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Although, the police are the main responsible for the prevention of drugs and psychotropic substance, due to the complexity and prevalence of this phenomenon, efforts are being made to use the capacities of the society like the youth to prevent this social pathology. This survey has investigated the youth participation in the prevention of the drugs and psychotropic substance and to examine its relationship with responsibility, police performance, awareness from the drugs consequences, problem solving skill, and some demographic variables. Population is the youth aged 18 to 30 in Yasouj, Gachsaran, and Dehdasht, that 332 cases were selected using the multi-stage random sampling method. Research instruments for measuring the participation in the prevention of the drugs, responsibility, police performance, and awareness from the drugs consequences are the researcher-made questionnaires, that their validity and reliability were assessed using the content validity and the Cronbach’s coefficient respectively. Furthermore, to measure the problem solving skill, the questionnaire prepared by D’Zurilla et al (2002) was employed. The descriptive findings showed that, the youth participation in the prevention of the drugs and psychotropic substance is on average and in particular, in the formal dimension (interaction & cooperation with police) is low. In addition, the analytical findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between police performance, awareness from the drugs consequences, problem solving skill, and the residency in Gachsaran, and the youth participation in the prevention of the drugs. The above-mentioned variables explain .206 of the variance of the dependent variable.

IntroductionMore than 464,000 people are killed each year worldwide. Homicide as a violent crime occurs in all countries, regardless of political, religious, or economic background. It is considered as a major public health issue. In explaining homicide, some studies have examined this phenomenon at the macro level and tried to explain the relationship between economic indicators and homicide. As a result, 4 approaches have been developed. The first view is that by improving economic indicators, homicide rates decrease. The mechanism of this negative relationship involves the effect of economic development on reducing or eliminating deprivation. Economic deprivation causes anger, frustration, and aggression. By lowering the tolerance threshold, it paves the way for murder in the society. The second view is that by improving economic indicators, homicide rates increase. The mechanism of this positive relationship is that the improvement of economic indicators would lead to urbanization, which weakens social cohesion and control by increasing heterogeneity and inequality and thus, the homicide rate rises in the society. The third view is that by declining economic indicators, homicide rates increase. The mechanism of this positive relationship originates from Durkheim's idea, which states that in the context of economic recession, one's status is impaired and individuals have difficulty in matching their expectations and abilities. The last view is that by declining economic recession, homicide rates decrease. The mechanism of this negative relationship originates from Henry and Short's idea of how people interpret this situation. If they attribute their misery and deprivation to macroeconomics and its performance, the homicide rate will decrease, but if they attribute their feelings to themselves, the homicide rate will raise. Although Iran is considered as one of the low-rate countries in terms of homicide, the homicide rate has been fluctuated during the past three decades. Since there is no longitudinal study of the relationship between economic indicators and homicide in Iran, the key question of the present study was whether there was a relationship between economic indicators and homicide rates in Iran or not. Materials and MethodsThis time-series study examined the relationship between economic indicators, including GDP per capita, inflation, unemployment, women's participation in labor force, and the internet penetration, and homicide rate during 1995-2018. The research data were collected from the Iranian Statistical Center, the Central Bank of Iran, the Iranian police, and the World Bank. To investigate the short-run and long-run relationship between the variables, Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was applied in Microfit 5 software. Discussion of Results & ConclusionsBased on the results, the long-run relationship of economic indices and homicide rate showed that GDP per capita and the internet penetration negatively affected homicide and women's participation in labor force had a positive impact on it. Moreover, there was no significant relationship of unemployment and inflation with homicide. The negative relationship between GDP per capita, the internet penetration, and homicide obviously confirmed the first theoretical approach (the more improving the economic indicators were, the less homicide rates appeared). On the other hand, the positive relationship between women's participation in labor force and homicide clearly affirmed the second theoretical perspective (the more improving the economic indicators were, the more homicide rates occurred). In the end, the following two key limitations had to be considered: 1) Iran's economy is mainly a state economy that is dependent on oil export and affected by foreign sanctions. Thus, a part of fluctuations in the economic indicators during the period of 1995-2018 was influenced by intensifying or improving the above mentioned factors, which could not be controllable by the author ; 2) There were other variables for measuring economic indicators, to which the author did not have access. It is clear that they must be also tested in order to obtain a more obvious perspective on the relationship between economic indices and homicide rates.

Introduction Work ethic is a fundamentally set of values based on moral virtues of hard work and diligence. Work ethic generally is associated with attendance and punctuality, character (honesty, reliability, self-discipline, self-responsibility), teamwork (respecting the rights of others, being a team worker, being cooperative, being assertive), good appearance, positive attitude and self-confidence, productivity, organizational skills, clear verbal and nonverbal communication, cooperation and good relationships, and respect for oneself and for other people. Work ethic is considered as an important need for every country because human labor with a strong work ethic can play a key role in realizing the national goals. But, many managers and employers believe that it is becoming increasingly difficult to hire workers who have a strong work ethic. Therefore, work ethic and the strategies to improve it have been highly considered. Regarding the cross-cultural studies, Muslim, developing and collectivistic societies have a stronger work ethic than Protestant or Catholic, developed and individualistic cultures. Work ethic obviously influences different aspects of human life, and it is, in turn, affected by micro, meso, and macro factors. While macro level puts emphasis on some wide-ranging causes like economic conditions, cultural values, and religion, meso levels refer to some organizational attributes. And micro levels put more value on individuals and personal attributes like locus of control. There are two indicators to assess work ethic; working hours per week, and national productivity of labor force. Although human labor in Iran with working 44 hours per week is considered as an appropriate work ethic, labor national productivity as another indicator of work ethic is not desirable in this country. The cross-cultural study of work ethic has not received any attention in Iran, and there is no research comparing work ethic between Muslim and Catholics. This research has tried to compare Iran as a Muslim, developing, and collectivistic culture with Italy as a Catholic, developed, and individualistic one. Thus, this research is trying to respond the following questions; 1) is there any significant difference between Iranian and Italian employees in work ethic? 2) Is there any significant relationship between locus of control and work ethic among the Iranian and Italian employees? Material & Methods This cross-cultural survey was conducted on 306 administrative employees working at two state universities in Iran and Italy. They were chosen by using the systematic sampling method. For assessing work ethic, the short form of Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile (MWEP) developed by Meriac et al. (2013) was used. The MWEP consists of 28 items measuring seven dimensions; (1) centrality of work, a belief that work is important in its own rights, (2) self-reliance, representing a drive toward independence in task accomplishment, (3) hard work, the belief that an increased level of effort is the key to effective task accomplishment, (4) leisure, a value on downtime/non-work activities, (5) morality/ethics, a proclivity to engage in just/moral behavior, (6) delay of gratification, the capacity to postpone rewards until a later date, and (7) wasted time, a value regarding the productive use of time. The MWEP is rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale and the range is between 28 and 140. On the other hand, for estimation of locus of control, the Rotter’s (1966) internal external scale was applied. This scale comprises a single bipolar dimension or continuum; high internals are located at one end, and high externals are located at the other. The scale consists of 29 forced-choice items; six of them are filler items and 23 are scoring items. Each item is made up of a pair of statements, one for the internal locus of control dimension, the other for the external locus of control one. The respondents were asked to choose one statement (a) or (b) from each sentence. Every item is interchangeably scored zero or one and generally, the scale score ranged from zero to 23. The higher scores were indicative of an external locus of control, and lower scores were representative of an internal locus of control. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Research findings clearly showed that while the Iranian employees put more value on hard work and leisure, the Italian employees placed more value on self-reliance, morality/ethics, and wasted time. Moreover, the two groups were the same in terms of the delay of gratification, and centrality of work. However, the Italian employees achieved higher scores in MWEP. Based on the research findings, there was a statistically significant difference between the Iranian and Italian employees in terms of work ethic so that the mean work ethic of the Italian staffs was higher than the Iranian counterparts. On the other hand, there was a positive significant relationship between locus of control and work ethic in the both groups (Iranian and Italian employees). It indicated that, the participants with high internal locus of control get more score in work ethic. This research finding was empirically well-matched with the results of Furnham (1987) demonstrating people with high internal locus of control were more likely to endorse the Protestant work ethic. Theoretically, this research result was logical because people who believed the world is ordered based on the personal effort and ability (internal LOC), were more likely motivated to do their job ethically compared to people who believed the world is unordered based on fate and chance (external LOC). In other words, a person with an external locus of control was less likely to take responsibility for the consequences of ethical/unethical behavior and was more likely to rely on external forces. But, a person with an internal locus of control was more likely to take responsibility for consequences and rely on his/her internal determination of right and wrong to guide his/her behavior.

Introduction Health is not essentially a biological concept and instead, it includes the socio-psychological aspects. Moreover, health is not a personal theme and it is rooted in the structure of the society. There is valid evidence that social determinants of health have a great effect on physical health. Based on some estimation, almost half of people’s health is determined by the social factors like, poverty, literate, housing, occupation, and respecting the women rights, and the other half is due to the health system, genetic issues, and the environment. Diabetes as a metabolic disease that results from disorder in insulin leakage, insulin function, or both has been rapidly increasing during the past several decades and now, it is becoming a public health problem all over the world. The outbreak of diabetes was 285 million in 2010, this rate reached 371 million in 2012, and it is predicted that it will reach 552 million by 2030. Based on the evidence, the epidemic of diabetes in Iran is high and around 7 million people are infected to diabetes in this country. The rapid increase of diabetes has a close relation with social factors. In this regard, it could have a close connection with the social capitals. It is assumed that social spaces including participation and trust through social support, awareness and sensitivity, facilitate the health or create it as well. In fact, social capital can raise health through providing social support, self-esteem, and mutual respect. On the other hand, it is believed that people who have cultural capital are equipped with a set of knowledge and cognitive skills, which prevent them committing high risk behaviors. Finally, economic capital gives people the possibility to provide their basic needs like food and house, cope with the problems that bring about less stress, and have more access to health and therapy. As a whole, it seems that social, cultural and economic capitals are able to influence diabetes. Given that, this relationship has been rarely studied, the main purpose of this research is to investigate whether the social, cultural, and economic capitals affect physical health (diabetes). Material & Methods This cross-sectional survey has been carried out on the people aged 40 to 60 in Tabriz. Thus, 385 people were selected by means of random multi-sage sampling method. In a one-month phase, the respondents were invited to a special laboratory in Tabriz for doing a blood test free of charge. After referring to the laboratory and doing the test, they were given the research questionnaires to respond. For assessing social capital variable, the social capital questionnaire developed by Onyx and Bullen (2000), was employed. This instrument had been used before in Iran and of course its psychometric properties had been confirmed. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of internal consistency was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, which was 0.875. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure cultural capital consisting of three dimensions: institutional, visual and objective. This questionnaire has 15 items, which is measured at two-level nominal rating scale (yes = 1 and no = 0) and scores range from 0 to 15. According to the items of this questionnaire, which were mainly based on objective reality assessment, the content validity and opinions of the reviewers were used to determine its validity. Internal consistency was used to determine its reliability by Kuder-Richardson method which was 0.766. For measuring economic capital operationally, researcher-made questionnaire consisted of 10 items was used to measure the operational capital of the economy, consisting of 2 items (yes = 1 and no = 0) at nominal level, with scores ranging from 0 to 10. Considering that the items of this questionnaire are also based on objective reality assessment, content validity was used to assess validity and Kuder-Richardson coefficient was used to determine its reliability, which was 0.780. Finally, for measuring physical health, the result of blood sugar extracted by the blood test was made use of. The Logistic Regression Analysis lastly was used for the calculation of the relationships between the variables. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Based on the descriptive research findings, the rate of infection to abnormal diabetes among the respondents was 15.1% which is approximately compatible with the formal statistics in Iran which is 12% of the population over 18 years of age. According to the research findings, social capital has a significant impact on physical health, and with increasing social capital, the proportion of the chance to join the normal blood sugar group increases. This research finding in accordance with the theoretical bases of the study which show that social networks with decreasing anxiety, enforcing health, requesting more suitable health service, and activating the defensive body system, can improve the health. The research findings also indicate that, cultural capital has a significant effect on physical health (diabetes) so that, with increasing the cultural capital the probability of being a member of the normal group (non-diabetes), increases. This research finding in agreement with the theoretical framework of the study and displays that the respondents who have a higher level of information and cognitive abilities, are more sensitive toward their health and as a result, they avoid doing behaviors which can increase the risk of being infected with the diabetes like over consuming sweets, sugar substances, soda or tolerating the severe hunger that are able to create disorder in exudation insulin. Finally, the research findings demonstrate that, economic capital has a significant effect on physical health (diabetes) so that, the higher economic capital people have, the higher chance they have to be the member of the normal group (non-diabetes). It should be pointed out that, this research finding in harmony with the theoretical bases which show that increased economic capital will provide greater access to health services as well as exercise and more opportunities for physical health.

Introduction Social Sciences is one of the majors of humanities in most universities in Iran with many students. According to the ruling discourse in Iran, graduates of the humanities expect to be recruited by the government after graduation. However, according to Article 65 of the Five-Year Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2011-2015), which emphasizes organizing and reduction of manpower and the slow down of the government size, this discourse is not feasible. Given the increasing unemployment of graduates of the social sciences, on the one hand, and the availability of acceptable capacities in the country, on the other hand, the areas for the expansion of employment among graduates of the social sciences can be created by identifying entrepreneurial opportunities and exploiting them. But this has been under less attention. Therefore, the fundamental question of the present research is that, firstly, what entrepreneurial opportunities can be identified in the social sciences of Iran? And secondly, what factors influence the exploitation of these entrepreneurial opportunities? Puhakka (2010) believes that, opportunity recognition is composed of components such as competitive environment for collecting and analyzing information; a pioneering search of opportunities of future values ​​that relate to a brief image of the future and creation of an innovative strategy of opportunity strategy that are related to different economic activities. The exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities is the process of entrepreneurial decision-making, the creation of required entrepreneurial resources, policy and value creation. After finding entrepreneurial opportunities, entrepreneurs need to decide on development opportunities (Yefei, 2013). The exploitation of opportunities is influenced by several factors that some of them are as follows: Entrepreneurial spirit is a set of personality-psychological factors of entrepreneurs. In this regard, Parker (2004) and Davidsson (2006) argue that these features have a great influence on people's decision to start a business (Mueller, 2006). Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research is that, there seems to be a significant relationship between the entrepreneurial spirit and the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences. Cultural capital is defined as symbolic resources or goods that are passed from a generation to another generation among middle and upper classes in order to maintain the base of the class (Bourdieu, 1977; Farkas, 2003). According to Shane (2003), the education and experience of a person that is one of the aspects of cultural capital affects the decision to exploit opportunities. Therefore, the second hypothesis of the research is that, there seems to be a significant relationship between cultural capital and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences. Economic capital represents financial assets of any form that is directly convertible into money (Bourdieu, 1986; Jary & Jary, 1995), and Reynolds and White (1997) believe it to be significant in launching an enterprise. Therefore, the third hypothesis of the research is that, there seems to be a significant relationship between economic capital and the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences. Material & Methods In this research, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies was used for the research. Accordingly, the qualitative research stage was first started to identify entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences. Population of the qualitative research stage was the relevant experts (including all university professors and entrepreneurs of the social sciences in different universities) who were selected using purposive sampling (Flick, 2006). The research tool for the qualitative section was a deep interview, whose validity was obtained through internal validity based on the selection of appropriate samples and its reliability was guaranteed through accurate guidance of the interview for information gathering (Rao & Perry, 2003). The data from the qualitative approach were analyzed according to Smith's (1995) method in three stages of data generation, information analysis and integration of the items. After extracting entrepreneurial opportunities, the quantitative part of the research began as a survey method. Population of the study was PhD students of sociology from all over the country and 121 subjects were randomly selected as the sample. The research tool for assessing the independent variables of cultural capital, economic capital and entrepreneurial spirit are researcher-made questionnaires, whose validity was confirmed using content validity and construct validity and its reliability was confirmed through internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Discussion of Results & Conclusions In order to identify entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences, after interviewing 10 experts and reaching the theoretical saturation, interviews were recorded. In the first stage, 45 (primary) sub-themes related to various areas of social sciences that were capable of becoming entrepreneurial opportunities were identified. After integrating and clustering the primary themes, 16 main (final) themes that represent entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences were extracted. According to descriptive results, the mean of entrepreneurial spirit and its dimensions, except for the tolerance of ambiguity, was higher than the average value of 3. The mean of the cultural capital and its dimensions, except for the visualized dimension, is below the average value of 3. The average economic capital of respondents including income, housing and real estate and amenities was about 75 million Tomans, and the average income of respondents alone was about 2 million Tomans. The greatest interest and ability of students to exploit the opportunities identified in the social sciences is teaching in schools (public and private) and in universities as a lecturer in social sciences with a mean of 4.35 and 4.36, respectively. Also, the students' least willingness and ability is carrying out studies and social advisers in the field of housing, petroleum industries (training people for exposure to the host society) and insurance with an average of 2.30 and 2.20, respectively. These results also apply to both men and women. In the present research, theoretical model of the research has been developed in the form of a structural equation model to explain the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. According to this model, cultural capital and entrepreneurial spirit have a significant effect on employing entrepreneurial opportunities with a coefficient of .54 and .36, respectively; but economic capital has no significant effect. Also, the correlation coefficient of the structural equation model shows that independent variables can account for .33% of the changes in exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities. Given the ruling discourse in Iran that graduates of the social sciences in the undergraduate and postgraduate degrees must be a teacher and they should be appointed as the university professor or in some government departments as administrative staff without the least relevance to the university's specialty at the Ph.D. level, it becomes clear that there are no jobs for graduates of the social sciences in the nongovernmental sector. Regarding the results of the qualitative section of this research and the identification of 16 entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences, it was found that, contrary to the general impression, there is a wide range of occupations and employment opportunities in the social sciences and nongovernmental sector that with support of Iranian Sociological Association and consultation with government as well, have the ability to become formal. According to research findings, entrepreneurial spirit has a significant and positive effect on utilizing entrepreneurial opportunities. Existence of features such as success, internal control, risk-taking, creativity, and tolerance of ambiguity in students leads them toward more entrepreneurial work and activity in their field of study, and the expectation of individuals for government jobs is largely blurred. Also, cultural capital has a significant and positive effect on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Accordingly, individuals who are skilled in the preservation and transmission of scientific concepts and who use modern and up-to-date research methods to respond to new scientific questions and easily provide material, are of more interest and academic ability to benefit from exploiting entrepreneurship opportunities in their field of study. Finally, economic capital has no significant effect on the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the social sciences. The result of this hypothesis can be explained due to the nature of the entrepreneurial opportunities identified in the social sciences, the allocation of facilities to the owners of the ideas, and the situation of the global economy. Based on the results of the research, it is suggested to all social sciences departments of the universities of the country, to identify and categorize the job and entrepreneurship opportunities of this field by the professors. After the aggregation of the views of all academic departments, the final identified opportunities that are the result of the expert opinions of all professors of the field of social sciences in the country can be published in the form of a pamphlet or book and taught as 1 or 2-units in the final semester. In such a way, each student is guided to one or several opportunities given his interest and academic ability and can manage his future job without any expectations of limited government recruitment.

Introduction Making over tenets and assessments of cooperation and its functions,the mutual relationship between development of cooperativesand various forms of assetsis under­stood. To develop and fortify a cooperative, different finances are needed such associal assets, economical assets, and cultural assets. Consideringthe scales of social assets, if cooperation is to be assumedan organization, social assets arethe most significant parts of the organization. Other assets are in lower ranks. Social assets embodysocial networks’ simplification of cooperation and harmony to realize the organization goals. It also leads to a better performance in cooperative organization, creating solidarity and harmony among the organization members. Socialscholars define social assets as an engine whichdirectsthe society forward on its path to promotion. These scholars believe that social assets and economical assets are the same, but there is a slight difference; social assets putmore stresson the fund of mutual groups. They believe thatsocieties canpromotevital progresses to control the board of these assets and expend it (Jahaugiri and Shokrizadeh, 2010). Thus, social assets are of great importance for the development of and having positive effects on society and boosting the performance of cooperative organizations. The facilities and potentials of agricultural industrial sectors and their potentialityin our country haveattracted the attentions. The interaction between industry and agriculture is required to reach a consonant progress. Ignoring one of these factors, the result will be insufficiencyor lack any progress in the second one. The government shouldconsider fair and equal finance budgeting forboth sectors. Accordingly, the goal of reaching 25%of cooperative share in thenational economy will be achieved.As a result, the domestic production will be improved. Acquiring this goal and other predicted goals in the twenty-year pre-planned procedure along with improving the agricultural and industrial cooperatives need assessment and analyzing their performances and also planningand setting the goals. The functionalassessment of agriculture and industrial cooperativeorganizationsshouldnot to be ignored. It has been tried to assess the performance and legal capacities of cooperative section of Boyer-Ahmad region. Atthe same time, the capabilities and shortcomings have been identified. Material and methods The padding method was applied for data collection;it wasdealt with some antecedent questionnairesfully evaluated by scholars.Based on the statistics,there were 210 people who wereall members of industrial or agricultural cooperative organizations in Boyer-Ahmad region. Morgan-chart (Hassanzadeh,2007) was used, and only136 people were selected. Using categorical sampling method,industrial and agricultural cooperativesamples were collected. The presentstudyaimed toevaluatethe effects of social assets on the function of agricultural and industrial cooperatives. The notions and methods of assessing the samples and methods are introduced. Putnamdefined social assets as a glimpse of social life (networks, norms, and trust)in which the participants act together to reach certain and common goals(Feeld,2007). In the present study, social values of people bring about better cooperationof the staff, reducethe expenses of interactions and exchanges, and even simplify the interoperation to achieve the goals or expandthe revenues. To analyze the social assets, some criteria such asocial awareness, social solidarity, social reliance, and social participation were extracted from Putnamtheory and then evaluated using Likerts’F opinion questionnaire (none, very little, normal, much, very much, totally). The functionability assessment is defined as measuring and analyzing the performance of organizations in a certain period of time. Sincethe whole process and its measures are fully explained to organizations (Tabarasa, 1999), in this study, the functionability assessment isa process through which the procedure of development and analyzable criteria are considered, a process that allows the systematic assessment of development with regard to the pre-planned goals. The performance of agricultural and industrial cooperative organizations isperceivedthrough their functioning sincethey have unbreakable bonds with strategic goals of the organization, contest for the customer, orientation, and cash incomes. To analyze industrial and agricultural organizations’ performance, functional and non-functional criteria were extracted from Kaplan and Norton balanced prominence card, and then were calculated.Using compound criteria,the financial aspectsof industrial and agricultural cooperative organizations were analyzed. The non-financial aspect was evaluatedthrough the scales of customer orientation and member orientation. Financial functioning means some financial criteriaincludingthe amount of the capital, the scale of income, the condition of expenses,the qualification of loans, and profits’income. Non-financial performance means members’satisfaction of cooperative organization with regard to obviating their needs, market orientation, and boosting eagerness to purchase the productions of that organization (Torabi et al., 2010). To analyze the financial function with regard to its importance and effective variants on cooperative organizations’performance, the first step is to consider previous researches such as Torabi Dalooiet al.(2010). According to Keor(2006), there are no measures on financial variables of industrial and agricultural cooperative organizations. It the second stage, the numerical taxonomy method was used. The specified categories and financial measures and the average of every single measurewere calculated for industrial and agricultural cooperative organizations, and then atthe next step, every organization,having a higher financial rank ofthe average of measures,gotone,and those having a lower rank . In the end, the grand total of the numbers was obtained. The financial mixing criterion was calculated for every cooperative organization under the banner of financial functioning. Finally, the average scores were obtained from non-financial indexes after being recordedand made intoone level; they were added and considered as the performance score. Thecomponent validity was determinedthrough confirmatory factorial analysis.And to determine the reliability of internal cooperation, Cronbach’s Alpha was used. The results of factorial analysis showed that member orientation and customer orientation factors could predicate. Based on the results, 51%of non-financial performances’ variation and four factors including social participation, social awareness, social solidarity, and social trust may predicate 54 %of the social capital.The extent of KMO test for social capital equals0.806, and each of these two elements is significantat 0.001, suggestingthat correlation matrix between items of each elementis not identity matrix. It demonstratesthat there is a high correlation between items internal to each factor. There is no correlation between items of one factor andother items. Considering that the alpha valuesof the variables are higher than 0.70, it can be said that this study has a good reliability, showing a suitable internal solidarity. Discussion The findings of the current survey emphasized the impact of the social participation, social integration, and social awareness onthe performance of agricultural and industrial cooperatives. These variables account for 37.7 %of the cooperatives’ performance changes. The results also revealed that social trust, age, sex, marital status, ethnicity, education level, activity record, and membership recordof the cooperative members at cooperatives do not affect cooperatives’ performance.

Introduction Social capital is related to the relationships between human actors and because it is formed through social relationships, it has an intangible and therefore unrecognizable character. Any increase in social capital will lead to better interaction among people. But with the decline and fall of social capital, we may witness discrimination, inequality, migration, lack of common sense, loss of social participation and charitable work, increase in deviances and addiction, family breakdown and more intergenerational gap. On the other hand, religion, as a social phenomenon, while providing answer for ultimate questions of humanity, has an organizing function at the social level and can help to integrate society. Religion can encourage sense of trust, coherence, shared identity, social solidarity and the spirit of cooperation among the individuals. Therefore, it constitutes a large part of human culture that can create shared beliefs and values among its followers and be making a call for them to perform common religious rituals and practices, can bring people together, contributing to social stability and durability. But religion and religious doctrines as very important factors in creating social capital, receive little attention. Therefore in the current Iranian society, which is a developing country and because religious identity is a part of the original identity of the inhabitants of this country, the necessity of considering relationship between religion and social capital becomes important and this paper tries to investigate this relationship. Methods and Materials This research is a survey study. The statistical population includes all citizens of Yasouj who are 18 years old and older. Sample size includes 381 individuals, who were selected by means of random multi-stage sampling method. The instrument is a 58-item questionnaire, designed on the basis of a combination of researcher-made questions and standards measurement scales. Clark and Stark's religious identity scale is a 19-item questionnaire that assesses the construct of religious identity and is scored on a five-point Likert scale. For assessing the significance of religion, four aspects, including ritual (5 questions), faith (5 items), emotional (5 items) and outcome (4 questions) are used. Confirmatory factor analysis and varimax rotation were used to assess the validity of the questionnaire. KMO test is equal to .902 for the construct of religious identity, which indicates the adequacy of the sampling. Bartlett’s significance test indicates that there exists correlation between the variables. Reliability of religious identity construct was measured using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, equal to .91, which means the internal consistency of the scale is acceptable. The construct of social capital was developed in the form of a 32-item scale, including four dimensions of social trust, social networks, social participation and social awareness. KMO test is equal to .725 for this construct, which indicates the adequacy of the sampling. Bartlett’s significance test indicates that there exists correlation between variables. Reliability score is equal to .71 which indicates that the internal consistency of the scale is provided. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between religious identity and Social capital in Yasouj. Results showed that only 7 percent of the respondents have a low level of social capital and 8/55 percent have a moderate level of social capital and 39.5 percent have a strong level of social capital. Also, based on the average score of religious identity, only 5 percent of respondents have a weak religious identity and 11.3 percent have a moderate religious identity, and more than two-third (that is, 2/88 percent) have a strong religious identity. According to the results of this study, a significant positive relationship exist between religious identity and social capital. This is in line with most of the studies conducted in this subject. This is because most of religious doctrines are based on principles such as respect for the rights of others, cooperation with community members, well interactions with coreligionists, having trust in others and other good and positive religious moral values, which if members of the society act according to them, the consequence would be increase in the level of social capital in society.

Introduction One area of human activity that requires decision-making and selection is political participation. This is a voluntary activity through which members of a community participate in the affairs of their neighborhoods, towns and villages and directly and indirectly contribute to shaping their social and political life. Voting is the most effective and most practical means for citizens to give and apply their opinions and ideas in the management of public and social affairs. Among all elections held in Iran, the presidential election of 2009, though was held according to previous elections, the electoral behavior of people brought many problems. In this period, some of the people came to streets to protest election results and protests turned into violent acts, causing confrontations among the main political figures, scholars, academics, and many state agencies. Thus, the main question of this research is that why in the similar presidential election of 1997, the electoral behavior was non- violent but in 2009 it became violent. (Similarity of the two elections was in this respect that in both 1997and 2009, elections were held in a competitive spirit and the main competition revolved around two candidates). Materials and Methods The research method is a causal - comparative survey in which two presidential elections in 1997 and 2009 are compared. Research population includes Shiraz administrative elites who have been employed for a period of at least 20 years and have experienced at least one period of managerial position at various levels of the organization in which they have been working. Because of the lack of formal data on the population, using exploratory study, the population was estimated to be around 250 individuals, of whom 149 cases were selected to enter our sample size, using Krejcie and Morgan’s sampling table and random multi-stage sampling method. The measurement tool is a researcher-made questionnaire using 5-point likert scale, including 30 items in the frame of three dimensions including economic (10 items), political completion (10 items) and foreign intervention (10 items). Validity of the scale was measured using content validity and the reliability was measured using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Discussion of Results and Conclusions In total, 482 respondents including 128 (85.3%) males and 21 (14%) females answered our questionnaire. In this study, the age of respondents was between 40 to 60 years old and their average was 45.5 years. Educational level of the respondents was as follows: 17 (11.3%) diploma, 24 (16%) above diploma, 80 (53.3%) bachelor, and 25 (16.7%) master degree and 3 (2%) PhD. Based on descriptive results of the study, the mean score for the importance of economic factors is 30.5 for 1997 election and 39.6 for 2009 election. The mean score for the importance of political competition is 32.4 for 1997 election and 36.5 for 2009 election. And finally the mean score for foreign intervention is 28.9 for 1997 election, and 37.8 for 2009 election. For investigation of the mean difference between two elections, independent samples t test was used: the mean of importance of economic factors in 2009 election is more than 1997 election and this difference is statistically significant. The mean of importance of political competition in 2009 election is more than 1997 election and this difference is statistically significant. Finally, the mean of foreign intervention in 2009 election is more than 1997 election and this difference is statistically significant. The findings of this research shows that, there is a significant difference between economic factors, political competition and foreign intervention in the 1997 and 2009 presidential elections in Iran. Based on the findings, the importance of political competition has been significantly more in 2009 election than in 1997 election. This finding is theoretically consistent with research results of Nie & Gold (2010) and also may be explained by rational choice theory. The findings also showed that the importance of economic factors in 2009 election is more than 1997 election. These results is consistent with research findings of Zibakalam & Colleagues (2010), Kamal (2003), Atarzadeh and Tavassoli (2010) and League (2005). Finally, on the basis of research findings, foreign intervention has been significantly more in 2009 election in comparison with 1997 election. This research finding is justified according to the information and communication technology development in the past two decades, which has led to the increase of foreign intervention in the internal affairs of Iran.

Introduction One area of human activity that requires decision-making and selection is political participation. This is a voluntary activity through which members of a community participate in the affairs of their neighborhoods, towns and villages and directly and indirectly contribute to shaping their social and political life. Voting is the most effective and most practical means for citizens to give and apply their opinions and ideas in the management of public and social affairs. Among all elections held in Iran, the presidential election of 2009, though was held according to previous elections, the electoral behavior of people brought many problems. In this period, some of the people came to streets to protest election results and protests turned into violent acts, causing confrontations among the main political figures, scholars, academics, and many state agencies. Thus, the main question of this research is that why in the similar presidential election of 1997, the electoral behavior was non- violent but in 2009 it became violent. (Similarity of the two elections was in this respect that in both 1997and 2009, elections were held in a competitive spirit and the main competition revolved around two candidates). Materials and Methods The research method is a causal - comparative survey in which two presidential elections in 1997 and 2009 are compared. Research population includes Shiraz administrative elites who have been employed for a period of at least 20 years and have experienced at least one period of managerial position at various levels of the organization in which they have been working. Because of the lack of formal data on the population, using exploratory study, the population was estimated to be around 250 individuals, of whom 149 cases were selected to enter our sample size, using Krejcie and Morganâs sampling table and random multi-stage sampling method. The measurement tool is a researcher-made questionnaire using 5-point likert scale, including 30 items in the frame of three dimensions including economic (10 items), political completion (10 items) and foreign intervention (10 items). Validity of the scale was measured using content validity and the reliability was measured using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Discussion of Results and Conclusions In total, 482 respondents including 128 (85.3%) males and 21 (14%) females answered our questionnaire. In this study, the age of respondents was between 40 to 60 years old and their average was 45.5 years. Educational level of the respondents was as follows: 17 (11.3%) diploma, 24 (16%) above diploma, 80 (53.3%) bachelor, and 25 (16.7%) master degree and 3 (2%) PhD. Based on descriptive results of the study, the mean score for the importance of economic factors is 30.5 for 1997 election and 39.6 for 2009 election. The mean score for the importance of political competition is 32.4 for 1997 election and 36.5 for 2009 election. And finally the mean score for foreign intervention is 28.9 for 1997 election, and 37.8 for 2009 election. For investigation of the mean difference between two elections, independent samples t test was used: the mean of importance of economic factors in 2009 election is more than 1997 election and this difference is statistically significant. The mean of importance of political competition in 2009 election is more than 1997 election and this difference is statistically significant. Finally, the mean of foreign intervention in 2009 election is more than 1997 election and this difference is statistically significant. The findings of this research shows that, there is a significant difference between economic factors, political competition and foreign intervention in the 1997 and 2009 presidential elections in Iran. Based on the findings, the importance of political competition has been significantly more in 2009 election than in 1997 election. This finding is theoretically consistent with research results of Nie & Gold (2010) and also may be explained by rational choice theory. The findings also showed that the importance of economic factors in 2009 election is more than 1997 election. These results is consistent with research findings of Zibakalam & Colleagues (2010), Kamal (2003), Atarzadeh and Tavassoli (2010) and League (2005). Finally, on the basis of research findings, foreign intervention has been significantly more in 2009 election in comparison with 1997 election. This research finding is justified according to the information and communication technology development in the past two decades, which has led to the increase of foreign intervention in the internal affairs of Iran.

Introduction Today, sport is considered as a basic need in all over the world. Participation in sport activities professionally, until recently was a male activity and women had no significant contribution in sport activities. After World War II, however, women's disposition to sport activities changed, because of factors such as improvements in leisure time, living standards, attention to health and fitness, mass media effects, paying more attention to sport achievements, and change in traditional gender roles. However, despite the importance and necessity of sport participation for women, women's participation in sport activities is still limited as a global rule. For example, sport participation rates for women is 56% in Britain and 59.9% in Australia. In the US, more than 55.2% of the population of women are overweight on the basis of body mass index. In addition, 37.9% of the American women don’t have any physical activity during the week. Sport participation of women is not also satisfactory in Iran and the results of some national surveys show that, about 41.2% of Iranian women do get more or less involved in sport activities but others do not. Many reasons have been proposed to explain women unwillingness to participate in sport activities. They can be classified into three main categories including practical, personal and socio-cultural barriers, and also many studies have been conducted to investigate influential factors on women’s sport participation. In the categories of personal and socio-cultural barriers, rarely have been studied the factors that influence women’s attitude towards participation in sport activities. So, the main goal of the present research is to investigate the relationship between social trust, self-esteem and instrumental personality and women’s attitude towards sport participation in Iran. Materials and Methods The research is a survey study. Research population include all women aged 15-30 in Jahrom in Fars province. Sample size is 336 individuals who were selected by means of random multi-stage sampling method. The measurement tool is a set of four researcher-made questionnaires including attitude towards sport participation (2 dimensions and 12 items), social trust (2 dimensions and 10 items), self-esteem (2 dimensions and 10 items) and instrumental personality based on Talcott Parsons’s theory (3 dimensions and 15 items). The Validity of the scales was measured using factor analysis technique. Based on the results, KMO test is 0.79 for attitude towards sport participation, 0.73 for social trust scale, 0.74 for self-esteem scale, and finally 0.66 for instrumental personality scale, which show that the sampling is adequate. Moreover, Bartlett test, is significant for all scales, suggesting that there exist significant correlations among variables. In total, the factor analysis ultimately led to delete 2 items of attitude towards sport participation, 2 items of social trust, 4 items of self-esteem and 7 items of instrumental personality scales. Discussion of Results and Conclusions In total, 336 individuals answered our questions. The mean age of respondents is 22.6 years old and the mean years of education is 13 years. 194 respondents (57.7%) were single and 142 (42.3%) were married. 271 respondents (80.7%) were unemployed and 65(19.3%) were employed. 95 respondents (28.3%) had one or more children and 241(71.7%) had no child. On the basis of the scales results, the mean of attitude towards sport participation was 29.2 (within a range of 10-50), the mean of social trust was 18.8 (within a range of 8-40), the means of self-esteem was 16.8 (within a range of 6-30) and the mean of instrumental personality was 25.4 (within a range of 8-40). Based on the descriptive research findings, we can say that the mean score for attitude towards sport participation is low in Iran. This finding is compatible with other studies in which women's sport participation is not satisfactory in Iran. For the purpose of evaluating the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable, namely attitude towards sport participation, multivariate regression analysis was used, the results of which are presented in Table No. 1. Table 1. The relationship between independent variables and attitude towards sport participation. Variables R Adjusted R Square F Sig B Beta T Sig Constant .30 .088 4.3 .000 17.6 - 4.6 .000 Instrumental Personality -.07 -.05 .9 .35 Social Trust .18 .13 2.4 .02 Self-Esteem .06 .03 .51 .61 Age .31 .23 2.9 .003 Marital Status -.20 -.02 .23 .81 Child(s) -.56 -.04 -.60 .55 Education .16 .06 1.1 .24 Occupation .39 .03 .42 .68 On the basis of the figures shown in Table 1, we can say that there is a positive significant relationship between social trust and age with attitude towards sport participation and there is no significant relationship between instrumental personality, self-esteem, marital status, having children or not, education and occupation with attitude toward sport participation. The results also show that social trust and age are able to explain about .09% of the variance of the attitude towards sport participation. Although a positive and significant relationship between social trust and women’s attitude toward sport participation is compatible with theoretical framework, lack of significant relationship between instrumental personality and self-esteem with the attitude towards sport participation is not compatible with theoretical framework. Therefore, it should be considered and justified in terms of socio-cultural situation of women in Iran.

Introduction Unstructured use of motor vehicles has created many social problems especially in large cities. Heavy traffic, fatal accidents, obesity and less mobility, voice pollution, air pollution, physical harms such as headache, eye sting, respiratory diseases, heart diseases, some cancers and finally increasing of consumption of the fossil fuel are some direct consequences of the expansion of the using motor vehicles in large cities. A basic strategy in confrontation with these social problems, is expansion of using bicycle in urban transportation particularly for short trips. Using bicycle has widely been considered in many large cities in developed countries because of economical, traffic, physical and the environmental advantages but has not been developed in Iran. Concerning the difficulties of Iranian large cities in base possibilities in transportation and also extraordinary production of the motor vehicles that has been reached to 2 million cars in a year, using bicycles is necessary. Many factors have been presented for explaining of the barriers of the expansion of the using bicycle for transportation but on the basis of the attitude-behavior theories in sociological area it seems that there is a significant relationship between attitude toward bicycle and using bicycle. Attitude is a negative or positive emotional state into a subject that consists of three dimensions of cognitive, behavioral and sentimental. Allport believed that attitude affects on ones response to objects and the related situations. Fishbein and Ajzen in framework of the reasoned action theory showed that there is a close relationship between attitude toward a specific behavior and doing that behavior but there is a mediator between them in which is titled intension that is ones tendency to act. Results of the meta analysis of the research that have investigated relationship between attitude and behavior show that attitude can explain behavior but the rate of the coefficient in every topic or area is different. Method and Materials The research is a survey study. The population is all men aged 15-64 in Isfahan. Sample size is 400 persons that were selected by means of random multi stage sampling method. The measurement tool is two researcher-made scales including using bicycle and attitude into bicycle. The using bicycle scale was divided into two dimensions of working use and creational use, and attitude toward bicycle was defined into two aspects of cognitive and emotional attitude. Validity of the scales was measured by factor analysis technique, and reliability was calculated by cronbach alpha coefficient. Based on the results, KMO test is 0.933 for using bicycle scale, and 0.838 for attitude toward bicycle scale, which show that the sample size is adequate. Moreover, Bartlett test, is significant for both scales, suggesting that there is a significant correlation among variables. In total, the factor analysis of the using bicycle scale, after the elimination of 1 item, extracted two factors, including working and creational, and also factor analysis of the attitude toward bicycle scale, after the deletion of 6 items, extracted two factors, including cognitive and emotional. The results show that the explained variance in the using bicycle scale is 56.8 percent and in the attitude toward bicycle scale is 34.5 percent. The reliability of the scales has been calculated using alpha cronbach coefficient, that the value is 0.93 for the using bicycle scale, and 0.68 for the attitude toward bicycle scale. In total, 400 persons answered the questionnaires. The mean age of respondents is 33.7 years. 190 respondents (47.5%) are single and 209(52.2%) are married. 387 respondents (96.8%) are employed and 13(3.2%) unemployed. 11 respondents (2.8%) are illiterate, 84(21%) have education lesser diploma, 146(36.5%) are diploma, and 157 respondents (39.3%) have academic education. On the basis of the scales results, the mean using bicycle score with range of 0-76 is 18.02 and the mean attitude toward bicycle score with range of 14-70 is 51.3. Is there a significant relationship between attitude toward bicycle and using bicycle? For the purpose of the measurement of the relationship between two constructs totally, and their dimensions, simple linear regression test has been used. The results are presented in Table 1.On the basis of the Table 1, the relationship between attitude toward bicycle and using bicycle is significant. The table also shows that the relationships between various dimensions of the two constructs are significant, except the relationship between emotional attitude toward bicycle and creational use of bicycle. Table 1. Relationship between Attitude toward Bicycle and Using Bicycle. Variables R Adjusted R Square F Sig Beta t Sig Attitude toward bicycle Using bicycle .188 .033 14.6 .000 .596 3.8 .000 Emotional attitude toward bicycle Working use of bicycle -.102 .008 4.2 .041 -.314 1.2 .041 Emotional attitude toward bicycle Creational use of bicycle .017 -.002 .11 .741 .055 .33 .741 Cognitive attitude toward bicycle Working use of bicycle .236 .053 23.4 .000 .459 4.8 .000 Cognitive attitude toward bicycle Creational use of bicycle .218 .045 19.9 .000 .462 4.5 .000 Is there a significant relationship between demographic variables and using bicycle? In the framework of the demographic variables, five variables including marital status, employment situation, age, income, and education level have been considered and their relationship with the using bicycle has been analyzed using suitable statistical tests. The results show that there is a significant relationship between marital status and using bicycle and the single men use bicycle more than married men. There is no significant relationship between employment situation and using bicycle. There is a significant relationship between age and using bicycle and with arising age using bicycle is decreased. There is a significant relationship between income and using bicycle and with increasing income using bicycle is decreased. And finally there is no significant relationship between education level and using bicycle. Discussion and conclusion The main goal of this research is to investigate relationship between attitude toward bicycle and using bicycle among the men in Isfahan. Based on the descriptive research findings, mean using bicycle score is low in Iran. This situation is not satisfactory for a metropolis such as Isfahan that has an increasing population and motor vehicles, and also has many difficulties in urban base facilities and must be changed. In addition to mean attitude toward bicycle is high that is an opportunity for urban planners. Inferential findings show that attitude toward bicycle has a significant impact on using bicycle. In other words, increase attitude toward bicycle means an increase in using bicycle for short trips. This research finding theoretically confirm relation between attitude and behavior. Moreover it is compatible with results of the research that show there is significant relationship between attitude toward bicycle and using bicycle. There is an inverse significant relationship between age and using bicycle and with rising age using bicycle is decreased. This research finding shows that urban infrastructure in Isfahan for using bicycle is not available and consequently with rising age, bicycle risk is increased. There is a direct significant relationship between income rate and using bicycle and with increasing income rate, using bicycle is also increased. This research finding is rooted in social prestige bicycle and higher classes prefer to use motor vehicle for transportation instead of bicycle. There is a significant relationship between marital status and using bicycle and single men use bicycle more than married men but there is no significant relationship between education level and using bicycle. This research findings show that with rising education level in spite of rising income, using bicycle is not decreased. And finally there is no significant relationship between employed and unemployed persons in using bicycle. On the basis of the evidences such as increasing population and motor vehicles in large cities in Iran and existence of difficulties in urban infrastructure for transportation, expansion of the culture of using bicycle is necessary. Findings of this research show that there is a significant relationship between attitude toward bicycle and using bicycle. So this article suggests that for diffusion of using bicycle culture, urban planners must try to create positive attitude toward bicycle among citizens and increase it.

Introduction There is clear evidence that because of irrational consumption, some parts of the world face problem of scarcity in natural resources. Natural resources of any society are its wealth that belongs not only to the present generation, but is a heritage that should be passed on to the future generations. The harmful outcomes resulting from shortage of natural resources has led, since the 70s, to several international conferences at the highest political level for optimal utilization of natural resources to achieve sustainable development. According to constitutional law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, preservation of the environment, both natural and human resources to achieve sustainable development, is considered as a national duty. Lack of natural resources such as fresh water is vital and quite evident. Of the total amount of water on earth, only 2.5 percent is fresh water, of which about two-third (68.9 percent) is trapped in glaciers and only a third of this amount is usable in such a diverse and uneven distribution. Based on current estimations, by 2050 at least 50 countries face shortage of fresh water, among which Iran is a country. Although the average rainfall in Iran is one-third of the global average, per capita consumption of water in all sectors, domestic, agricultural and industrial, is higher than the international standards. For example, per capita consumption of domestic water in Iran is 220 liters per day, while, this standard for world is only 75 liters. This shows that the amount of water consumption is a social problem in Iran. While in response to energy crisis many management strategies have been proposed, the fundamental solution in water crisis is saving. We try to review saving in water consumption in terms of various theoretical approaches, and consider the relationship between responsibility and tendency towards water consumption in particular. Material and Methods This research is a survey study. The statistical population is all citizens of Yasouj who are 18 years old and older. Sample size is 400 individuals who were selected by means of random multi-stage sampling method. The measurement tool is a researcher-made questionnaire measuring attitude towards saving water and responsibility. Attitude towards saving water was itself divided into three dimensions of cognitive, emotional and behavioral, and responsibility was also defined in terms of two aspects of individual and collective responsibility. Validity of the scales was measured by factor analysis technique, and reliability was calculated by cronbach's alpha coefficient. Based on the results, KMO test is 0.859 for attitude towards saving water, and 0.813 for responsibility, which show that the sample size is adequate. Moreover, Bartlett test is significant for both scales, suggesting that there is a significant correlation between variables. In total, the factor analysis of attitude towards saving water extracted three factors (after elimination of 9 items), and also factor analysis of responsibility extracted two factors (after deleting 3 items). The results show that the explained variance in the tendency toward saving water is 51.2 % and in responsibility 56.6 percent. The reliability of the scales has been calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the value of which was 0.77 for attitude towards saving water, and 0.80 for responsibility. Discussion of Results & Conclusions On the basis of the scales results, the mean for attitude towards saving water is 50.4 within a range of 12-60 and the mean for responsibility is 39.5 within a range of 9-45. For the purpose of studying the relationship between responsibility and attitude towards saving, and their dimensions, simple linear regression test has been used. The results are presented in Table 1. As it can be seen, the relationship between responsibility and attitude towards saving is significant. Also, the table shows the relationship between each of the two dimensions of responsibility with each of the three dimensions of attitude toward saving is significant. Table 1- Reaserch the Relationship between Responsibility and Tendency Toward Saving Variables R R2 F Sig T Sig Responsibility tendency toward saving 0.592 0.351 214.9 0.000 14.6 0.000 individual cognitive tendency 0.424 0.179 87 0.000 9.3 0.000 individual Responsibility Emotional tendency 0/252 0.063 26.9 0.000 5.2 0.000 Individual Responsibility Behavior tendency 0.566 0.320 187.2 0.000 13.6 0.000 Collective Responsibility cognitive tendency 0.311 0.097 42.6 0.000 6.25 0.000 Collective Responsibility Emotional tendency 0.116 0.013 5/4 0.021 2.3 0.021 Collective Responsibility Behavior tendency 0.399 0/159 75/4 0.000 8.6 0.000 Also, the results of the study show that there is no significant relationship between demographic variables (age, gender, marital status, education, income and ethic) and attitude towards saving water The mean for attitude towards saving is high. Therefore, based on the Ajzen and Fishbein' views (1975) regarding the relationship between attitude and behavior, we can be hopeful that attitude towards saving water will increase in cognitive, emotional and behavioral dimensions. Analytical results show that responsibility has a significant and positive effect on attitude towards saving. It is compatible with theoretical and empirical research. There is no significant relationship between age and attitude towards saving in water consumption. Overall, this study showed that the demographic variables do not have a significant relationship with the dependent variable. The fact that our society has a relatively dry climate and water consumption is high, it is necessary to save water, as water shortage crisis will be a fundamental threat in the future. Responsibility, a set of social skills that are learned during the learning process and lead to positive human relations, increase cooperation, success and satisfaction. It seems that, as this study showed, raising sense of responsibility among citizens is necessary in protecting water resources.

Vandalism is a tangible, harmful and inevitable phenomenon, which exists as an emblem of social life in modern society. Sociologically, vandalism is defined as a kind of mentality aimed at destruction of public assets and accessories. This research considers social factors which may impact tendency to vandalism among Yasouj's high-school students. In this study, a combination of sociological perspectives about deviation (such as Good's theory about family structure and anomie theory, socialization approach, social control theory and the sub-cultural theory), and theories of social psychology about deviation (such as Sutherland ’s theory about social learning and differential companion), are applied together with theories of Vandalism ( Hauber, Mozr and Clark) to examine the relationships between variables. It is a survey study, based on questionnaire. Statistical society is all high-school students in Yasouj. Using Cochran formula, sample size was estimated 400 cases. Random cluster sampling was used. Pearson’s tests show that the tendency towards Vandalism has significant relationships with socio-economic status, age, family size, and socialization, but does not have a significant relationship with gender. Multiple regression analysis shows that independent variables explain, overall, about 25 % of the variance of dependent variable.

This research examines work culture and social factors influencing it among employees of Islamic Azad University, the largest private organization in Iran. First, it has been tried to determine a rate for work culture and then relationships between work culture and participatory management, organizational justice, job satisfaction, and demographic variables have been examined. Research method is cross-sectional survey; research population is all personnel of the Islamic Azad Universities in three provinces: Fars, Boushehr and Kohkiloye-Boyerahmad. Overall, 481 subjects were selected by means of simple random sampling. Measurement tool is questionnaire, which includes four scales. Construct validity was obtained through factor analysis; Reliability test was also performed by means of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Research findings indicate that work culture is on average among subjects. Also, there are significant relationships between work culture and participatory management, organizational justice, job satisfaction, age and years of employment. Using regression analysis, it appears that of all independent variables, job satisfaction and years of employment are strongest predictors of work culture. Taken together, they explain 18% of the variance of work culture.

AbstractBecause of importance of altruism in social relationships and its positive functions on social systems,extended researchs have been conducted in this area. Some of these researchs have investigatedrelationships between gender to the altruism. General and acceptable assumption is that altruistic behaviorsof men and women are different and this difference is due to gender roles. This research has attempted toinvestigate gendered differences in altruistic behaviors concerning gender roles in yasouj city. Researchmethod is cross-sectional survey and statistical society is all of individuals aged 15 through 65 in which 386subjects were selected by means of Random multi ‐ stage sampling. Measurment tool is a questionnaire ,that construct validity through Factor analysis has been used for determination of the validity and thereliability was measured by means of cronbach alpha coefficient. Research findings show; gendereddifferences don’t impact on altruistic behaviors. In addition to there is no significant relationship betweengender roles to altruistic behaviors.