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AbstractThe support of the p-value corresponding to a discrete test-statistic is a finite isolated subset of the unit interval. In differential gene expression studies with RNA-sequence datasets, multiple discrete tests are performed. The objective of such studies are to identify differentially expressed genes with a control over a measure of false discoveries. We suggest to remove hypotheses corresponding to the p-values having minimum support-point greater than the threshold of that overall measure. We argue this suggestion and present methods of filtering the set of hypotheses for two useful testing scenarios. Simulation experiments show gain in power of the multiple testing procedures when applied to the filtered set of hypotheses. We also demonstrate the method with two real datasets, related to the study of HIV and mammary gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Background: The effect of dental malocclusion and management on functional and psychological wellbeing is a topic of interest. Aim: The study was conducted to assess the change in the psychological effect of malocclusion using PIDAQ (Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire) adopted for Indian subjects after 1 year of orthodontic treatment. Methods: The study assessed 186 subjects needing fixed orthodontic treatment where PIDAQ translated in Hindi was used after pretesting. All subjects were asked to answer the questionnaire at pretreatment and 1 year following treatment as T1 and T2. Also, IOTN (Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need) was used to assess self-perception and severity of malocclusion. Results: A statistically significant decrease in each factor and total PIDAQ score was seen after 1 year of treatment (P < 0.001). A positive association was seen between IOTN-AC (IOTN-Aesthetic Component) and psychological malocclusion impact. Conclusion: The psychometric PIDAQ scores instrument can be used as an OHRQoL (Oral Health-Related Quality of Life) assessment tool in Indian subjects for further research assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Background: Probiotics are vital in maintaining gut health. With increasing drug resistance, it is crucial to keep healthy gut microbes, making probiotics essential. Aim: This study aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge of probiotics among postgraduate students of an Indian dental college. Methods: This observational study utilized an online self-administered questionnaire, which was developed using a thorough review of the literature, consisting of 19 questions divided into three parts. The term probiotics was also assessed as general commercial compositions of both probiotics and prebiotics. The data gathered were analyzed statistically. Results: Postgraduate dental students were well aware of probiotic terms from TV or newspapers; however, necessary technical specifications were not known during purchase and were not familiar with trade names of probiotic preparations in the market. Conclusion: Students have good knowledge of probiotics and associated health benefits but technical information concerning commercial probiotics is lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The major burden of dementia will be falling on Low and middle‐income countries in the next few decades. One of the major strategies to counter the rise in dementia burden is primary prevention, especially in at‐risk elderly individuals. Method: Strategic Multimodal Intervention in at‐risk Elderly Indians for Prevention of Dementia (SMRUTHI INDIA) is designed as a Cohort Multiple Randomised Controlled Trial (cmRCT) under a prospective community‐based cohort in rural India with long‐term follow‐up over many years. The rural cohort will be established in four zones of India, under the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Model Rural Health Research Units (MRHRUs) at Himachal Pradesh (North), Tripura (East), Rajasthan (West) and Karnataka (South). We plan to recruit 10000 participants with age > = 55 years and CAIDE score > = 6. SMRUTHI INDIA will be established in 2 phases. Phase 1 involves establishing a cohort (phase 1a) and development, followed by validation of the multimodal care bundle (phase 1 b). The care bundle preparation will have a development phase, acceptability and adaptability phase followed by feasibility testing involving a pilot RCT in a single centre. Phase 2 involves testing multiple interventions in cmRCT, and the first intervention to be tested will be the multimodal care bundle. The primary outcome will be the incidence of all‐cause dementia. Result: SMRUTHI INDIA will establish in parallel a large prospective rural cohort of at‐risk elderly in India and develop a culturally adapted and context‐specific multimodal care bundle. At the end of Phase 1, we will have the results of the pilot RCT on the feasibility of multimodal care bundle. Conclusion: SMRUTHI INDIA is a landmark cohort multiple randomised controlled trial (cmRCT) which will assess multiple interventions for the primary prevention of dementia for the first time in India. Funding: Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilepsy is one of the most important neurological diseases with prolonged morbidity and disability leading to profound financial loss. There have not been many studies investigating factors influencing the quality of life in an epilepsy patient in India. This study was conducted among the epilepsy patients attending a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal, India. Two hundred and four epilepsy patients attending the Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Neuromedicine, Medical College, Kolkata were interviewed with the Bengali version of QOLIE 9 (i.e. Quality of life in Epilepsy 9 questionnaire). The mean of total QOLIE score was 18.02 ± 4.87, the range being 10 to 30. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that workdays lost due to epilepsy in last three months, use of two or more antiepileptic drugs, higher frequency of seizure, and longer time gap between onset of seizure and consultation with neurologist were significant predictors for poorer quality of life score in the epilepsy patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Non-communicable chronic diseases form the most neglected, biggest global health burden. • They affect peri- and post-menopausal women equally. • Menopause transition and the post-menopausal period are associated with multiple repercussions/co-morbidities due to estrogen deficiency. • Spreading awareness about non-communicable chronic diseases by involving community health workers can go a long way in educating women in both rural and urban settings. • The use of applications based on artificial intelligence can enhance timely diagnosis, ensure proper interventions and enable women to approach clinicians. To identify peri- and post-menopausal women at risk of non-communicable diseases in rural India and to assess their prevalence amongst these groups via the use of artificial intelligence. An observational study conducted by the Indian Menopause Society in collaboration with the Government of Maharashtra. The study included rural women residents of three villages in the Latur district of Maharashtra, India. Accredited social health activist workers identified 400 peri- and post-menopausal women aged 45–60 years. Specific symptoms able to predict the presence of a non-communicable disease were identified through the use of artificial intelligence. Descriptive statistics and predictive network charts analysis. The mean age of 316 women included in the analysis was 50.4 years and the majority of them were illiterate (68 %). The prevalence of dyslipidaemia, osteopenia, diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypertension were 58 %, 50 %, 25 %, 25 %, and 20 % respectively. None of their symptoms or laboratory reports could be significantly correlated directly with any of these non-communicable diseases. Hence, we used a cluster of symptoms to suggest the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis and hypothyroidism via predictive network analysis charts. Screening of at-risk women can be done using an artificial intelligence-based screening tool for early diagnosis, timely referral and treatment of non-communicable diseases with the support of community health workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: India is undergoing a significant demographic shift with a growing older population, leading to an anticipated increase in people with dementia. Family caregivers, who are predominantly informal, carry the burden of care within households, facing numerous challenges that impact their well-being. Despite the cultural emphasis on family support, there is a lack of targeted interventions for caregivers in India. The WHO emphasises the importance of caregiver support, and recent advancements in information and communication technology, particularly mobile health (mHealth), offer promising avenues to address this need. This study protocol outlines an Indo-Sweden collaborative effort, funded by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Forte, to develop and assess the effectiveness of a mHealth application designed to improve caregiving skills, reduce caregiver burden and support family caregivers of persons with dementia., Methods and Analysis: The study will be conducted through a community-based cluster randomised controlled trial in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, with Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) serving as the unit of randomisation. The methodology includes several key phases: a needs assessment to understand caregiver requirements, the development of the mHealth application, comprehensive training for ASHAs and a thorough evaluation of the intervention's impact.The effectiveness of the intervention will be measured through quantitative assessments of stress reduction, depressive symptoms and quality of life improvements, alongside qualitative insights from stakeholders. Additionally, usability and cost analyses will be conducted to evaluate the practicality and economic feasibility of the intervention.The expected outcomes of this study include the creation of a scalable mHealth platform that facilitates remote support, bridges geographical gaps and enhances the well-being of caregivers in India's evolving healthcare landscape., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethical approval has been obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee of AIIMS Jodhpur (AIIMS/IEC/2022/4245)., Trial Registration Number: Clinical Trials Registry: CTRI/2022/12/048320., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)