23 results on '"Sirutavičius, Marius"'
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2. All The Grand Duke’s Lenders: Creditors of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1555 to 1569
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Šedvydis, Laurynas, primary and Sirutavičius, Marius, additional
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- 2022
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3. Pledges as state financing deeds in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the early sixteenth century
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Sirutavičius, Marius, primary
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- 2022
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4. Jūratė Kiaupienė, Between Rome and Byzantium. The Golden Age of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’s Political Culture. Second Half of the Fifteenth Century to First Half of the Seventeenth Century. Translated by J. Will, Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2019. 278 pp. ISBN 978-1644-691-46-5 (hardback); 978-1644-691-47-2
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Sirutavičius, Marius, primary
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- 2021
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5. [Between Rome and Byzantium: the golden age of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’s political culture. Second half of the fifteenth century to first half of the seventeenth century . Jūratė Kiaupienė] : recenzija
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Sirutavičius, Marius
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Lietuva (Lithuania) ,the golden age of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’s political culture. Second half of the fifteenth century to first half of the seventeenth century? [Jūratė Kiaupienė. Between Rome and Byzantium] - Abstract
The author of this book is a well-known researcher of Early Modern Period Lithuanian history. She has been analysing the political development and political culture in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in her work for several decades, making broad use of a comparative approach in her research. Jūratė Kiaupienė was one of the first historians in Lithuania to choose the broader spatial context of the Central East European region for the analysis of selected issues. She was also one of the first researchers to apply the political nation concept to the study of socio-political phenomena in Lithuanian historiography. The political nation describes the politically active part of a multinational society in the Early Modern Period. The historian has laid out and discussed the fundamental provisions of her research, and the most important questions in her fields of analysis, in numerous articles, and in a monograph published in 2004, ‘Mes Lietuva’. Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorija XVI a. (viešas ir privatus gyvenimas) [‘We are Lithuania’. The Nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th Century (Public and Private Life)]. Thus, the monograph under review may be considered the final result of many years of work, signalling a specific level of maturity in her research. [...]
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- 2021
6. ALL THE GRAND DUKE’S LENDERS: CREDITORS OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA FROM 1555 TO 1569.
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Šedvydis, Laurynas and Sirutavičius, Marius
- Abstract
Copyright of Year-Book of Lithuanian History / Lietuvos Istorijos Metraštis is the property of Lithuanian Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2022
- Full Text
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7. The Phenomenon of Clientage and the Organisation of Diplomatic Activities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century
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Sirutavičius, Marius, primary
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- 2020
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8. Diplomatic contacts between the political elite of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Moscow in the period of the third interregnum (1587)
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Sirutavičius, Marius
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Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Lietuva ,Rusija (Rossija ,Rusijos Federacija ,Rossijskaja Federacija ,Rusijos imperija ,Carinė Rusija ,Russia) ,Lenkija (Lenkijos karalystė ,Rzeczpospolita Polska ,Kingdom of Poland ,Poland) ,Diplomatija / Diplomacy ,Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (Lietuva ,LDK ,Grand Duchy of Lithuania ,GDL) ,Maskvos valstybė (Maskvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė ,Muscovite state ,Grand Duchy of Moscow) ,Tarpuvaldis - Abstract
Straipsnyje aptariami Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės politinio elito atstovų – aukščiausių valstybės pareigūnų diplomatiniai ryšiai su Maskvos valstybe trečiuoju tarpuvaldžiu: analizuojamas jų pobūdis Abiejų Tautų Respublikos monarcho rinkimų 1587 m. problematikos kontekste; nagrinėjami įvairūs diplomatinių ryšių organizaciniai aspektai, keliant valstybės reprezentacijos interregnum laikotarpiu su užsienio šalimis problemą bei su ja susijusius politinės lyderystės, diplomatinės veiklos prerogatyvų ir kompetencijų klausimus. Greta svarstomos ir unijos partnerystės, determinuoto diplomatinės veiklos koordinavimo su Lenkijos atstovais klausimai, sprendžiant tuo metu aktualias santykių su Maskva problemas.
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- 2018
9. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the historical region : the search for new coordinates in post-Soviet Lithuanian historiography
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Sirutavičius, Marius
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Vidurio Rytų Europa ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Central Europe ,Regionai ir regioninė politika / Regions and regional policy ,Post-Soviet Lithuanian historiography ,Posovietinė Lietuvos istoriografija ,Regional modelling ,Centrinė Europa (Central Europe) ,East Central Europe - Abstract
Sovietinės sistemos griūtis Lietuvos istorikus paskatino iš naujo permąstyti savo valstybės istorinę vietą Europoje. Vieni iš pirmųjų istorinės erdvinės tapatybės problemas pradėjo svarstyti Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės tyrinėtojai. Jų darbai, kuriose ieškoma istorinės Lietuvos tarp Rytų ir Vakarų, tapo šio straipsnio objektu. Svarbiausi aptariami klausimai, iš vienos pusės, susiję su nacionaliniais tyrinėtojų interesais - atvirai deklaruojamais visuomeniniais, politiniais ar kultūriniais motyvais apibtėžti Lietuvos vietą konkrečiame istoriniame regione. Iš kitos pusės, su istorinės analizės strategijomis - interpretaciniais modeliais, argumentacija, teorinėmis nuostatomis, kuriomis remiantis modeliuojamas regionas ir LDK vieta jame. Article focuses on the work of the researchers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania who were among the first to join the regional discussions and attempt to find a place for the historical Lithuania between the East and the West. The questions discussed are related to the national interests of the researchers: to define the position of Lithuania in a specific historical region basing their judgements on the openly declared public, political and cultural motives. In order to model the region and the place of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the work applies the strategies of historical analysis such as interpretative models, argumentation, and theoretical grounding.
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- 2013
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10. Diplomatinės veiklos organizacija Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje 1569–1604 metais
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Sirutavičius, Marius, primary
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- 2018
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11. Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Maskvos valstybės sutartys 1449-1556 m.
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Sirutavičius, Marius, primary
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- 2017
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12. Ceremonialinė mediacija Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Maskvos valstybės diplomatiniuose santykiuose (XV a. pabaiga – 1569 m.)
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Sirutavičius, Marius
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Tarptautiniai santykiai ,Diplomatinis etiketas ,Diplomatic etiquette ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Lietuva ,Rusija (Rossija ,Rusijos Federacija ,Rossijskaja Federacija ,Rusijos imperija ,Carinė Rusija ,Russia) ,Mediacija / Mediation ,International relations ,Diplomatija / Diplomacy ,Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (Lietuva ,LDK ,Grand Duchy of Lithuania ,GDL) ,Maskvos valstybė (Maskvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė ,Muscovite state ,Grand Duchy of Moscow) - Abstract
Straipsnyje analizuojami tarp Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Maskvos valstybės egzistavusios diplomatinio ceremonialo normos ir formos, užtikrinusios ir palaikiusios šių nuolat konfliktuojančių šalių tarpvalstybinius santykius. Dėmesys telkiamas į juose atsiskleidžiančią mediacinę funkciją, kuri įžvelgiama įvairiuose formalaus bendravimo lygmenyse – monarcho reprezentacijos ir hierarchinio bendravimo nuostatose, iškilmingų priėmimų ir sutikimų ceremonijose, lydėjusiose kiekvieną kontaktų etapą. Pasirinktame Lietuvos ir Maskvos diplomatinių santykių etape ieškoma ne tarpvalstybinio konfliktiškumo pobūdį ir mastą atskleidžiančių situacijų, o tarpininkavimo funkciją paliudijančių atvejų. Diplomatinis ceremonialas visų pirma sukurdavo diplomatinių ryšių tvarką – abipusiškai pripažįstamus diplomatinės komunikacijos dalyvių vaidmenis per formalųjį bendravimą, taip užtikrindamas komunikacinį veiksmingumą. Tokiu būdu valdovas bendraudamas su kito suvereno reprezentantais išlaikydavo jo statusui reikiamas pozicijas, o pasiuntinybės nariai – deramai atstovaudavo savam monarchui. Antra – susilpino konfliktiškumo būsenas, dažniausiai formaliai maskavo tarp dviejų pusių esančius nesutarimus ar suteikė galimybių kitoms kontaktų formoms. Galiausiai padėjo peržengti tarp abiejų šalių ir jų visuomenių egzistuojančias politinio bei socialinio svetimumo ribas ir sankcionavo tarpvalstybinio sambūvio permainas. This article analyzes the norms and forms of the diplomatic ceremonial that secured and maintained the interstate relations existing between the continuously quarreling Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy. Attention is paid particularly to the ceremonial‘s mediating function found at various levels of formal interaction – governing the monarch‘s representation and hierarchical communication, ceremonies of festive receptions and meetings accompanying every phase of contact. Thus in the chosen time-frame of Lithuanian and Muscovite diplomatic relations we were looking not for situations revealing the nature and extent of interstate conflicts but for cases exhibiting the mediational function. The diplomatic ceremonial performed the mediating function for differences between the states by first of all creating an order for diplomatic relations in the form of mutually recognized roles for the participants in diplomatic communication through formal interaction, thus ensuring communicational efficacy. This helped the ruler to preserve the positions appropriate to his status in communicating with the representatives of another sovereign, while also helping the latter properly to represent their own monarch. Secondly, the ceremonial softened states of conflict, most often by formally masking existing differences between the two sides or providing opportunities for other forms of contact. Finally, it helped overcome limits of political and social otherness existing between both states and their societies and sanctioned changes in forms of interstate coexistence.
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- 2014
13. Formal aspects of diplomatic contacts in the first interregnums (1572–1576)
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Sirutavičius, Marius
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Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Vilnius. Vilniaus kraštas (Vilnius region) - Abstract
New practice of the representation of the state based on the former tradition of diplomatic activity was formed in the first interregnums. State officers of the GDL assumed the functions of the sovereign, on the highest level collectively representing the country in the course of the diplomatic relations with the state of Muscovy. Muscovy maintained both official and semi-official diplomatic contacts with the representatives of the GDL political elite, thus unconsciously acknowledging their prerogative to represent the state. Pre-union practice of parallel diplomatic connections, utilized by members of the GDL Council 84 of Lords and Muscovy barons, served as the formal basis for the abovementioned not regulated diplomatic contacts with the Muscovite Court. However, the diplomatic relations maintained on the highest level not only transcended the tradition of parallel contacts, but also contradicted an important attitude of diplomatic representation, stating that the principle of hierarchy should be followed in intercommunion, strictly observing existing levels of authority in respect of each other. Until the Union of Lublin it functioned as the organizational system of Lithuanian-Muscovian cross-border relationships: the monarch of Muscovy would only contact the sovereign of Lithuania, members of the Boyar D uma exclusively communicated with members of the Lithuanian Council of Lords, Metropolitan of Muscovy cultivated relations with the Bishop of Vilnius, etc. The Court of the Muscovian Monarch decided to allow compromises in the then applicable principles of cross-border relationships when pursuing the implementation of Ivan IV’s plans to become the Monarch of the Republic. Seeking acceptance in the environment of the GDL political elite, the ruler of Muscovites found himself under the necessity to make allowances with regard to the principles of the hierarchical diplomatic relations and maintain direct communication with the Lithuanian political elite. These “allowances” were only valid in the period of the interregnums, as the customary order was re-established after the election of the new Monarch of Poland and Lithuania which prescribed that GDL and Polish officers on their behalf would directly contact representatives of the Court of the Muscovian Monarch of the corresponding rank. With a view to conceal the practice of direct not inter-sovereign connections that was considered disgraceful to the Sovereign on the grounds of diplomatic traditions observed at that time in the State of Muscovy, it was maintained that the contacts were cultivated on the basis of the future subordination of the representatives of the GDL political elite to Ivan IV. The new practice of private or semi-private contacts between individual officials of the GDL and Muscovite diplomatic representatives that had not been sanctioned by the former tradition and that was cultivated in the second interregnum period may be associated with Ivan IV’s dynastic ambitions. Formerly hardly imaginable informal meetings of Muscovite diplomatic representatives delegated on behalf of Ivan IV and representatives of the GDL political elite aimed at the negotiations regarding the preservation of current political status of the representatives of the Polish and Lithuanian political elite in case of the election of the Muscovite Monarch, can also be associated with the process of the establishment of subordination-based relations. However, despite the subordination-based relations projected from the Muscovite side, full-fledged diplomatic communication was maintained in the period of the first interregnums, and the connections between the Muscovite Court and “gentlemen assessors” sustained all essential elements characteristic of the level of cross-border relationships. This fact is confirmed not only by the official authorities of representation bestowed on the diplomatic representatives of both sides, but also by the structure of the diplomatic ceremonial, characteristic of the prior crossborder communication. To tell the truth, state officials of both Poland and Lithuania, due to their lower social status, were viewed as hierarchically unequal partners of diplomatic contacts and thus norms of diplomatic communication as well as accompanying elements of diplomatic ceremonial intended for representatives of the countries of lower rank were employed in their respect.
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- 2014
14. Council of Lords of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Moscow noblemen: formal aspects of parallel diplomacy in 1492-1569
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Sirutavičius, Marius
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Maskvos didysis kunigaikštis ,Parallel diplomacy ,Elgesio scenarijai ,Rusija (Rossija ,Rusijos Federacija ,Rossijskaja Federacija ,Rusijos imperija ,Carinė Rusija ,Russia) ,Council of Noblemen ,Komunikacija / Communication ,A model of communication ,Council of Lords ,Diplomatija / Diplomacy ,Grand Duke of Moscow ,Moscow noblemen ,ceremonial of diplomatic ,Ponų taryba ,Bajorai, didikai ir magnatai / Nobles and magnates ,Council of Lords if the GDL ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Lietuva ,Patterns of behaviour ,Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (Lietuva ,LDK ,Grand Duchy of Lithuania ,GDL) - Abstract
Atsinaujinusiuose diplomatinių kontaktų praktikos tyrinėjimuose ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas perfomatyviems diplomatinės komunikacijos. Nors Ponų tarybos ir Maskvos bajorų diplomatiniuose santykiuose buvo taikoma dauguma aukščiausio lygio kontaktams įprastų formalumų, tačiau jų pobūdis pastebimai skyrėsi. Pablogėjus tarpvalstybiniams santykiams, monarchų diplomatinių misijų priėmimuose pasitaikydavo sąmoningų diplomatinio ceremonialo pažeidimų – šaltiniai fiksuoja nemažai nepagarbaus elgesio su pasiuntiniais atvejų. Tuo tarpu paralelinės diplomatijos sferoje apie tokias situacijas, išskyrus 1562 m. misiją, šaltiniuose informacijos nėra. Nepaisant įtemptų tarpvalstybinių santykių, stengtasi būti pabrėžtinai mandagiems, demonstruoti lankstumą, nebūdingą valdovų kontaktams (kurį galima įžvelgti mažesnėje jų reglamentacijoje), neutralizuojantį dėl formaliųjų procedūrų kylančius tarpusavio konfliktus. Šiuos skirtumus galime sieti su pagrindinėmis tuometinės paralelinės diplomatijos funkcijomis – diplomatinių santykių atnaujinimu ir palaikymu, kai dėl įvairių aplinkybių oficialūs santykiai tarp valdovų nutrūkdavo ir dėl aukščiausios valdžios reprezentaciją lėmusių ideologinių nuostatų sistemos, diplomatijoje siejamos su monarcho garbės saugojimo samprata, jų atnaujinimas buvo komplikuotas. Nevaržomi ideologinių reprezentacijos nuostatų, kurios sąlygojo griežtą tarpvaldovinių santykių reglamentaciją, žemesnio lygmens santykių dalyviai galėjo sau leisti nemažai nuolaidų ir kompromisų diplomatinio atstovavimo principų atžvilgiu, palengvinusių paralelinius diplomatinius kontaktus. Todėl Ponų tarybos ir Maskvos bajorų diplomatiniai santykiai efektyviai atliko mediacinę funkciją, redukuodami priešiškumą ir konfliktiškumą sudėtingais tarpvalstybinių santykių momentais. The renewed research of the practice of diplomatic contacts particularly focuses on performative diplomatic communication. Although the majority of formalities typical of top-level contacts were applied to the diplomatic relations between the Lithuanian Council of Lords and the noblemen of Moscow, their nature was obviously different. When interstate relations worsened, intentional violations of the diplomatic ceremonial would occasionally occur at the receptions of monarchs’ diplomatic missions. Meanwhile in parallel diplomacy there is no information in sources about similar situations, except for the 1562 mission. Despite tense interstate relations, there were attempts to be prim and proper, demonstrate flexibility which is not typical of monarchs’ contacts and which neutralises mutual conflicts that arise due to formal procedures. These differences may be related to the main functions of the then parallel diplomacy – renewal and support of diplomatic relations, when due to various circumstances official relations between monarchs discontinued and their renewal was complicated because of the system of ideological provisions determining representation of the supreme authorities, which was associated with the concept of defending monarch’s honour. Unrestricted by ideological representation provisions that determined a strict regulation of inter-monarch relations, the participants of lower level contacts could afford many concessions and compromises with regard to the principles of diplomatic representation facilitating parallel diplomatic contacts. Therefore, the diplomatic relations of the Lithuanian Council of Lords and the noblemen of Moscow effectively fulfilled the mediation function, reducing hostility and conflicts at difficult moments of interstate relations.
- Published
- 2011
15. LIETUVOS DIDŽIOSIOS KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖS POLITINIO ELITO IR MASKVOS VALSTYBĖS DIPLOMATINIAI KONTAKTAI TREČIOJO TARPUVALDŽIO METU (1587 M.).
- Author
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SIRUTAVIČIUS, MARIUS
- Abstract
Copyright of Year-Book of Lithuanian History / Lietuvos Istorijos Metraštis is the property of Lithuanian Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
16. Diplomatic ceremonial in the practice of the relations of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the state of Moscow (at the turn of the sixteenth century)
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Sirutavičius, Marius
- Subjects
istorija ,History of Lithuania ,legation ,Rusija (Rossija ,Rusijos Federacija ,Rossijskaja Federacija ,Rusijos imperija ,Carinė Rusija ,Russia) ,State of Moscow ,Diplomatija / Diplomacy ,Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (Lietuva ,LDK ,Grand Duchy of Lithuania ,GDL) ,Ritualas ,Pasiuntiniai ,Rituals ,Bajorai, didikai ir magnatai / Nobles and magnates ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,diplomatic ceremonial ,Lietuva ,Ceremonies ,History of Moscovia ,Maskvos valstybė (Maskvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė ,Muscovite state ,Grand Duchy of Moscow) ,Pasiuntinybės - Abstract
Ši tyrimo dalis skirta įvairių LDK ir Maskvos valstybės diplomatinio bendravimo praktikoje pasitaikiusių ceremonialinio elgesio atvejų nagrinėjimui. Struktūriškai išskaidant bendrąjį diplomatinio ceremonialo modelį, aptariamos įvairių jo etapų funkcijos, vertinama tarpvalstybinio bendravimo normų įtaka ceremonijų formai, galimos jų genetinės sąsajos su senosiomis apeigomis. Ceremonialinės procedūros LDK ir Maskvos diplomatinėje praktikoje lydėdavo ne tik teritorijos ar erdvės pasikeitimą. Jos svarbios ir socialinių ribų, kurias palaikydavo hierarchinis santykių principas, peržengime. Tarpvaldovinėje diplomatijoje ceremonijos ir ritualai sušvelnindavo ribų, skiriančių nelygių rangų asmenis, perėjimą. Valdovui bendraujant su kito suvereno reprezentantais, padėdavo palaikyti jam pritinkantį statusą, saugoti garbę, tuo tarpu pasiuntiniui – deramai atstovauti savąjį monarchą, būti jo „balsu ir veidu“. Diplomatijos tyrinėtojas R. Cohenas, savaip interpretuodamas R. Numelino teiginius, tvirtina, kad diplomatines derybas galima apibūdinti kaip tam tikrą ritualinio perėjimo rūšį, analogišką jau minėtam bendruomenės nario perėjimui iš vieno statuso į kitą. Diplomatijoje tai būtų santykių pobūdžio ar tarpvalstybinio būvio pasikeitimas. Nors šią idėją vargu ar galima būtų tiesiogiai pritaikyti tuometinei diplomatijai, savąją nišą ji galėtų surasti tarpvalstybinių sutarčių sudarymo ir tvirtinimo etape. Ratifikacijos procedūros žymėdavo diplomatinių kontaktų ciklo pabaigą bei perėjimą į naują tarpvalstybinių santykių būvį. This part of the research is dedicated to the analysis of cases of ceremonial behaviour in the practice of various diplomatic relations of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the State of Moscow. In structurally dividing the general model of the diplomatic ceremonial, the functions of its various stages are discussed, the influence of the norms of international communication of the form of ceremonies and their possible links with old rituals are evaluated. Ceremonials in the diplomatic practice of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Moscow accompanied territorial and special changes. They were also important in crossing social borders based on the hierarchical principles of relations. In the then diplomacy, ceremonials and rituals mitigated the crossing of borders between persons of various ranks. They helped the ruler to maintain his status and honour while communicating with representatives of another ruler, whereas, the envoy could represent his monarch in a proper manner, i.e. to be his “voice and face”. The researcher of the diplomacy R. Cohen claims that diplomatic negotiations can be defined as a certain type of ritual transition analogous to the mentioned above transition of a community member from one status to another. In diplomacy, it the transformation of the nature of relations or inter-state status. Although, this idea could be hardly applied in the then diplomacy, it could find its niche in the stage of inter-state agreement conclusion and approval. Procedures of ratification marked the end of the cycle of diplomatic contacts and a transition to a new status of inter-state relations.
- Published
- 2004
17. Norms of the diplomatic activity in the practice of relationship between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the state of Moscow (in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries)
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Sirutavičius, Marius
- Subjects
Tarpvastybiniaii ryšiai ,Relationship ,Rusija (Rossija ,Rusijos Federacija ,Rossijskaja Federacija ,Rusijos imperija ,Carinė Rusija ,Russia) ,Moscow rulers ,Maskva ,State of Moscow ,Mission ,Diplomatija / Diplomacy ,Moscow ,Pasiuntinybė ,Interstate contacts ,Maskvos valdovai ,Santykiai ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Ceremonialas, XV-XVI a ,Lietuva ,15-15th c ,Ceremonial ,Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (Lietuva ,LDK ,Grand Duchy of Lithuania ,GDL) ,Maskvos valstybė (Maskvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė ,Muscovite state ,Grand Duchy of Moscow) - Abstract
Straipsnyje rašoma, kad tyrimui buvo pasirinktas Lietuvos ir Maskvos santykių periodas, kuris atspindi keletą svarbių problematikos aspektų. Vykstančios permainos regiono rytinėse erdvėse keitė iki tol buvusį jėgų išsidėstymą ir naują geopolitinę situaciją. Ryškėjo Maskvos siekimas pakeisti esamą padėtį ir sutvirtinti savo pozicijas kitų regiono šalių sąskaita. Tada LDK turėjo atlaikyti karinį ir politinį spaudimą. Atkreipiamas dėmesys, kad valstybių konkurencija sąlygojo diplomatijai keliamų uždavinių pobūdį. To meto diplomatinės veiklos normos priklausė nuo politinių idėjų turinio. Svarbu apibrėžti teorines nuostatas ir diplomatijos terminą. Pažymima, kad diplomatija – žodis, turintis daugybę reikšmių, susijusių su oficialiomis bendravimo formomis, o viena svarbiausių diplomatijos funkcijų – komunikacijos ir informacijos tarp valstybių užtikrinimas. Tiriamojo laikotarpio diplomatiją Lietuvos ir Maskvos santykių praktikoje galima apibrėžti kaip priemonę ryšiams tarp valdovų palaikyti. Taip pat parodoma diplomatinių santykių hierarchija. Akcentuojamas vienas tyrimo objektų bruožas – ceremonialinio elgesio bei jį reglamentuojančių normų bendrumas diplomatinių santykių dalyviams. Nurodoma, kad daugelį to meto diplomatijos ypatybių nulėmė tarp valstybės, valdovo ir jo diplomatinio reprezentanto egzistuojantis ypatingas santykis. Aptariamas neliečiamumo principas, jo laikymasis ir pažeidimas diplomatinėje veikloje, manipuliavimas tarpvalstybinio bendravimo normų nuostatomis. Pripažįstama, jog toks bendravimas sudarė bendruosius tarpusavio kontaktų principus. The paper writes that the research discusses the period of Lithuanian-Moscow relations reflecting several important aspects of the problems. Changes in the eastern part of the region altered the prevailing distribution of powers and a new geopolitical situation. Moscow’s objective to change the current situation and consolidate its position at the expense of other countries of the region is observed. At that time the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) has to withstand a military and political pressure. The competition of states determined the nature of objectives set for diplomacy. The then norms of diplomatic activity depended on the content of political ideas. It is important to define theoretical attitudes and the term of diplomacy. Diplomacy is a word with many meanings related to official forms of communication; one of the most important functions of diplomacy is assurance of communication and information between states. Diplomacy in the practice of the relations between Lithuania and Moscow in the given period could be defined as the means to maintain contacts between sovereigns. The hierarchy of diplomatic relations is also demonstrated. One feature of research objects is highlighted – the ceremonial conduct and regulatory norms are common to the participants of diplomatic relations. Many characteristics of the then diplomacy were determined by the special relationship existing between the state, sovereign and his diplomatic representative. The principle of immunity, its compliance and breach in diplomatic activity as well as manipulation of interstate communication norms are discussed. The author admits that such communication resulted in common principles of mutual contacts.
- Published
- 2004
18. Ishmara in Kaunas in the second half of the XVIth and the beginning of the XVIIth century
- Author
-
Sirutavičius, Marius
- Subjects
Paveldėjimo teisė ,Teismai. Teismų praktika / Courts. Case-law ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Teisės istorija / History of law ,Mokslo šaltiniai / Sources of science ,Nuosavybė / Ownership ,Kaunas. Kauno kraštas (Kaunas region) ,Išmara - Abstract
Straipsnio objektas – išmaros teisė, reglamentuojanti be paveldėtojų likusio turto panaudojimą. Pagal šią teisę (šaltiniuose vadinamą iure caducum) privatinis turtas, išmirus visiems teisėtiems paveldėtojams, atitekdavo valstybei ir dažniausiai buvo Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio dalinamas tarnyboje pasižymėjusiems bajorams. Tai buvo vienas iš būdų, kuriuo pasinaudoję žemvaldžiai bajorai galėdavo įsigyti nuosavybės ir įsitvirtinti mieste. Tyrimo šaltiniais tapo Lietuvos Metrikos knygose esantys nuosavybės dovanojimo aktai ir teisminiai sprendimai, susiję su kaduko teisės reglamentuojamomis išmarinio turto dalybomis. Šaltinių informacija leidžia aptarti kaduko teise skirstomo turto nomenklatūrą, miesto institucijų vaidmenį turto skirstyme bei analizuoti dalybų sukeltus turtinius konfliktus. Dažnai kaip išmarinis turtas buvo dovanojami namai ar sklypai (dokumentuose pateikiant ir erdvinį jų aplinkos apibūdinimą), rečiau daržai ar kitokio pobūdžio judamas ir nejudamas turtas. Miesto institucijos turėjo rūpintis naujojo savininko įvesdinimu į dovanotąją nuosavybę. Privilegijomis buvo suteikiamos visos teisės laisvai disponuoti tuo turtu, tačiau neretai buvo numatoma, kad jis lieka miesto teisės pavaldume. Toks dvilypumas provokavo miestietiškos ir bajoriškosios teisės susidūrimą, naujam turto savininkui bajorui vadovaujantis savo luomo teise. Todėl išmarinio turto dalinimą bajorams galėtume traktuoti kaip viena iš bajorijos skverbimosi į miestą kelių, padėjusį Kauno mieste atsirasti svetimkūniams – miesto teisei nepavaldžioms bajorų jurzdikoms. The object of the article is the ishmara law, governing the use of property that is left without heirs. Under this law (in the sources referred to as iurecaducum), private property, after decease of all legal heirs, would go to the state and be commonly divided by the Grand Duke of Lithuania among the distinguished noblemen. It was one of the ways for the noble land-owners to acquire property and establish in the city. Deeds of gift and judicial decisions relevant to division of ishmara property, governed by iure caducum, available in the Lithuanian Metrica books, became the sources of research. Information of the sources enables discussing the nomenclature of property divided under iure caducum and the role of urban institutions in distribution of property as well as analyzing property-related conflicts, caused by such division. Often houses or land plots were donated as ishmara property (by presenting their spatial description of environment in the documents), more seldom – gardens or movable and immovable property of such other nature. Urban institutions had to take care of the introduction of a new owner in the donated property. All rights to freely dispose of such property were conferred through privileges; however, quite often it was provided that it should stay within the jurisdiction of urban law. Such duality provoked the collision between urban and nobility law, when a new owner of property – a nobleman – went by the law of his caste. Therefore, the division of ishmara property among the noblemen could be treated as one of the ways for them to penetrate to the city, which helped foreign bodies – jurzdika of noblemen, who were not subordinate to the urban law – to emerge in Kaunas City.
- Published
- 2002
19. Kauno pilis XV-XVI amžių sandūroje
- Author
-
Sirutavičius, Marius
- Subjects
istorija ,History of Lithuania ,Lietuva (Lithuania) ,Kauno pilininkas ,Lietuva ,Kauno vietininkas ,Pavietai ,pavietas ,Crand ,Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (Lietuva ,LDK ,Grand Duchy of Lithuania ,GDL) ,Pilys. Tvirtovės. Bastėjos / Castles. Bastions. Fortresses ,Kaunas. Kauno kraštas (Kaunas region) ,Duchy of Lithuania - Published
- 2000
20. „PONAI TARĖJAI“ IR MASKVOS VALSTYBĖ: FORMALIEJI DIPLOMATINIŲ KONTAKTŲ ASPEKTAI PIRMAISIAIS TARPUVALDŽIAIS (1572-1576 M.).
- Author
-
SIRUTAVIČIUS, MARIUS
- Abstract
New practice of the representation of the state based on the former tradition of diplomatic activity was formed in the first interregnums. State officers of the GDL assumed the functions of the sovereign, on the highest level collectively representing the country in the course of the diplomatic relations with the state of Muscovy. Muscovy maintained both official and semi-official diplomatic contacts with the representatives of the GDL political elite, thus unconsciously acknowledging their prerogative to represent the state. Pre-union practice of parallel diplomatic connections, utilized by members of the GDL Council of Lords and Muscovy barons, served as the formal basis for the above-mentioned not regulated diplomatic contacts with the Muscovite Court. However, the diplomatic relations maintained on the highest level not only transcended the tradition of parallel contacts, but also contradicted an important attitude of diplomatic representation, stating that the principle of hierarchy should be followed in intercommunion, strictly observing existing levels of authority in respect of each other. Until the Union of Lublin it functioned as the organizational system of Lithuanian-Muscovian cross-border relationships: the monarch of Muscovy would only contact the sovereign of Lithuania, members of the Boyar Duma exclusively communicated with members of the Lithuanian Council of Lords, Metropolitan of Muscovy cultivated relations with the Bishop of Vilnius, etc. The Court of the Muscovian Monarch decided to allow compromises in the then applicable principles of cross-border relationships when pursuing the implementation of Ivan IV’s plans to become the Monarch of the Republic. Seeking acceptance in the environment of the GDL political elite, the ruler of Muscovites found himself under the necessity to make allowances with regard to the principles of the hierarchical diplomatic relations and maintain direct communication with the Lithuanian political elite. These “allowances” were only valid in the period of the interregnums, as the customary order was re-established after the election of the new Monarch of Poland and Lithuania which prescribed that GDL and Polish officers on their behalf would directly contact representatives of the Court of the Muscovian Monarch of the corresponding rank. With a view to conceal the practice of direct not inter-sovereign connections that was considered disgraceful to the Sovereign on the grounds of diplomatic traditions observed at that time in the State of Muscovy, it was maintained that the contacts were cultivated on the basis of the future subordination of the representatives of the GDL political elite to Ivan IV. The new practice of private or semi-private contacts between individual officials of the GDL and Muscovite diplomatic representatives that had not been sanctioned by the former tradition and that was cultivated in the second interregnum period may be associated with Ivan IV’s dynastic ambitions. Formerly hardly imaginable informal meetings of Muscovite diplomatic representatives delegated on behalf of Ivan IV and representatives of the GDL political elite aimed at the negotiations regarding the preservation of current political status of the representatives of the Polish and Lithuanian political elite in case of the election of the Muscovite Monarch, can also be associated with the process of the establishment of subordination-based relations. However, despite the subordination-based relations projected from the Muscovite side, full-fledged diplomatic communication was maintained in the period of the first interregnums, and the connections between the Muscovite Court and “gentlemen assessors” sustained all essential elements characteristic of the level of cross-border relationships. This fact is confirmed not only by the official authorities of representation bestowed on the diplomatic representatives of both sides, but also by the structure of the diplomatic ceremonial, characteristic of the prior cross-border communication. To tell the truth, state officials of both Poland and Lithuania, due to their lower social status, were viewed as hierarchically unequal partners of diplomatic contacts and thus norms of diplomatic communication as well as accompanying elements of diplomatic ceremonial intended for representatives of the countries of lower rank were employed in their respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
21. LDK PONŲ TARYBAIR MASKVOS BAJORAI: FORMALIEJI PARALELINĖS DIPLOMATIJOS ASPEKTAI 1492-1569 M.
- Author
-
SIRUTAVIČIUS, MARIUS
- Published
- 2010
22. PRAEITIES ŽENKLAI, DABARTIES VAIZDUOTĖ.
- Author
-
Aleksandravičius, Egidijus and Sirutavičius, Marius
- Published
- 2014
23. S.Ciampi indėlis į Lietuvos ir Šiaurės Italijos bendravimo istorijos tyrimus
- Author
-
Kaženauskienė, Laura, Kamuntavičius, Rūstis, Sirutavičius, Marius, and Vytautas Magnus University
- Subjects
History ,S.Ciampi ,Italai Lietuvoje ,Laiškai ,Italians in Lithuania ,Letters - Abstract
Italų istorikas Sebastiano Ciampi praleido apie 22 metus tyrinėdamas italų ir lenkų bendravimo istoriją. Tai yra pirmasis profesionalus Italijos istorikas taip rinkęs ir publikavęs informaciją susijusią su nagrinėjama tema. Pateikti visuomenei savo darbo rezultatus ir juos įamžinti jis XIX a. pradžioje išleido keturias knygas ir tritomį , kurios nėra prieinamos plačiajai visuomenei ir dažnai net nėra žinomos. Ir nors autorius dirbo Lenkijos vyriausybės užsakymu ir rinko informaciją apie jos gyventojus, tačiau, kadangi Lietuvos ir Lenkijos istorijos yra neatskiriamos, tarp surinktų duomenų yra dalis apie Lietuvą. Taigi pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas yra pažvelgti, kokią informaciją apie XVI-XIX a. Lietuvą autorius savo tyrimuose buvo aptikęs, pažvelgti koks yra jo indėlis į Šiaurės Italijos ir Lietuvos bendravimo istorijos tyrimus. Darbas pradedamas žvilgsniu į paties autoriaus asmenybę ir gyvenimą, vėliau pereinama prie jo rastos informacijos apie italus Lietuvoje ir lietuvius Italijoje, pateikiant medžiagą, kurią autorius rado ir kas leidžia daryti išvadas apie Lietuvoje lankiusiuosius svečius, jų nuveiktus darbus šioje šalyje ir įnašą į Lietuvos meną. Vėliau aptariami penkiolika įvairiais laikotarpiais rašytų laiškų, kurie publikuojami nagrinėjamose knygose, susijusių su Lietuva tiesiogiai arba tik juose minint vieną ar kitą lietuvį, ar lietuvių dalyvavimą įvykiuose. Galiausiai nagrinėjamos įvairios žinutės ir pranešimai, ir pasakojimai susiję su nagrinėjama tema... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Italian historian Sebastiano Ciampi, has spent 22 years investigating the Italian and Polish communications history. This is the first professional historian, as the Italian witch collected and posted information related to the subject. To inform the public about his findings an to commemorate it in the beggining of XIXth centyry he published fuor books and Tritoma , that are not available to the public and often not even aware of them. And though the author has worked on behalf of the Polish government and sought information about its citizens, but as Lithuanian and Polish history are inseparable, among the collected data there are some news about Lithuania as well. So the main purpose of this research is to look what kind of information about the Lithuania in the XVI-XIX centuries, the author has detected in his studies, and to look what is his contribution to the Northern Italian and Lithuanian history of communication studies. So the work starts with the looking at the author's personality and his life, then it goes to the information, the author has found, about the italians in Lithuania and lithuanians in Italy, with the presentations of the material that S. Ciampi detected, with gives us the opportunity to lead to conclusions of the guests that visited Lithuania, their work in this country and the contibution to the Lithianian art. Later, fifteen letters are discussed. Letters, that were written in diferent periods and are published in these books, that directy or no... [to full text]
- Published
- 2010
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