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Objective: Kidney biopsy is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of kidney diseases. In India, there is no central registry for kidney biopsy, and data from eastern part of India is very sparse. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of 1312 native kidney biopsies done between 2013 and 2019. In all cases, light microscopy and immunofluorescence studies were done. Electron microscopy was performed on need basis. Results: Eight hundred two patients (61.1%) were male. Nephrotic syndrome was the commonest indication for kidney biopsy (63.6%). Primary glomerular disease was the most common lesion accounting for 84.76% of cases. The most common diagnosis among primary glomerulonephritis was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (23.02%) followed by minimal change disease (13.34%) and membranous nephropathy (13.26%). Secondary glomerulonephritis accounted for only 8.08% of total cases. Lupus nephritis accounted for only 4.88%. Lupus nephritis was seen more commonly in females (female:male = 9:1). Interstitial diseases accounted for 4.57% of total cases while vascular diseases were seen in 2.29% of cases. In patients with serum creatinine between 1.2 and 2.49 mg/dL, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was the most common lesion, followed by diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy. In subjects with serum creatinine ≥ 2.50 mg/dL, IgA nephropathy was the most common histopathology reported, followed by diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Conclusion: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was the commonest histopathological diagnosis followed by minimal change disease and membranous nephropathy. Lupus nephritis was the commonest lesion among secondary glomerulonephritis and was mostly seen in female patients. Kidney dysfunction was more common in IgA nephropathy, diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objective: Purpose of this research was to check the precision of gender identification using computed tomography (CT) head and neck scans and volumetric analysis of the maxillary sinus. Materials and Methods: For 50 patients (25 females and 25 males), left and right maxillary sinus scans were acquired, and linear measurements (width, length, height, and volume) were assessed. Both maxillary sinus measurements' means and standard deviations were computed and contrasted. Results: Males have been found to have considerably larger maxillary sinuses than females. Conclusion: Accurate gender determination is possible with the use of maxillary sinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Use of the Mitrofanoff principle is a valuable adjunct to many reconstructive urological procedures in the pediatric age group requiring clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) especially if the urethra is not easily catheterizable. We present our experience with 122 children and analyze the results of this operation. Materials and Methods: 133 Mitrofanoff channels (100 appendicular, 31 ureteric and 2 Monti) were constructed in 122 children (93 boys and 29 girls) of mean age 6.3 years over the period from 1997 to 2005. The procedure was part of the reconstructive procedure in patients of neurogenic bladder (n=44), exstrophy-epispadias (n=40), posterior Urethral valve (n=30), and other diseases (n=8). Additional procedures included augmentation cystoplasty (n=90) and bladder neck procedure (n=46). Results: Mean follow-up was 2.6 years in 109 patients. Overall results were satisfactory. Major complication rates with the Mitrofanoff conduit using appendicular and ureteric channels were 7.4 % in and 25.8%, respectively, most of the ureteric channels due to non-use, there being alternate channels for catheterization. Only six (4.5%) children required re-operation for significant problems with the Mitrofanoff conduit: revision of stoma due to stenosis or kinking (n=4) and closure of stoma due to troublesome leak (n=2). Children and parents were satisfied with the results of the operation and the majority was compliant with regular CIC. All children were socially well accepted and those above 6 years of age were attending regular school. Conclusions: The Mitrofanoff procedure is a feasible and acceptable option, with a low complication rate, for use as part of complex urinary reconstruction in a developing country. Patient education, family motivation, and cost reduction are important factors for success.