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Background: Health communication studies emphasize the importance of addressing the needs and expectations of patients and families with the disclosure of grave medical conditions. However, little attention has focused on their expectations and experiences of the clinical encounters in diagnosis disclosure of dementia.Methods: In-depth post-encounter interviews with ten patients and 17 companions from two memory clinics in Israel were analyzed using grounded theory. The analysis focused on identifying their expectations, their experiences, and their perceptions of the process and outcomes.Results: Major differences exist between patients' and companions' expectations. Patients' expectations were an expression of the lack of knowledge/understanding of the visit's purpose and of insight into the memory deterioration. Companions had more clear-cut expectations: some desired confirmation of the legitimacy and pertinence of their concerns about their relatives' memory problem, whereas others hoped to allay their concerns. Patients' dissatisfaction stemmed mostly from their perceptions of the process, communication, and outcome. Companions' dissatisfaction stemmed from lack of information or of tailored follow-up processes for implementing recommendations provided by the clinic.Conclusions: Our findings expose two main issues challenging fulfillment of the different and frequently opposing expectations of patients and companions. The first is a consequence of the multi-participant nature of the encounter and the second relates to the character and severity of the disease itself. The discordance between the expectations of the two participants generates conflicts that interfere with meeting their diverse needs within the encounters - with consequent disappointment. The implications of these issues merit consideration in the planning of dementia management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The aim of the current study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Greek translation of the Short Anxiety Screening Test (SAST), for use in primary care settings. The scale consists of 10 items and is a brief clinician rating scale for the detection of anxiety disorder in older people, particularly, in the presence of depression. Methods The study was performed in two rural primary care settings in Crete. The sample consisted of 99 older (76 ± 6.3 years old) people, who fulfilled the participating criteria. The translation and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire was performed according to international standards. Internal consistency using the Cronbach α coefficient and test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the reliability of the tool. An exploratory factor analysis using Varimax with Kaiser normalisation (rotation method) was used to examine the structure of the instrument, and for the correlation of the items interitem correlation matrix was applied and assessed with Cronbach α. Results Translation and backtranslation did not reveal any specific problems. The psychometric properties of the Greek version of the SAST scale in primary care were good. Internal consistency of the instrument was good, the Cronbach α was found to be 0.763 (P < 0.001) and ICC (95% CI) for reproducibility was found to be 0.763 (0.686 to 0.827). Factor analysis revealed three factors with eigenvalues >1.0 accounting for 60% of variance, while the Cronbach α was >0.7 for every item. Conclusions The Greek translation of the SAST questionnaire is comparable with that of the original version in terms of reliability, and can be used in primary healthcare research. Its use in clinical practice should be primarily as a screening tool only at this stage, with a follow-up consisting of a detailed interview with the patient, in order to confirm the diagnosis.

Introduction: Hospital-associated functional decline (HAFD) is recognized as a leading cause of adverse hospitalization outcomes, such as prolonged hospitalization, falls, readmission, and mortality. Since most patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards are older-adults, HAFD presents a major challenge to internal medicine., Objectives: Describe functional trajectories of older-adults (aged ≥70 years) before, during and after acute hospitalization in internal-medicine units., Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted of 741 older-adults, hospitalized in two tertiary hospitals in Israel during the period 2009-2011. Basic functional status two weeks before admission, on-admission, at-discharge and one-month post-discharge was assessed using the modified Barthel Index (BI). Eight trajectories were identified., Results: Two-thirds of the participants were completely or almost independent at the pre-morbid period. About a half of the older-adults were hospitalized with pre-admission functional decline, a quarter deteriorated or died during hospitalization, and one-third improved during hospitalization. Most of the older-adults who were stable in functioning at the pre-admission period (57.1%) remained stable during and post-hospitalization; however, about a third of them did not return to their pre-morbid functioning levels. Approximately half of those with pre-morbid functional decline experienced additional deterioration of at least 5 points on the BI scale. Pre-morbid instrumental functional status, comorbidity and depressive symptoms have been found to distinguish older adults with similar pre-admission and in-hospital functional trends., Discussion: Eight functional trajectories describe the hospitalization period of older-adults in internal-medicine units. On-admission personal characteristics may be used to identify older-adults who are at risk of unwarranted hospitalization outcomes and thus allow intervention in the hospital-community interface.

Thanatophobia is omnipresent in our lives. Research has shown separate but connected constructs: fear of death or fear of the dying process. The influences on death anxiety are varied including religiosity, gender, psychological state, and age. It is often assumed by the children of the elderly that the fear of death is prevalent in their parents. Daily the medical staff encounters the presence of death anxiety: from family members or the staff itself. In order to understand this phenomenon, a three-tier study was conducted on non-terminal elderly inpatients in an acute geriatric care ward. The study showed that the elderly had low levels of anxiety (scoring 4/15 on Templer's Death Anxiety Scale) but their children scored higher for themselves (6.9/15) and for their parents (8.9/15). A regression model showed that only the presence of generalized anxiety and religiosity of parent had an effect explaining 33.6% of the variance. Death anxiety of death is usually absent in the elderly but rather they fear the dying process. On the other hand, their children do fear death, which they extrapolate onto their parents. This causes conflicts since the children prevent disclosure of relevant medical information to their parents. This has to be addressed by the staff when dealing with family members, to allow open and honest communication with their patients. The staff need to explain to the family that the elderly are not afraid of death but of the suffering from the dying process.

Background: post-hospitalisation functional decline is a widely described phenomenon, yet factors related to new disability in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in previously independently functioning older adults are rarely studied., Objective: to test whether change in cognitive status from admission to discharge during short-term acute-care hospitalisation is associated with the incidence of medium-term post-hospitalisation IADL dependency., Design: prospective cohort study., Setting: internal medicine wards in two Israeli medical centres., Subjects: two hundred and seventy-two hospitalised older adults (≥70) who were independent in self-care and mobility activities at admission, at discharge and 1 month after discharge, and who were independent in IADL pre-admission., Methods: cognitive status was evaluated at admission and at discharge using Pfeiffer's Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ). One-month post-discharge, IADL was assessed using Lawton and Brody's scale by telephone., Results: incidence of IADL dependency was 74/272 (27.2%). Controlling for length of stay, co-morbidities, re-hospitalisation and age, a one-unit decrease in SPMSQ score during hospital stay was associated with 1.57 higher odds (95% CI, 1.14-2.15) of post-hospitalisation new IADL dependency. The odds of new IADL dependency were also significantly higher in participants who were rehospitalised within the previous month (odds ratio = 2.65; 95% CI, 1.25-5.62)., Conclusions: decline in SPMSQ score during acute hospitalisation has a detrimental effect on functional decline after acute hospitalisation, defined by incidence IADL dependency. This finding emphasises the need to identify cognitive decline during hospitalisation to allow timely intervention to prevent post-discharge functional decline in this population., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: The aim of this study was to test the association between anxiety at the time of hospitalization and falls occurring within one month of discharge, and to offer potential mechanisms for this association., Methods: One-month, prospective cohort study of 556 older adults in two medical centers in Israel. Anxiety and functional decline were assessed during hospitalization and falls were assessed one month post-discharge., Results: A total of 72 (12.9%) participants reported at least one fall during the 30-day post-discharge period. Controlling for demographics, functional decline and pre-morbid functional status, the odds of falls between discharge, and 1-month follow-up were almost twice as high among patients with anxiety symptoms (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.04-3.48) compared with those who screened negative for anxiety. After accounting for in-hospital functional decline, the relationship between anxiety symptoms and falls decreased by 11% (from OR = 2.13 to 1.89), indicating that the relationship between anxiety and falls was partially mediated by functional decline during hospitalization., Conclusions: Anxiety at time of hospitalization is associated with falls 30-days post-discharge, controlling for several well-known confounders. This relationship is partially mediated by functional decline. Identifying patients with anxiety for inclusion in targeted rehabilitation interventions may be an important component of fall prevention strategies.

Around hospitalization, older adults often experience functional decline which can be a reflection of their need for nursing care. Given a shortage of nurses, determining the relationship between functional change and patients' satisfaction with nursing care can help to gauge the need for care. We assessed this relationship in a mixed prospective-correlational cohort study with 393 patients, 70 years or older. The art, tangible aspects and general satisfaction with nursing care were measured through interviews conducted at discharge. Patients' functional status was assessed at admission and discharge. Decline in functioning during hospitalization was the most powerful predictor of higher satisfaction with art and tangible aspects of nursing care in multivariate regression (β = 0.17-0.19, P < 0.01). This finding suggests that patients whose functioning deteriorates during hospitalization, have a greater need for and more contact with professional nursing care, and therefore report higher satisfaction with specific aspects of nursing care., (© 2014 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.)

Objectives: To investigate the combined contribution of processes of hospitalization and preadmission individual risk factors in explaining functional decline at discharge and at 1-month follow-up in older adults with nondisabling conditions., Design: Prospective cohort study., Setting: Internal medicine wards in two Israeli medical centers., Participants: Six hundred eighty-four individuals aged 70 and older admitted for a nondisabling problem., Measurements: Functional decline was measured according to change in modified Barthel Index from premorbid to discharge and from premorbid to 1 month after discharge. In-hospital mobility, continence care, sleep medication consumption, satisfaction with hospital environment, and nutrition intake were assessed using previously tested self-report instruments., Results: Two hundred eighty-two participants (41.2%) reported functional decline at discharge and 317 (46.3%) at 1 month after discharge. Path analysis indicated that in-hospital mobility (standardized maximum likelihood estimate (SMLE) = -0.48, P < .001), continence care (SMLE = -0.12, P < .001), and length of stay (LOS) (SMLE = 0.06, P < .001) were directly related to functional decline at discharge and, together with personal risk factors, explained 64% of variance. In-hospital mobility, continence care, and LOS were indirectly related to functional decline at 1 month after discharge through functional decline at discharge (SMLE = 0.45, P < .001). Nutrition consumption (SMLE = -0.07, P < .001) was significantly related to functional decline at 1 month after discharge, explaining, together with other risk factors, 32% of variance., Conclusion: In-hospital low mobility, suboptimal continence care, and poor nutrition account for immediate and 1-month posthospitalization functional decline. These are potentially modifiable hospitalization risk factors for which practice and policy should be targeted in efforts to curb the posthospitalization functional decline trajectory., (© 2015, Copyright the Authors Journal compilation © 2015, The American Geriatrics Society.)

Background: It is now reported that non-motor features, cognitive and affective problems, are becoming a major factor in essential tremor (ET). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cognitive and affective dysfunction in ET and to prospectively follow-up changes in the subjects., Methods: Fifty-two persons over the age of 50 years were recruited from the Movement Disorder Clinic. The subjects underwent baseline neurological, cognitive, and mood assessments and repeat assessment 2 years later., Results: The mean age was 68 years, with an average age of ET onset of 55.8 years and with a mean disease duration of 11.7 years. At initial cognitive assessment using various instruments and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, 69.2% had mild cognitive impairment (MCI). There were disturbances in phonemic fluency, verbal memory, concentration, and semantic fluency; 25% suffered from anxiety and 17.6% from depression. During the 2 years there was an annual 8.4% conversion rate to dementia, with all convertors initially suffering from MCI. Another 25% converted from no initial cognitive impairment to MCI within 2 years. At follow-up the same percentage was still suffering from anxiety., Discussion: The study confirms our hypothesis that ET patients suffer from MCI and anxiety. Though a control group was not used, the conversion rates for patients without ET and with/without MCI are known. The uniqueness of this study is that at follow-up, those with ET and MCI had a similar conversion rate to dementia to those suffering from MCI only. Additionally, persons with ET and no initial cognitive impairment were found to be at greater risk for developing MCI than the normal population. Clinicians must increase their awareness of cognitive impairment and anxiety in persons with ET and begin immediate treatment when indicated.

Objectives: To explore the effects of four types of support (psychological support, instrumental support, supervision of instrumental support, and explanation of medical care) on the level of depressive symptoms among hospitalized older adults., Method: The sample consisted of 468 older adults admitted to the internal medicine units of a large tertiary care medical center in northern Israel. Respondents filled out self-report questionnaires upon admission and discharge. Information regarding severity of illness, chronic health status, and length of hospital stay was gathered from their medical records. Multivariate regression was used to test the association between the four types of caregiving support and depressive symptoms., Results: Psychological support from informal caregivers was found to be negatively related to depressive symptoms, and instrumental support to be positively related to depressive symptoms among respondents who were more independent in their functioning before the hospitalization. These relationships remained significant after controlling for previously-identified precursors of depressive symptoms: age, gender, education, widowhood, functional and cognitive status, severity of illness, co-morbidities, and length of hospital stay. Supervision of instrumental support and explanation of medical care were not related to depressive symptoms., Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that functional status, the kind of support, and the setting in which it is given are important in understanding the influence of informal support on the well-being of older adults. The potentially positive as well as negative consequences of various types of support in the hospital setting should be recognized and addressed.

With the world's population aging, there is an increase in the number of demented elderly. It is vital to study this phenomenon in epidemiological and clinical studies, particularly the effects on the increasing numbers of demented elderly. Researchers need to understand the factors predicting the general decline in the demented elderly. However, before any research is undertaken, it is necessary to obtain approval from the Local Internal Review Board. This committee is responsible to maintain accepted national and international ethical standards. The basis for recruitment to a study is the signature on the informed consent form, where the patient is required to understand the study, internalize the study's aim, to consider all options and finally, to express an opinion. Potential elderly participants need to have their judgment evaluated before signing the form. In cases where the subject is incapable, some countries, including Israel, require that there be a legal guardianship. This is a long and complicated process that causes researchers not to recruit demented patients into a study which may actually be beneficial to all. Some countries allow a proxy to sign informed consent forms to permit the demented subject to participate in the study. Often the threshold may depend on the invasiveness of the intervention. The problem of proxies to sign informed consent form troubles researchers worldwide. This article addresses the history and development of ethics in research, and raises the issue to promote an official policy for proxy consent signing.

Background: Use of sleep medications as a result of hospitalization among older adults is common and has been shown to result in chronic use and increased risks for adverse effects such as falls and cognitive decline. However, few studies have explored in-hospital sleep medication use or disuse as a possible factor related to subsequent home use., Objective: The aim of this study was to examine changes in sleep medication use pre- to post-hospitalization as a function of in-hospital use., Methods: The study was designed as a prospective cohort study, and included 485 acute medical patients aged 70 years and older, hospitalized in a large, Israeli, teaching medical centre. Sleep medication use was assessed by patient interviews regarding patterns of use prior to, during and at 1 and 3 months after discharge. Post-discharge using patterns were assessed as a function of in-hospital discontinuation or initiation of sleep medications; background demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed as well. Logistic regressions were modelled separately for discontinuation and initiation of sleep medication use at each follow-up., Results: Of those patients who used sleep medications prior to admission, 37 (18% of 206 prior users) discontinued use during the hospital stay. Non-use of sleep medications during hospitalization was the main significant characteristic associated with post-hospitalization discontinuation among prior users, when comparing patients who continued with those who discontinued using sleep medications in bivariate analyses. Discontinuation was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR, adjusted for cognitive status) of 3.91 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.64, 9.30) for non-use at the 1-month follow-up. Of those who did not use sleep medications prior to admission, 39 (14% of 279 non-prior users) initiated use during hospitalization. Again, sleep medication initiation at time of hospitalization was the main correlate of change in post-hospitalization medication use status, when comparing post-discharge users and non-users, among the non-prior users. Hospital initiation of sleep medications was associated with an AOR (adjusted for levels of education and morbidity, readmission, and functional status) of 4.65 (95% CI 1.95, 11.09) for post-discharge use. Similar results were obtained for the 3-month follow-up, reaching significance levels only for the discontinuation group., Conclusions: Though overall prevalence rates of sleep medication use pre- and post-hospitalization are fairly similar, rigorous scrutiny of the findings demonstrates that in-hospital sleep medication use and disuse may be a significant turning point both for initiation and discontinuation of sleep medications, especially in the short post-discharge time frame. Thus, in-hospital sleep medication prescribing policies should acknowledge the potential for changes in the post-discharge sleep medication regimen.

Aim: This paper is a report of the development and psychometric testing of the questionnaire evaluating informal caregiving for hospitalized older adults., Background: Informal caregiving of hospitalized older adults is an understudied phenomenon that lacks a valid and reliable measure to capture its multi-dimensionality., Methods: An instrument development procedure, followed by an empirical study, was conducted from February to November 2009. Instrument development included item generation and content validity, which was established by five experts. The validation study utilized a retrospective between-patients design. The sample consisted of 279 patients, aged 70 and older, who were hospitalized in a large medical centre in northern Israel. The internal consistency reliability, construct, convergent and divergent validity of the measure were tested., Results: The 14-item scale describes various aspects of informal caregiving for older adults in the hospital setting. The scale has four dimensions: Instrumental care, Supervision of care, Psychological support and Ensuring and Explaining care. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the theoretical model of the four dimensions of care. Reliability analysis revealed acceptable-to-high estimates for the total and for the dimensional scores (ranging from 0·78 to 0·89). The convergent and divergent validity coefficients were all in the expected direction., Conclusions: The preliminary psychometric properties of the measure showed acceptable results. The measure should be further explored in different cultural settings and for its ability to link between caregiving attributes, as captured by the measure, and hospitalization outcomes in older adults., (© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Reliability and validity of the Executive Function Route-finding Task (EFRT) with people diagnosed as having mild cognitive impairment was examined. Twenty-three people with mild cognitive impairment with a mean age of 77.4 (± 7.5) years and 23 healthy controls with a mean age of 74.3 (± 4.9) years participated. The EFRT was administered along with other tests for executive functions: Executive Interview and two subtests from the Executive Functions Performance Test (EFPT). Findings showed high inter-rater reliability for the EFRT. In addition, the control group performed significantly better on all tests, thus confirming the construct validity of the EFRT. However, further examination into the clinical significance of these findings is needed. Concurrent validity was partially demonstrated by low to moderate significant correlation between the EFRT and one subtest from the EFPT. The results of this study support the reliability and validity of the EFRT among people with mild cognitive impairment., (Copyright 2011, SLACK Incorporated.)

Objectives: To describe the types of continence aids that older adults hospitalized in acute medical units use and to test the association between use of continence aids and development of new urinary incontinence (UI) at discharge., Design: Prospective cohort study., Setting: A 900-bed teaching hospital in Israel., Participants: Three hundred fifty-two acute medical patients aged 70 and older who were continent before admission., Measurements: In-hospital use of continence aids was assessed according to participant self-report on use of urinary catheters (UCs) or adult diapers or of self-toileting. The development of new UI was defined as participant report of inability to control voiding at discharge. Multivariate analyses modeled the association between use of continence aids (vs self-toileting) and the development of new UI, controlling for baseline functional and cognitive status, disease severity, age, and length of stay., Results: Of the 352 participants, 58 (16.5%) used adult diapers, and 27 (7.7%) had a UC during most of the hospital stay. Sixty (17.1%) participants developed new UI at discharge. The odds of developing new UI were 4.26 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.53-11.83) times higher for UC users and 2.62 (95% CI=1.17-5.87) times higher for adult diaper users than for the self-toileting group, controlling for the above risk factors., Conclusion: The use of adult diapers and UCs during acute hospitalization is associated with the development of new UI at discharge. The management of continence in hospitalized older adults requires more diligence, and further investigation is needed to devise continence promotion methods in hospital settings., (© 2011, Copyright the Authors. Journal compilation © 2011, The American Geriatrics Society.)

Objectives: To examine the association between mobility levels of older hospitalized adults and functional outcomes., Design: Prospective cohort study., Setting: A 900-bed teaching hospital in Israel., Participants: Five hundred twenty-five older (≥70) acute medical patients hospitalized for a nondisabling condition., Measurements: In-hospital mobility was assessed using a previously validated scale. The main outcomes were decline from premorbid baseline functional status at discharge (activities of daily living (ADLs)) and at 1-month follow-up (ADLs and instrumental ADLs (IADLs)). Hospital mobility levels and functional outcomes were assessed according to prehospitalization functional trajectories. Logistic regressions were modeled for each outcome, controlling for functional status, morbidity, and demographic characteristics., Results: Forty-six percent of participants had declined in ADLs at discharge and 49% at follow-up; 57% had declined in IADLs at follow-up. Mobility during hospitalization was twice as high in participants with no preadmission functional decline. Low versus high in-hospital mobility was associated with worse basic functional status at discharge (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=18.03, 95% confidence interval (CI)=7.68-42.28) and at follow-up (AOR=4.72, 95% CI=1.98-11.28) and worse IADLs at follow-up (AOR=2.00, 95% CI=1.05-3.78). The association with poorer discharge functional outcomes was present in participants with preadmission functional decline (AOR for low vs high mobility=15.26, 95% CI=4.80-48.42) and in those who were functionally stable (AOR for low vs high mobility=10.12, 95% CI=2.28-44.92)., Conclusion: In-hospital mobility is an important modifiable factor related to functional decline in older adults in immediate and short-term (1-month follow-up) functional outcomes., (© 2011, Copyright the Authors. Journal compilation © 2011, The American Geriatrics Society.)

Objective: The aim of the study was to empirically investigate the hypothesis that anxiety in the elderly, secondary to loss of memory, predicts future cognitive decline., Method: The participants were 137 elderly subjects with no depression or cognitive impairment from a community geriatric assessment unit, 45% with anxiety. In addition to demographic characteristics, cognitive status was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination; depression was assessed by Tucker's short Interviewer-Assisted Depression Rating Scale; anxiety by Sinoff's Short Anxiety Screening Test and Activities of Daily Living function by Shah's modified Barthel's Index., Results: At follow-up 37 persons had dropped out, leaving 100 participants for final analysis. Mean re-examination time was 3.2 years with no group differences. The mean MMSE and modified Barthel scores decreased significantly more in those with anxiety. A relative risk of 3.96 for developing future cognitive impairment was found. Regression analysis showed that only anxiety was a significant predictor of cognitive decline. By path analysis, a more parsimonious model showed anxiety to have both a direct and an indirect effect on predicting future cognitive decline, and that the effect of loss of memory on cognitive decline was via anxiety., Conclusions: Anxiety is inter-related and inseparable with loss of memory and its presence is a strong predictor for future cognitive decline, directly or indirectly via depression. It appears that loss of memory is the initial problem with consequent development of anxiety. Therefore, anxiety, like depression, is probably an early predictor of future cognitive decline and even possible future cognitive impairment., (Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Introduction: Depression in the elderly is frequently detected by screening instruments and often accompanied by anxiety. We set out to study if anxiety will affect the ability to detect depression by a screening instrument., Objective: To validate the short Zung depression rating scale in Israeli elderly and to study the affect of anxiety on its validity., Design: The short Zung was validated against a psychiatric evaluation, in a geriatric inpatient and outpatient service. The overall validity was determined, as well as for subgroups of sufferers and non-sufferers of anxiety., Setting: An urban geriatric service in Israel., Patients: 150 medical inpatients and outpatients, aged 70 years and older., Measures: Psychiatric evaluation of modified Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV as criterion standard for anxiety and depression and short Zung instrument for depression., Results: By criterion validity, 60% suffered from depression. The overall validity of the short Zung was high (sensitivity 71.1%, specificity 88.3%, PPV 90.1%, NPV 67.1%). The validity for those not suffering from anxiety was good (sensitivity 71.1%, specificity 90.2%, PPV 84.4%, NPV 80.7%). In those with anxiety, sensitivity, specificity and PPV were high (71.2%, 77.8%, 94.9% respectively), although the specificity was less than in non-suffers. However major difference was in the NPV rate being much lower (31.8%)., Conclusion: The short Zung, an easily administered instrument for detecting depression, is also valid in the Israeli elderly. However, anxiety limits the usefulness of this instrument in correctly ruling out depression. The clinician must be aware, therefore, that those suffering from anxiety may score negatively for depression on a screening instrument, such as the short Zung., (Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Introduction: The Short Anxiety Screening Test (SAST), an easily administered rating scale, was developed to standardize the detection of anxiety disorder in the elderly, even, and especially, in the presence of depression. The instrument also included somatic complaints, often the manifestation of anxiety in the elderly. Failure to relate to the anxiety component in depression may result in the initial failure of antidepressant therapy., Objective: To validate the SAST in the elderly, especially in the presence of depression., Design: The SAST was validated against a psychiatric evaluation in consecutive patients attending a geriatric service, both inpatient and outpatient. The initial validity of the SAST was tested in all the sample and subsequently in the subgroups of depressed and non-depressed., Setting: An urban geriatric service in Israel., Patients: One hundred and fifty medical inpatients and outpatients, 95 females, aged 70 years and older., Measures: Psychiatric evaluation of modified Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV as criterion standard for anxiety and depression, SAST for anxiety and short Zung Interview-Assisted Depression Rating Scale for depression., Results: By the psychiatrist's evaluation, 40.7% suffered from anxiety. Mean SAST scores in the presence and absence of anxiety were significantly different (25.3 and 20.1; p<0.0005). The overall validity of the SAST was high (sensitivity 75.4%, specificity 78.7%). In the presence of depression, sensitivity was 83.3% and specificity 70.5%., Conclusion: The SAST was valid in detecting anxiety in the elderly, as well as in depressed patients. The study proved the usefulness of the SAST in a geriatric assessment programme., (Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Background and Purpose: The Barthel Index for assessing activities of daily living (ADL) was developed particularly for young stroke patients, but it now has a wider application in the geriatric assessment profile. This study tests the validity of the Barthel Index by self-report in the old-old (> or = 75 years). If more than 10% of the studied population assessed themselves incorrectly (> or = 15-point discrepancy), the test may have limitations. We set out to try to quantify and explain this discrepancy., Methods: During a 3-month period, we tested 126 old-old patients, both geriatric medical inpatients and subjects from the community, in a cross-sectional study. Using the Barthel Index, their functional status was assessed by self-report and by observation of performance. A measure of the magnitude of discrepancy between the two methods (discrepancy score) was calculated as the difference between the self-report and performance total scores., Results: Comparing the self-report with actual ADL performance scores, the mean score for self-report was higher (90 vs 88). There was a low Kappa score in all areas of the scale (range 0.103-0.398). Twenty of the 126 patients (15.9%) scored 15 or more points in the discrepancy score. By running a multiple linear regression, we were able to explain only 21% of the variance in the discrepancy score (R2 = .21). Significant explanatory variables were the presence of cognitive impairment, source of patients from acute geriatric ward, and age (very old > or = 85 years)., Conclusion: For the purpose of this study, use of the Barthel Index by self-reporting was found to have its limitations in the old-old (> or = 75 years), particularly with regard to the very old (> or = 85 years) medical geriatric inpatients. Therefore, we suggest that the older people may have to be assessed by the rehabilitation services using a performance-based measure or a different self-report test for documenting their activities of daily living, bearing in mind that self-reported and performance-based measures capture physical abilities differently.

Cefaclor, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, was given orally as a suspension to 22 infants and children with acute otitis media and or/other infections, mainly of the respiratory tract, suspected to be of bacterial origin. The drug was found to be very easily accepted by the patients, and no side effects were encountered. Most patients became asymptomatic within 48 hours. Cefaclor is active against most bacteria producing acute otitis media, including ampicillin-resistant Hemophilus influenzae, and seems to be an effective bactericidal agent in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Caution is recommended when used in bacteremic infants who do not respond promptly to therapy, in view of the poor cerebrospinal fluid levels of the drug and the danger of meningitis.