristics were not found significantly associated with genotypic lineages of MDR-M.tuberculosis isolates recovered from pulmonary TB patients of North India. Conclusions: Present study reveals high genetic diversity among the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and highlights that SIT141/CAS1_Del followed by SIT26/ Beijing lineage is the most common spoligotype responsible for the development and transmission of MDR-TB in North India. The high presence of shared type and unique spoligotype patterns of MDR strains indicates epidemiological significance of locally evolved strains in ongoing transmission of MDR-TB within this community which needs to be further monitored using robust molecular tools with high discriminatory power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are major cause of community as well as healthcare associated infections and have limited treatment options. Measuring the magnitude of the problem of CRE, it is important for making strategies to lower its spread. Aim: To assess the incidence and prevalence rate of CRE in a tertiary care hospital of Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods: Retrospective data was collected for a period from 2014 to 2018 using Laboratory Information System (LIS). Prevalence of CRE was determined as number of CRE isolated per 100 Enterobacteriaceae isolated during the study period whereas incidence rate was determined as number of CRE cases per 1000 patient-days. Consumption of Carbapenems was calculated as Defined Daily Dose (DDD) per 1000 patient-days. Demographic data including age, gender, location in the hospital and sample type from which CRE was isolated was also analysed using Microsoft Excel. Results: The incidence of CRE cases per 1000 patient-days in 2014 to 2018 was 1.66, 2.11, 1.90, 2.26 and 1.91, respectively with an overall incidence of 1.99 per 1000 patient-days. The overall prevalence of CRE over a period of five years was found to be 29.07%. Klebsiella sp. was the most common CRE and had the highest percentage of Carbapenem resistance among all Enterobacteriaceae. Conclusion: The rate of CRE in present study was high and worrisome. Screening of the patient for CRE, source isolation and stringent implementation of infection control practices is required to confine the spread of CRE in this institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms develop in food during slaughtering, processing, packaging operations and transportation. Foodborne infections and decay are major concerns for farmers and the food industry. Gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is increasingly used for disinfection in packaging of fresh meat, meat products and other produce because ClO2 has strong antimicrobial effect with minimal impact on the environment. Antimicrobial packaging is an advanced technique that integrates antimicrobial compounds into the packaging material to suppress the growth of microorganisms. Aqueous ClO2 has been utilized for various food products, yet gaseous ClO2 displays several advantages. For instance, ClO2 is less corrosive, mixes easily with the package atmosphere, disperses rapidly, and has the capability to diffuse into product surfaces and films. Here we review antimicrobial mechanisms and applications of gaseous ClO2 in food packaging applications. We present the different forms of ClO2 packaging systems and their effect on polymeric packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many fruits and vegetables are sensitive to ethylene, which upon prolonged exposure induces the deterioration of food quality, such as change in taste, odour and colour, or microbial growth. Therefore, ethylene scavengers in packages can be used to limit ethylene accumulation. Ethylene scavengers extend the shelf life and retain the original food quality. Here, we review ethylene scavenging systems such as potassium carbonate, palladium, natural clays, titanium dioxide-based, electron-deficient dienes and trienes. Ethylene scavenging is done by chemical reactions and physical adsorption. We then discuss the applications and benefits of ethylene scavengers in packages. The efficiency of ethylene scavengers is improved using atmospheric packaging tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, a novel temperature-responsive coating for corrugated boxes, using tetradecane as a thermoregulating material (TRM), was successfully developed. The thermal conductivity of TRM was improved by vacuum impregnation using expanded graphite (EG + TRM). Thermal insulation coating (EG/RH + TRM) was prepared using rice husk and E + TRM. Coatings were applied to the interior wall of corrugated boxes to improve their thermal buffering property. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that TRM and EG undergo physical but not chemical changes. Thermal properties of TRM were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, the melting point of TRM is 5.82 °C with a latent heat of 202.8 J g−1 and crystallization begins at 2.43 °C with a latent heat of 198.6 J g−1. Thermal insulation coating melts at − 4.69 °C with a latent heat of 60.71 J g−1 and solidifies at 4.50 °C with a latent heat of 65.76 J g−1. Fresh mushrooms were used to analyze the thermal buffering capacity of the temperature-responsive corrugated boxes through the evaluation of quality parameters such as texture, color, pH, polyphenol oxidase activity and mass loss. Thermally buffered package shows acceptable limits for all the quality parameters during storage time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though moisture in food products is useful for the quality of foods, excess moisture in a package is unfavorable to the quality of the food product and the integrity of the package, particularly in the case of high water activity food such as fresh produce and raw meat. In those cases, including moisture absorbers in food packages is helpful. The common process involved in moisture absorption in food packages is physical adsorption. Here, the moisture absorption capacity is reviewed with respect to packages containing high water activity food. The applications of moisture absorbers in food packaging are discussed regarding the benefits achieved and their effectiveness. An overview of various types of moisture absorbers, their forms, and packaging material applications is provided. Particularly, the benefits of moisture absorbers for specific food products are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Co-inoculation of PGPRs and Trichoderma was tested for enhancing plant productivity. • B. halotolerans and T. harzianum synergistically enhanced the plant productivity. • Microbial cooperation boosts the essential oil yields in Mentha arvensis. Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of co-inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum (Th) with the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) on the growth and essential oil yield of Mentha arvensis under pot as well as field conditions. For in vitro screening of compatible strains, cross streak assays were undertaken and further assessed to confirm their ability to form biofilm help in root colonization. in vitro interaction studies showed that Trichoderma harzianum (Th) did not antagonize with Stenotrophomonas spp (Az-30), Bacillus flexus (Sd-30) and Brevibacterium halotolerans (Sd-6) strains individually, indicating the possibility of using these combinations for plant growth promotion studies. These compatible combinations were further screened in vivo under greenhouse conditions on M. arvensis seedlings. The results revealed that co-inoculation of Th and Sd-6 increased plant growth, oil content, leaf-stem ratio, photosynthetic pigments, and nutrient uptake resulting in higher oil yields over other microbial treatments. The density (colony forming unit) of Th, as well as rhizobacteria, was significantly higher when compared to the single inoculations and control in the rhizospheric soil. Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant colonization of microbial biofilms on the root surface particularly for the best combination of Th and Sd-6. These results suggest the synergistic interactions between Brevibacterium halotolerans and Trichoderma harzianum for survival and improving plant growth and yield. The association of Sd-6 and Th, when applied under field conditions showed increased plant growth which provides an evidence that Th and Sd-6 together enhance the growth promoting abilities of each other significantly improving growth and yield of the crop. A higher number of propagules of both Th and Sd-6 may exert similar crop growth benefits in the subsequent crops while higher population of Th may protect the subsequent crops from many phytopathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports the detection of melamine (artificial protein) in milk using mercapto-propionic acid capped cadmium selenide ( m -CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) as fluorescent labels, denoted as quanta-sensor. The m -CdSe QDs were prepared using aqueous chemical synthesis method and were characterized to get insight about their structural and functional properties. The formation of m -CdSe QDs was confirmed by using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical properties (absorption and emission) of m -CdSe QDs were studied as a function of cadmium salt concentration, selenide salt concentration and pH. The effect of incubation time with melamine on fluorescence of QDs was also studied in order to check the stability of quanta-sensor. The linearity range of this quanta-sensor was found to be 0.01 nM to 60 μM, with LOD of 0.013 nM. The quanta-sensor exhibited good reproducibility, selectivity and acted as a potential probe for detection of melamine in milk samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We successfully developed temperature-sensitive packaging using a eutectic mixture of soybean oil and tetradecane (S + T) as a thermo-regulating material (TRM). The eutectic mixture was vacuum impregnated inside expanded graphite (EG/S + T) to increase the thermal conductivity of the TRM. A thermal insulation coating (EG/RH/S + T) was prepared and applied inside the walls of the expanded polypropylene (EPP) boxes using EG/S + T and a rice byproduct, i.e., rice husk (RH), to enhance the thermal buffering. The developed eutectic mixture (S + T), EG/S + T, and thermal insulation coating (EG/RH/S + T) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The SEM analysis indicated that the S + T TRM was sufficiently absorbed into the EG porous network. The FTIR results revealed that the S + T TRM and EG did not undergo chemical reactions however, physical interactions were observed. The DSC results revealed that the S + T TRM melts at −0.31 °C with a latent heat of 71.06 J/g, and it solidifies at −2.01 °C with a latent heat of 74.89 J/g. The thermal insulation coating melts at −0.94 °C with a latent heat of 19.49 J/g, and it solidifies at −3.93 °C with a latent heat of 19.35 J/g. Temperature sensitive package further studied with fresh beef to determine weather is could provide temperature maintain or not up to-8 days. Meat sample place inside the small PET container and cover with cling film. PET tray transfer to temperature sensitive package. The quality of the fresh beef was determined based on its pH, color, texture, total volatile basic nitrogen, and total plate count. EPP boxes with EG/RH/S + T coatings and a G-Pack show excellent temperature control during 3 h of storage at ambient temperature. All the quality parameters for fresh beef are within the acceptable range when using the temperature-sensitive packaging. The developed temperature-sensitive packaging is useful to control the temperature of fresh beef from the store to preparation and consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling the temperature of food packages during transport is needed with the rise of online shopping. During transport, food requires cold temperatures to maintain freshness. A major issue is the undesired warming of food when packages are exposed to warm temperatures on airport tarmacs and temporary unrefrigerated storage during air transportation. To solve this problem, phase change materials (PCMs) can maintain package temperature by changing their phase from liquid to solid or vice versa, to absorb or release latent heat. Although this technology is still not fully commercially viable yet, it has good potential. This article reviews all aspects of PCM packaging, including their classification, technical approaches, and commercial applications, with focus on the direct integration of PCM into food package systems. The article also provides guidelines for future research and reveals aspects that still hinder the full exploitation of PCM in the food packaging industry. To make PCM packaging commercially viable, research needs to consider aspects such as cost, consumer acceptance and confidence, regulatory aspects, e.g., labeling, and multifunctionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh food products such as fruits and vegetables are usually degrading fast after harvest, notably due to the production of ethylene, an aging hormone, by the products. Therefore, ethylene adsorbents in the form of powders are commonly used in packaging to maintain the postharvest quality of fresh products. The use of naturally-based adsorbents is preferred for safe food-packaging applications. Here we studied halloysite nanotubes as natural ethylene scavengers. We tested the effect of storage conditions on the kinetics of ethylene adsorption. Raw halloysite nanotubes were subjected to alkaline treatment to increase their pore size. We compared the efficacy of raw halloysite nanotubes versus alkaline halloysite nanotubes. Materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Results show that alkali-treated halloysite nanotubes have the highest ethylene adsorption capacity at 11% relative humidity and 23 °C. The ethylene adsorption kinetics data were slightly fitted to a pseudo-first-order model, and the rate constant of the ethylene adsorption was 0.7107 min−1. After 24 h, 49 μL of ethylene gas present in headspace was removed with 1 g of alkali halloysite nanotubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-esteem reflects an individual's perception and evaluation of himself or herself, whereas, life satisfaction involves the individual's evaluation of one's life as a whole including different areas of life such as school, family and friends as well as oneself (Civitci & Civitci, 2009). The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between self esteem and satisfaction with life in current college students. A total of 200 college students ( 100 Male & 100 Female) from Veer Bahadur Singh University Jaunpur (U.P.) participated. Rosenberg self-esteem scale (1965) and satisfactions with life scale (Diener et al., 1985) were administered. Self-esteem and satisfaction with life was found significantly correlated in male, female, urban and general category participants. The effect of self esteem on satisfaction with life was found significant [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating safe and healthy food is a rising consumer awareness. Oxygen-sensitive foods can now be better protected using oxygen scavenging films, an emerging technology that extends the shelf life and maintains the quality and freshness of food products. The use of oxygen-absorbing materials in packaging is a current trend in active packaging, especially in food packaging. Some oxygen scavenging films have shown excellent oxygen absorbance and become commercial successes. Here, we review oxygen scavenging films used in food packaging, such as novel natural oxygen scavenging agents and active barrier films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Novel zein/tet (tetradecane) and zein/tet/APC (aqueous potassium chloride) micro-encapsulated functional materials were synthesized using a microwave-assisted encapsulation technique. This technique can produce microcapsules in a very short time. In this study, we optimized the methodology used to obtain micro-encapsulation structures based on zein (a maize protein). Zein was mixed with functional materials in ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 (w/v) using ethanol as a solvent. After sonication, each mixture was treated up to 550 s at a power of 450 W in a microwave oven. Subsequently, nitrogen was pumped into the solution for 1 h to remove any residual ethanol from the system and the samples were freeze-dried to yield the dry powder. The thermal performance was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The encapsulation morphology and chemical structure were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Tetradecane was found to be properly encapsulated in the microstructure of zein under two different conditions with an average capsule diameter of 13950 nm. The melting point, crystallization point, and latent heat of encapsulated zein/tet are 4.95, 0.68 °C, and 107 J g−1, respectively. Thermal cycling tests indicated that zein/tet and zein/tet/APC have good thermal stability with negligible changes in their melting and crystallization temperatures. Heat management with tet has been modified using potassium chloride to support a suitable temperature range for food packaging. The encapsulated materials can be potentially used for temperature control during the transport of temperature-sensitive products.Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene (PP) films containing silver-silica (AgSiO2) were prepared using hot pressing. Incorporating AgSiO2 into PP films enhanced the antimicrobial properties, and tensile and compressive strengths of the composite by 5.85 MPa, 4.08 MPa respectively. The pH of the fresh chub mackerel w ith PP+AgSiO2 composite increased from 6.17 to 6.76 during storage at 2±0.5°C for seven days, whereas the pH of the control sample initially increased from 6.17 to 6.55, and then decreased to 6.48. The control-sample thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value increased during storage, but remained low in the PP+AgSiO2 composite. Total psychrophilic counts for fish stored in the composite containing 5.0% and 10.0% AgSiO2, were 3.06 and 3.11 log CFU/g, respectively, whereas the count reached 4.81 log CFU/g in the control sample. Trimethylaimne values of the control sample increased from 1.6 to 2.5 mg TMA/100 g; however, there was no change in the composite sample. The hue angle increased from red to yellow for the control sample, while remaining between the red and yellow zones for composite samples, indicating that the quality of the treated fish was retained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research successfully developed a novel thermally buffered package using a paraffin-based thermo regulating material (5 °C) microencapsulated in melamine powder (MMP). MMP was used to coat a poly-textile, and the results were compared with those of a commercially available TRM (temperature regulating material), i.e., tetradecane. The major real-world difficulty of containing the liquid phase was overcome in this study via microencapsulation. A corrugated package constructed of MMP poly-textile and lined with LDPE bag liners containing 400 g of MMP provided a sufficient thermal buffering capacity to maintain the temperature inside the package at 5 °C while the package was held at ambient temperature for 30–60 min. A similar experiment with mushrooms ( Agaricus bispours ) packed inside the thermally buffered package was performed to determine whether it could provide effective thermal buffering during transport and temporary storage. The MMP and MMP-coated poly-textile were characterized using TGA, DSC, SEM, and FTIR to evaluate their thermal, chemical, and morphological properties. The quality of the mushrooms packed into the thermally buffered package was determined by measuring the pH, color, texture, weight loss, and PPO activity. The thermally buffered package, which combines the effects of a pure MMP bag liner and an MMP + poly-textile package, demonstrated excellent ability to control temperature. All of the quality aspects of the mushrooms were within acceptable limits during the storage study. This developed package will solve some of the restrictions faced by mushroom producers and distributers in order to maintain stable quality throughout the storage period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports on the synthesis of molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS-QDs) from pre-exfoliated MoS nanosheets. After a thorough characterization, the MoS-QDs were assembled onto screen-printed carbon electrodes, followed by the physical adsorption of antibodies against the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to form a bioelectrode. Because of the hydrophobic nature of the QDs, they are favorable for the hydrophobic interaction with the antibodies. Based on cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques, the bioelectrode was employed for the detection of PSA using hexacyanoferrate as the redox probe. The electrode yielded an optimum CV response of PSA in the range of 0.1 pg·mL to 10 ng·mL (scan rate: 0.05 mVs). The performance improved significantly when EIS was applied (response range: 0.01 pg·mL to 200 ng·mL; limit of detection: 0.01 pg·mL). The feasibility of the immunoassay was demonstrated by successfully analyzing PSA in serum samples based on the standard addition method. A near 100% recovery of PSA from the serum samples supports the possible practical viability of the procedure. The immunoassay highlights a number of advantageous features such as convenient attachment of antibodies over the electrode surface and broad range of PSA detection with the successful demonstration with real serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stereotype threat refers to being at risk of confirming, as a self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's social group (Steele & Aronson, 1995). It isa psychological phenomena that has negatively impact the performance of variety of groups (01 Brien & Crandall, 2003). Present study was aimed to investigate the stereotype threat and academic achievement in various social group students. Two measures, stereotype scale and educational achievements from High school to P.G. Entrance exam were applied on 300 students (100 from General, 100 OBC & 100 SC/ST) of various social groups. Results suggest that group membership of various social group affect the stereotype threat and academic achievements. Level of stereotype threat was found significant affect on academic achievement and also, it was found negative correlation between stereotype threat and academic achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin pigmentation is directed by epidermal melanin units, characterized by long-lived and dendritic epidermal melanocytes ( MC) that interact with viable keratinocytes ( KC) to contribute melanin to the epidermis. Previously, we reported that MC: KC contact is required for melanosome transfer that can be enhanced by filopodi, and by UVR/ UVA irradiation, which can upregulate melanosome transfer via Myosin X-mediated control of MC filopodia. Both MC and KC express Ca2+-dependent E-cadherins. These homophilic adhesion contacts induce transient increases in intra- KC Ca2+, while ultraviolet radiation ( UVR) raises intra- MC Ca2+ via calcium-selective ORAI1 ion channels; both are associated with regulating melanogenesis. However, how Ca2+ triggers melanin transfer remains unclear. Here we evaluated the role of E-cadherin in UVR-mediated melanin transfer in human skin cells. MC and KC in human epidermis variably express filopodia-associated E-cadherin, Cdc42, VASP and β-catenin, all of which were upregulated by UVR in human MC in vitro. Knockdown of E-cadherin revealed that this cadherin is essential for UVR-induced MC filopodia formation and melanin transfer. Moreover, Ca2+ induced a dose-dependent increase in filopodia formation and melanin transfer, as well as increased β-catenin, Cdc42, Myosin X and E-cadherin expression in these skin cells. Together, these data suggest that filopodial proteins and E-cadherin, which are upregulated by intracellular ( UVR-stimulated) and extracellular Ca2+ availability, are required for filopodia formation and melanin transfer. This may open new avenues to explore how Ca2+ signalling influences human pigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manuscript presents synthesis and application of organic-inorganic hybrid matrix, consisting of polypyrrole (PPy) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The polypyrrole acts as conducting matrix and gold nanostructures play role of electro-catalysts. The composite of PPy-AuNPs was electrochemically synthesized on screen printed electrodes in single step and was characterized thoroughly using analytical techniques. The composite was used as matrix for immobilization of tyrosinase enzyme for tyrosine and catechin biosensing. The electrochemical measurements were performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry. For tyrosine, the composite based biosensor showed dynamic linearity from 10 to 100 nM, having sensitivity of 1.0 × 10 −2 μAcm −2 /nM, and LOD of 0.3 nM. For catechin, the dynamic linearity range was from 1 to 20 nM. The study showed that the biosensor exhibited more sensitivity towards tyrosine estimation as compared to catechin, which can be due to their structural difference. The biosensor was also used for sensing tyrosine and catechin in real samples and the study showed motivating results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen scavenging films were prepared with 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20% pyrogallol coated onto a modified LDPE film. The color, mechanical, barrier, and surface properties of the LDPE/PG oxygen scavenging films were compared to those of a pure LDPE film. The results demonstrate that pyrogallol was well coated onto the surface of the modified LDPE film. The LDPE/PG films had a slightly rough film surface, which results in higher water and oxygen permeabilities as well as lower TS due to the addition and agglomerations of sodium carbonate and pyrogallol. The pyrogallol coating also caused color alterations of the LDPE/PG film. In addition, the oxygen scavenging properties of the LDPE/PG films were evaluated at different relative humidities (RH) and temperatures. The oxygen content (%) in the headspace of the absorption cell containing the LDPE/PG 20% film, which was initially 20.9%, decreased to 9.42% after 8 days at 23 °C. The LDPE/PG 20% film showed an effective oxygen scavenging capacity of 0.443 mL/cm 2 at 23 °C. Water was used as an activator to initiate the oxygen scavenging reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intriguing network of antibody–antigen (Ab–Ag) interactions is highly governed by environmental perturbations and the nature of biomolecular interaction. Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) have potential applications in developing protein-adsorption-based sensors and nano-scale materials. Therefore, characterizing PPIs in the presence of a nanomaterial at the molecular level becomes imperative. The present work involves the investigation of antiferritin–ferritin (Ab–Ag) protein interactions under the influence of tungsten disulfide quantum dots (WS2 QDs). Isothermal calorimetry and contact angle measurements validated the strong influence of WS2 QDs on Ab–Ag interactions. The interfacial signatures of nano–bio-interactions were evaluated using sum frequency generation vibration spectroscopy (SFG-VS) at the air–water interface. Our SFG results reveal a variation in the tilt angle of methyl groups by ∼12° ± 2° for the Ab–Ag system in the presence of WS2 QDs. The results illustrated an enhanced ordering of water molecules in the presence of QDs, which underpins the active role of interfacial water molecules during nano–bio-interactions. We have also witnessed a differential impact of QDs on Ab–Ag by raising the concentration of the Ab–Ag combination, which showcased an increased inter-molecular interaction among the Ab and Ag molecules and a minimal influence on the methyl tilt angle. These findings suggest the formation of stronger and ordered Ab–Ag complexes upon introducing WS2 QDs in the aqueous medium and signify the potentiality of WS2 QDs relevant to protein-based sensing assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, cellulose nanocrystals were isolated from seaweed by microwave-assisted alkali treatment, bleaching, and an acid hydrolysis process. Microwave-assisted alkali treatment reduces the heating time and eliminates the traditional dewaxing process. This is different from the commonly adopted procedure for cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) synthesis, in which CNC synthesis generally follows the dewaxing process. Further, samples obtained after each stage of treatment were characterized and final samples were freeze-dried for further characterization. TEM results revealed that isolated CNCs had a 32 nm average diameter and an average length of 408 nm. FTIR and XRD data showed that after each stage of chemical treatment, no cellulosic components were removed. The adopted method is faster than the previous traditional method used for isolation of CNCs from seaweed fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvent extraction studies on protactinium were carried out from hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids using Aliquat 336 and231Pa. The extraction of protactinium from hydrofluoric acid (0.025–10 M) decreased with increasing acid concentration and was less than 10% above 5 M. The extraction from hydrochloric acid (0.5–8 M) started only above 4 M and increased with increasing acid concentration. The extraction of protactinium from a mixture containing hydrochloric acid (0.5–8 M) and 0.03 M hydrofluoric acid decreased with increasing acid concentration reached to a minimum at about 2 M and then increased with increasing acid concentration. At low acidity, extraction of protactinium from hydrofluoric acid was higher compared to hydrochloric acid and the mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. Nitric acid (10 M) and hydrofluoric acid (10 M) were suitable for quantitative recovery of protactinium from organic phase. The extraction of231Pa from real thorium lean raffinate of thorium–uranium extraction process was studied using optimized extraction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present work reports impedance based electrochemical sensing and remediation of 4-nitro phenol (4-NP) using biosynthesized (CuO) copper oxide nanoparticles. The synthesis of CuO nanoparticles is achieved using fruit extract of plant Fortunella japonica as reducing and stabilizing agent. The CuO nanoparticles were characterized using various analytical techniques like UV–Visible spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). For electrochemical sensing of 4-NP, the CuO nanoparticles were drop casted on screen printed electrode (SPE) and electrode is referred at SPE/CuO NPs sensor. The mechanism of 4-NP redox reactions was examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electrochemical sensing of 4-NP has been done using square wave voltammetry (SWV) and impedance spectroscopy. In SWV, the oxidation peak current increased with increase in the concentration of 4-NP from 10 nM to 10 mM having regression coefficient of 0.996. In impedometric sensing, change in charge transfer resistance (R ct ) with change in 4-NP concentration was used as a signal. The R ct decreased with increase in 4-NP concentration which is in accordance with SWV results. The effect of solution pH on impedometric response of SPE/CuO NPs sensor was also evaluated. The SPE/CuO NPs sensor exhibited good reproducibility and selectivity towards the analyte and is able to perform real sample analysis. The CuO nanoparticles act as a catalyst and showed good degradation percentage of 4-NP pollutant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthcare associated pneumonia were reported to be the second most common healthcare associated infection in US intensive care units (ICUs). Aims and Objectives: Present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from cases of VAP. Methods: Ventilator associated pneumonia was identified as per the definition of Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory confirmation was done by quantitative culture method. Thereafter identification of the organism along with its species and its anti-microbial sensitivity were done by Vitek 2 compact system using various ID and ATB strips. Results: A total of 42 clinical isolates were identified from 31 cases of VAP during the entire study period, Acinetobacter baumannii (n=20, 47.6%) was the predominant isolate. Tetracycline was found to be significantly sensitive (P = 0.008) in SICU isolates of A.baumannii when compared to its counterparts of MICU. Conclusions: Significant colonization is a prerequisite for occurrence of any infection. A thorough review of clinic-pathological as well as radiological findings should be performed while reporting a clinical isolate from tracheal aspirates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manuscript reports impedance based sensing of phenol using electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (E-rGO) modified screen printed electrode (SPE). The chemically synthesized graphene oxide (GO) was reduced electrochemically directly on the electrode surface. The E-rGO was characterized using various analytical techniques like UV–vis spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle measurement, to get insight to its properties. The SPE/E-rGO was then used for the detection of phenol using impedance spectroscopy. Prior to impedance based phenol sensing, the mechanism of phenol oxidation was examined using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which showed presence of three well defined peaks at 0.62 V, 0.24 V & 0.004 V, corresponding to the oxidation of phenol, and its oxidation products. As a function of phenol concentration, the increase in oxidation current followed the linear equation having slope of −1.76 × 10 −9 A/μM and intercept of −4.69 × 10 −7 , with regression coefficient of 0.996. For impedometric sensing, change in polarization resistance with change in phenol concentration was used as a signal and the dynamic linearity range was obtained from 1 μM to 40 μM. The linearity curve exhibited slope of −7.6 Ωcm −2 μM −1 , intercept of 986.67 and regression coefficient (R 2 ) of 0.989 respectively. The effect of solution pH on impedometric response of graphenated electrochip was also evaluated. The impedometric results of phenol sensing were further validated using amperometery using same concentration range (1 μM to 40 μM) of phenol. The amperometry results obeyed the linear equation with slope of −0.06 A/M (ampere/molar), intercept of −13.98, and regression coefficient (R 2 ) of 0.99. The graphenated electrochip exhibited good reproducibility and selectivity towards the analyte and offers greater ease of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Welding process has many hazards that the welders are exposed to resulting in numbers of health effects and diseases. Safety measures and practices among welders are important ways of preventing or reducing the health hazards associated with this occupation. We conducted this study to find out the morbidity patterns among the welders working in eastern Nepal. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 300 welders using semi structured questionnaire. Morbidity categories were classified based on symptoms experienced in past 6 months. Results: All the welders learned welding by apprenticeship, without any formal health and safety training. Injury was the most common problem at work followed by skin problems and eye symptoms. Age of the welders, duration of employment & welding hours per day were associated with the morbidities among the welders. Conclusions: There is a need for occupational health services for welders in Nepal. While further research may be required to make policy recommendations, the current study provides a baseline morbidity burden among these welders to look for interventions to promote health and safety at work for this neglected group of workers in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Production of metallo-β-lactamase, an enzyme that hydrolyze a variety of β-lactams including carbapenems leaving little therapeutic option is increasing. To manage patients effectively, it is important to know the local prevalence of MBLs in the hospital. Present study was undertaken to determine prevalence of metallo-β-lactamase production along with the clinical profile of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Prospective cross sectional study was carried out during December-2010 to November-2011. Relevant demographic and clinical details were collected. Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby-bauer disc diffusion method and mini API system, (bioMerieux-France). Imipenem/meropenem resistant isolates were tested for metallo-β-lactamase production by imipenem-EDTA combined disc test. Results: 81 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and 28 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated. Most common specimens from which Acinetobacter baumanni and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated were from respiratory tract i.e. 47 (58%) and 12 (42.9%) respectively. Majority of the strains of Acinetobacter baumannii 44 (54.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 17 (60.7%) were isolated from non critical areas. Both organisms showed high prevalence of multidrug resistance with MBLs production of 29.6% in Acinetobacter baumannii and 42.9% in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: Metallo-β-lactamase-mediated carbapenem resistance is a significant threat in hospitalized patients. It should be addressed with rapid detection and stringent infection control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agriculture work is one of the most hazardous occupations across countries of all income groups. In Nepal, 74 % of people are working in the agricultural sector. This study aims to identify patterns and factors associated with injuries among farmers of rural Nepal. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural village in eastern Nepal. House to house visit was done to collect data from the farmers. The study included 500 farmers from Shanishchare village in Morang district of Nepal. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socioeconomic profile, agriculture work and injury. Prevalence of injuries among farmers in the last 12 months was calculated along with factors associated with the injuries. Results: The overall prevalence of work- related injuries among farmers was 69 % in the last 12 months. Common injuries among the farmers were cuts (79.7 %), puncture wound (11.3 %) and laceration (7.5 %). Hand tools were responsible for most of the injuries followed by slipping at work, sharp instruments, animals and fall from height. Upper limb injury comprised of 67 % of all injuries and the most involved part was fingers (43 %). The average number of years worked in farming by the respondents was 23.6 ± 13.6 years. Age and working experience of the farmers was found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of injuries among the farmers. Conclusions: The prevalence of injury among farmers in this study was high. Further research is needed to identify interventions to reduce the agricultural injuries in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (H) films incorporated with oregano and bergamot essential oils were characterized and evaluated for their effectiveness suitability as an edible coating for fresh ‘Formosa’ plum. The effects of the oregano essential oil (OEO) and bergamot essential oil (BEO) at different concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% (w/w) in the HPMC edible films were observed by measuring their physical and mechanical properties, gas permeation, color values, transparency, antimicrobial activities. The effect of HPMC edible coating with OEO and BEO for fresh ‘Formosa’ plum were analyzed using physiochemical properties and sensory parameters. The 2% H-OEO coating was shown to be very effective in reducing the respiration rate, ethylene production, total weight loss, and total cell count, compared to the plums treated with other coatings at 23 ± 2 °C. In addition, the 2% H-OEO coated plum was firmer and showed less surface color change than the control fruit at the end of storage. The results of our study indicated that the 2% H-OEO coating treatment showed good potential to extend the storage quality of harvested plums. Among all of the sample sensory aspects of H-OEO, H-BEO and H, increased respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A composite consisting of gold nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (AuNPs@rGO) was electrochemically prepared in-situ on a screen printed electrode (SPE) which then was used as an immunosensor for the cardiac biomarker myoglobin. The nanocomposite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy, FTIR and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. For FTIR, TEM and SEM, the deposition was done on indium tin oxide coated glass plates. The immunosensor was obtained by immobilization of in-house generated antibody against cardiac myoglobin on the electrode surface. The immunosensing response was monitored using differential pulse voltammetry, which showed a reduction peak at ~ −0.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The reduction peak arises from the reduction of iron moiety present in the heme group of myoglobin. The immunosensor exhibited dynamic linearity range from 1 ng.mL to 1400 ng.mL with the detection limit of ~0.67 ng.mL for cardiac myoglobin. The obtained result was almost eight times better (in terms of detection limit) than that obtained with ELISA tests (with detection limit of ~4 ng.mL) using the same antibodies. The immunosensor was applied to analyze spiked serum samples also. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present manuscript was the synthesis of nano hydroxyapatite (n-HA) and its coating on orthopaedic implant material. The synthesis of n-HA has been achieved using wet chemical method. The elemental analysis and FTIR spectrum confirmed the formation of n-HA having a Ca/P ratio of 1.71. The AFM and XRD results showed the nano dimensions of hydroxyapatite (HA) in the range of 25-35 nm. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showed a flake-like structure of n-HA having sharp edges. The n-HA was further coated on orthopaedic implant material (titanium alloy, Ti6Al4V), using the electrostatic spray deposition (EDS) technique. The surface roughness of Ti alloy increased from 2.34 µm to 2.77 µm after coating with n-HA and corrosion resistance improved drastically. XRD pattern of n-HA coated Ti alloy however showed broadening of HA associated peak, reflecting change from crystalline to amorphous phase of n-HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis causing high economic losses worldwide. Because of nonspecific and chronic symptoms, diagnosis requires high clinical suspicion and laboratory confirmation. Prevalence of brucellosis in India, more so in Anand district, is not well studied. This study was conducted as a pilot to find prevalence of human brucellosis among high risk symptomatic cases along with the clinical profile and associated risk factors. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in Anand district of Gujarat, India. Samples from 50 high risk symptomatic cases were subjected to serology, blood culture and genome detection by conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using B4/B5 primers, for detection of brucella infection. Data was analyzed using Epi Info software (version: 3.5.1). Results: We detected sero-prevalence of 14% and genome detection of 16% with no isolation in blood culture. Among them four (8%) were positive by serology and PCR both. Titers in seropositive cases ranged from 1:40 to 1:160. Fever was the most common clinical complain among sero-positive (71.4%) and PCR positive (62.5%) cases. History of direct contact with cattle was present in all serology and PCR positive patients. Consumption of unpasteurized milk or milk products (86%), consumption of uncooked or partially cooked meat (28.5%) and working as veterinarian (14.3%) were other risk factors identified. Conclusions: Thus we found brucellosis to be a significant health problem. A larger Indian study with follow up of positive cases, comparative study for standardization of various diagnostic modalities and response to therapy is strongly needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A composite of polyaniline (PANI) and cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) has been synthesized electrochemically, which has further been used for the fabrication of photovoltaic cell. The composite (PCdS) has been characterized for its optical and electrochemical behavior. The efficacy of this composite for being used in photovoltaic cell has been studied by measuring its photo-electrochemical and photovoltaic response. The composite based device showed open circuit voltage ( V oc ) of 0.332 V and short circuit current ( I sc ) of 284 µA under an illumination of the 590 nm yellow incandescent light bulb having an intensity of 5.3 mW cm −2 . The efficiency and fill factor for our proposed solar cell were 0.48% and 27% respectively. Photo-electrochemical response showed excellent photon conversion behavior with respect to light intensity, thus confirming flow of electrons through external load during illumination of the cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the studies on the separation and recovery of plutonium from nitric acid medium using Di-nonyl phenyl phosphoric acid (DNPPA) in n-paraffin as an extractant system. The different extraction parameters were investigated. The percentage extraction of plutonium decreased with increase in nitric acid concentration. The optimum solvent concentration for quantitative separation of plutonium from aqueous feed solution was 0.15 M of DNPPA whereas n-paraffin/n-dodecane was the most suitable of diluents with an organic to aqueous phase ratio of 1:1. Among the various strippants used, 0.5 M solution of (NH4)2CO3was found to be the most suitable for back extraction of plutonium from the loaded organic phase. The developed method was used to separate and recover plutonium from actual wash solution of ion exchange column used for plutonium purification. More than 73% of plutonium was separated from 7 M HNO3wash solution using 0.15M of DNPPA in n-dodecane. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: Infection by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. is variably associated with presence of co-morbid conditions, predisposing factors and poor outcome. Objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing strains along with the outcome and risk factors in patients infected with such strains. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted on 6910 clinical samples. E coli & Klebsiella spp. were identified with detection of ESBL production according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Patients' clinical and demographic details along with risk factors and co-morbid conditions, type of response to antimicrobial therapy, length of hospital stay and mortality were collected. Results: 69.62% out of 563 E.coli and 62.80% out of 342 Klebsiella spp. were isolated from 6910 samples were ESBL producers respectively. Male:Female ratio was 1.36:1 and 2.37:1 for E coli and Klebsiella spp. respectively. Blood Stream Infection (p=.006), soft tissue infections (p=0.08), genital tract infections (p=0.03) and admission in intensive care units were significantly associated with risk of infection by Klebsiella spp. Immunosuppressive therapy (p=0.02) and diabetes mellitus (p=0.04) were significant comorbid conditions in ESBL producing E coli infections. The mean duration of hospital stay for ESBL producing E coli and Klebsiella spp. was 13.65 ± 12.6 and 17.89 ± 14.76 days with mortality of 8.6% and 13.34% respectively. Conclusions: Several co-morbid conditions and invasive devices were significantly associated with infection by ESBL-producing, strains of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. with longer duration of hospital stay and increased mortality in comparison to ESBL non-producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]