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Declaration of patient consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. Keywords: Melanocytic Nevi; open-angle glaucoma; trabecular meshwork EN Melanocytic Nevi open-angle glaucoma trabecular meshwork 2656 2657 2 07/15/22 20220701 NES 220701 A 17-year-old girl from rural Bihar presented with left-sided discoloration of periocular skin since birth [Figure 1a and [Figure 1b, occasional headache, and rapidly progressive diminution of vision in the left eye (LE) for past 20 days. [Extracted from the article]

The recently published mini-review article by Miotti et al is an effort to clarify various aspects regarding the choice between fat grafts and fillers in facial aesthetic surgery. One of the complications associated with the administration of fillers is the possibility of vascular injury and spread of the dermal filler into the orbit, causing unexpected effects at a site distant from that of the initial injection, including ophthalmoplegia, ptosis and even visual compromise. Acute vision loss following filler injection is a devastating complication, occurring in up to 0.0008% of cases. The greatest risk of this complication occurs with nasal augmentation, followed by glabellar wrinkle treatment. While injected autologous fat predominantly occludes the proximal portion of the ophthalmic artery, hyaluronic acid fillers obstruct the ophthalmic artery comparatively distally. Treatment interventions include thrombolysis, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, oral aspirin, cobamamide and acetazolamide and administration of corticosteroids. However, most studies show a poor prognosis in the form of partial or no recovery of vision. Hence, prevention is of paramount importance. A high index of suspicion is also warranted on the part of both those administering as well as receiving injections of facial fillers to prevent potentially vision-threatening complications of this seemingly innocuous procedure., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

The retrospective study by Lei et al is an investigation of the relationship between age and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in Chinese patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Elements of the study design prevent the generalizability of the study findings, limiting their clinical implications. We recommend consideration of stricter eligibility criteria, other variables like duration of diabetes, interpretation of gender-differences in SFCT, longitudinal follow-up, use of newer choroidal flow indices, comparison of values with normal controls, subgroup analysis to determine the effect of prior treatment, as well as consideration of various real-world scenarios in future studies., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Periodontitis is independently associated with numerous lifestyle diseases. Diabetic patients have approximately threefold increased odds of periodontitis, which in turn increases the risk of systemic inflammation. The study by Thazhe Poyil et al is an effort to establish the inflammatory link between diabetic re-tinopathy (DR) and periodontitis based on the periodontal inflamed surface area in diabetic patients with and without DR. To further advance the study, we suggest refining the eligibility criteria to explicitly state the clinical correlates of periodontitis and DR, larger sample size and improved sampling methodology, matching of baseline characteristics of the two groups, as well as improved statistical approach and interpretation of the study findings. Measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in studies comparing type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with DR of matched severity with and without periodontitis could provide a clearer picture of whether HbA1c level is indeed influenced by periodontitis., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: There are no conflicts of interest., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW; ICD-10 Code: G72.81) is a syndrome of generalized weakness described as clinically detectable weakness in critically ill patients with no other credible cause. The risk factors for ICU-AW include hyperglycemia, parenteral nutrition, vasoactive drugs, neuromuscular blocking agents, corticosteroids, sedatives, some antibiotics, immobilization, the disease severity, septicemia and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multiorgan failure, prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV), high lactate levels, older age, female sex, and pre-existing systemic morbidities. There is a definite association between the duration of ICU stay and MV with ICU-AW. However, the interpretation that these are modifiable risk factors influencing ICU-AW, appears to be flawed, because the relationship between longer ICU stays and MV with ICU-AW is reciprocal and cannot yield clinically meaningful strategies for the prevention of ICU-AW. Prevention strategies must be based on other risk factors. Large multicentric randomized controlled trials as well as meta-analysis of such studies can be a more useful approach towards determining the influence of these risk factors on the occurrence of ICU-AW in different populations., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a common eye surface tumour, characterized by the growth of abnormal cells on the ocular surface. OSSN includes invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), in which tumour cells penetrate the basement membrane and infiltrate the stroma, as well as non-invasive conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia, dysplasia, and SCC in-situ thereby presenting a challenge in early detection and diagnosis. Early identification and precise demarcation of the OSSN border leads to straightforward and curative treatments, such as topical medicines, whereas advanced invasive lesions may need orbital exenteration, which carries a risk of death. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool in the field of eye care and holds potential for its application in OSSN management. AI algorithms trained on large datasets can analyze ocular surface images to identify suspicious lesions associated with OSSN, aiding ophthalmologists in early detection and diagnosis. AI can also track and monitor lesion progression over time, providing objective measurements to guide treatment decisions. Furthermore, AI can assist in treatment planning by offering personalized recommendations based on patient data and predicting the treatment response. This manuscript highlights the role of AI in OSSN, specifically focusing on its contributions in early detection and diagnosis, assessment of lesion progression, treatment planning, telemedicine and remote monitoring, and research and data analysis., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare there are no conflicts of interest., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

In the retrospective study by Luo et al regarding clinical outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the results are statistically significant in favour of the benefits of individualized nutrition interventions enumerated therein. The study has provided important evidence to improve maternal and child health in the Asian population. The methods, however, appear to have considerable limi-tations, wherein the time point of diagnosis of GDM, severity of GDM, selection bias, compliance to therapy, important maternal covariates, observable microvascular abnormalities and the confounding effect of added insulin have not been considered. We have provided suggestions to improve the external validity of the study, including the use of Equator Network reporting guidelines and inclusion of overweight and obese patients in future studies., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ocular trauma to anterior segment as an important cause of preventable morbidity to vision is commonly encountered in this tertiary care centre and requires a targeted approach for preventing visual impairment and loss to the population at large. To find out sociodemographic and clinical pattern of anterior segment involvement in patients of trauma to the eye, a retrospective study was carried out in 380 eyes of 354 patients in Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, RIMS, Ranchi during the period July, 2005 to June 2007. Demographic profile, nature of injury and visual acuity were studied from the records. More than 3/4 ths of patients were male, nearly 46.9% of them in the age group of 21-40 years, blunt injury accounted for 62.4% of cases and right eye affected in 260 cases (68.4%). Cornea bore the brunt most often (56.6%) and most common visual acuity at presentation was less than 6/60 to perception of light (41.8%).

A 5 months old female baby was presented with congenital abnormality at the outpatients' department. She had syndactyly of proximal and middle phalanges of middle and ring fingers of both the hands and third and fourth toes of right foot. Ocular examination showed absent eyebrows and eyelashes and shallow orbits. The diagnosis was made of cryptophthalmos--syndactyly syndrome. She was operated upon. The outcome of the operation was very poor and the end result was disappointing.