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The direction and magnitude of a solar sail acceleration are strongly related. For this reason, once the characteristic acceleration has been fixed, it is not possible to modulate the acceleration in a particular direction. In this work, a semi-analytical switching control law is derived, enabling a solar sail to emulate a smaller effective characteristic acceleration (without changes in geometry or optical properties); by periodically changing the pitch (cone) angle of the sail, in average over time, the acceleration produced by the sail matches exactly (in both direction and magnitude) that of a “smaller” sail. The range in which this is possible is determined, and the limitations on this range due to the size difference is computed. The method is validated on optimal Earth-Mars trajectories.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of diversity management on postmergers and acquisitions (M&A) performance. Building on prior literature, it investigates whether a firm ability to harmonize people with different backgrounds and to deal with uncertainty and dynamics in the diverse work environment will affect post-M&A performance either directly or through its interactions with acquirer-target characteristics.Design/methodology/approachThis paper used panel regression analysis on a sample of 218 M&As conducted by listed large US firms across industries.FindingsResults show that the diversity management of an acquiring firm positively influences post-M&A performance. This paper also finds support for diversity management having a more significant moderating role where merged firms have a bigger size difference and higher industry relatedness.Originality/valueThe primary contribution of this study is in testing and finding evidence to support the claim that diversity management is a useful factor in predicting post-M&A performance. The success of post-M&A integration should be considered alongside the extent of firm capabilities to manage internal diversity.

Detrital zircon geochronology can help address stratigraphic- to lithospheric-scale geological questions. The approach is reliant on statistically robust, representative age distributions that fingerprint source areas. However, there is a range of biases that may influence any detrital age signature. Despite being a fundamental and controllable source of bias, handpicking of zircon grains has received surprisingly little attention. Here, we show statistically significant differences in age distributions between bulk-mounted and handpicked fractions from an unconsolidated heavy mineral sand deposit. Although there is no significant size difference between bulk-mounted and handpicked grains, there are significant differences in their aspect ratio, circularity and colour, which indicate inadvertent preferential visual selection of euhedral and coloured zircon grains. Grain colour comparisons between dated and bulk zircon fractions help quantify bias. Bulk-mounting is the preferred method to avoid human-induced selection bias in detrital zircon geochronology.

Kapal perikanan di Indonesia khususnya kapal penangkap ikan dan kapal pengangkut ikan secara umum dibangun oleh galangan kapal tradisional. Pembangunan kapal yang dilakukan oleh galangan kapal tradisional biasanya tidak dilengkapi dengan perencanaan teknis. Perencanaan teknis dalam pembangunan kapal diantaranya adalah general arrangement, lines plan, construction plan, dan perhitungan hidrostatis dan stabilitas. Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia (BKI) adalah badan klasifikasi nasional yang memiliki wewenang dalam mengatur ukuran konstruksi, cara penyambungan, dan penentuan jenis kayu pada kapal. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, perlu dilakukan kajian terhadap kesesuaian ukuran konstruksi utama kapal dengan aturan BKI. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kesesuaian ukuran konstruksi utama kapal perikanan dengan aturan Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia, dan mendeskripsikan faktor-faktor yang dapat memengaruhi kesesuaian ukuran konstruksi utama kapal perikanan dengan aturan Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia di Beberapa Pelabuhan Perikanan di Pulau Jawa. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah penelitian survei. Ukuran konstruksi kapal dibandingkan dengan ukuran konstruksi berdasarkan aturan BKI. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif komparatif dan analisis deskriptif. Ukuran konstruksi kapal di beberapa pelabuhan perikanan di pulau Jawa beragam, tergantung pada dimensi utama kapal. Rata-rata ukuran konstruksi 47,68% lebih besar dari standar BKI, 52,16% lebih kecil dari standar BKI, dan 0,19% sesuai dengan standar BKI. Rata-rata tingkat selisih ukuran konstruksi sebesar 9,25% lebih besar dari standar BKI. Konstruksi yang rata-rata ukurannya masih di bawah standar BKI adalah galar balok, galar kim, dan kulit luar.

Pasabahce, a Bosphorus village on the Anatolian Side, was originally a Greek settlement. Muslims began to settle there in the second half of the 18th century. The centre of Pasabahce, on the shore, has a texture of attached structures. In the surroundings, many wooden houses and mansions which are located in large gardens, shape the settlement. The mansions are thought to have been used as summer houses by senior government officials. Two mansions located at Sunaziri Street and Sekerpare Street in Pasabahce are the subject of this article. Despite the uncertainty of the construction dates of the two mansions, it is estimated that they were built in the mid-19th century. Considering the construction dates, they are probably two of the oldest existing structures in Pasabahce. The mansions are in very good condition thanks to continuous use. The most remarkable elements of both mansions are the semi-circular shaped and ornamented pediments. The pediments are not the only similarity. Despite their size difference is evident, the mansions also show similar characteristics in terms of planning, materials, ornamental program and spatial use. Just as the proximity of the construction dates are similar, both mansions are estimated to have changed owners and underwent extensive renovation and modification nearly a hundred years ago. The very similarity of the interventions in the extensive renovation and modification process, strengthens the relation between mansions throughout the historical process.

BiOBr sheets of controllable shape and size were synthesized via an ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method at room temperature by varying the bromine source and reactant concentration. The BiOBr sheets synthesized from KBr and NaBr were rounded rectangles and round, respectively. The size of BiOBr sheets increased with increasing reactant concentration. As the reactant concentration increased from 10 mmol L−1 to 15 mmol L−1 until 20 mmol L−1, the size of as-prepared BiOBr sheets increased from 100–300 nm to 300–500 nm until 700–1000 nm, respectively. Moreover, the size difference in BiOBr sheets did not significantly affect the photocatalytic performance in degrading organic dyes. Such a simple and rapid method of controlling the shape and size of BiOBr sheets could provide more abundant matrix materials for the synthesis and modification of BiOBr.

Two new eight-layer hexagonal perovskites with the composition Ba8MNb6O24 (M = Fe and Cu) are synthesized by solid-state reaction at 1350-1400 °C. Their crystal structures have been investigated using X-ray and electron diffractions as well as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Although both compounds have similar M2+ size, Ba8FeNb6O24 and Ba8CuNb6O24 adopt shifted and twinned structures, respectively. Through comparison with the reported shifted Ba8MNb6O24 (M = Mn, Co, and Zn) and twinned Ba8NiNb6O24 as well as inexistent Ba8Mg(Nb/Ta)6O24, we elucidate that the twin-shift competition of Ba8MNb6O24 family could be related with multiple chemical factors including tolerance factors, B-cationic size difference, entropy variation with B-cation and vacancy disorder, Jahn-Teller distortion, and FSO B-B d orbit interactions.

Su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde boylama uygulaması balıklar arasında oluşan boy farkının yarattığı dezavantajlardan korunmak amacıyla yapılır. Bu etkinlikle büyük ve küçük bireyler besleme periyodu sırasında birbirlerinden ayrılırlar. Bu amaçla kurgulanan bu araştırmada Oreochromis niloticus♀ x Oreochromis aureus♂ melezlerinin yetiştiriciliğinde küçük bireylerin büyüme ve besi performansları üzerine sürüye eklenen büyük bireylerin etkilerinin olup olmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Denemede 0 yaş 1 ile 4 g‘lık melez yavrular fiber tanklara 40 adet/m3 oranında stoklanmış ve 75 gün boyunca yetiştirilmiştir. Deneme grupları, tamamı 1 g‘lık küçük bireylerden oluşan boylanmış bir grup (G1), 1 g ve 2g‘dan oluşan (G2), 1 g ve 3g‘dan oluşan (G3) ve 1 g ve 4g‘dan oluşan (G4) grubundan oluşmuştur. Çalışma sonunda boylamanın tilapia melezlerinin büyümesine pozitif etki etmediği görülmüştür. Buna karşı içinde büyük bireylerin bulunduğu G2 grubundaki küçük bireylerin (18,60±0,33g) diğer gruplardaki küçük bireylerden daha iyi büyüdüğü ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte G2 grubu diğer gruplardan daha iyi bir (1,39±0,05) YDO‘na ulaşmıştır. En iyi ekonomik dönüşüm oranı yine G2 grubunda (11,12±0,75) elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak farklı boydaki bireylerle yapılan yetiştiricilik uygulamasının melez tilapia yavrularının gelişimine pozitif etki yarattığı, özellikle 1+2 g şeklinde stoklandıklarında rekabet ortamının geliştiği ve bu durumun yetiştiricilik ekonomisine olumlu yönde etki ettiği gözlemlenmiştir.

Colloidal chemistry techniques at elevated temperatures (250–300°C) have been used to synthesize big (up to 20 nm) quantum dots (QDs) based on indium antimonide (InSb). In respect to their optical and electrical characteristics, the obtained big QDs exhibit properties similar to those of QDs with usual dimensions (4–5 nm), except the spectral maximum of luminescence being shifted inadequately to the size difference. This circumstance, together with the QD shape as measured by transmission electron microscopy, can be indicative of a less perfect crystalline structure of obtained big QDs, probably resulting from insufficiently high temperature of synthesis.

Social conformity occurs when individuals in group settings change their personal opinion to be in agreement with the majority's position. While recent literature frequently reports on conformity in online group settings, the causes for online conformity are yet to be fully understood. This study aims to understand how social presencei.e., the sense of being connected to others via mediated communication, influences conformity among individuals placed in online groups while answering subjective and objective questions. Acknowledging its multifaceted nature, we investigate three aspects of online social presence: user representation (generic vs.user-specific avatars), interactivity (discussion vs.no discussion ), and response visibility (public vs.private ). Our results show an overall conformity rate of 30% and main effects from task objectivity, group size difference between the majority and the minority, and self-confidence on personal answer. Furthermore, we observe an interaction effect between interactivity and response visibility, such that conformity is highest in the presence of peer discussion and public responses, and lowest when these two elements are absent. We conclude with a discussion on the implications of our findings in designing online group settings, accounting for the effects of social presence on conformity.

The effects of the size of the largest crack and size difference among cracks on critical current of superconducting tape with multiple cracks of different sizes in the superconducting layer were investigated by a model analysis and a Monte Carlo simulation, using the specimens consisting of a series circuit of local sections where each section has one crack of different size from each other. It was revealed that, with increasing distribution-width of crack size, the increase in the size of the largest crack acts to reduce the critical current and the increase in the crack size-difference among the sections acts to raise the critical current, and these conflicting two effects are summed up and determine the critical current value. To describe this feature quantitatively, we expressed the statistics of the size of the largest crack in specimens with the Gumbel’s extreme value distribution function. Also we monitored the effect of the difference in crack size among the sections on specimen’s critical current, using the number of the sections equivalent to the largest crack-section at the critical voltage for determination of specimen’s critical current. In this monitoring, small number of the sections equivalent to the largest crack-section corresponds to large difference in crack size among the sections. With the present approach, the effect of the increase in size of the largest crack, which acts to reduce critical current, and the effect of the increase in difference in crack size among the sections, which acts to raise critical current, with increase in distribution-width of crack size, could be estimated separately.

Anthropogenic disturbances pose a multitude of novel challenges to ecosystems. While many experiments have tested effects using abrupt treatment applications, most environmental changes in fact are gradual. Since ecosystem responses might be highly dependent on the temporal nature of stressors, it is crucial to differentiate the effects of abrupt vs gradual treatment application. Antifungal agents, which are widely used in disease control both for humans and in agriculture, are becoming a new class of environmental contaminants. In this study, we examined the effect of a sub-lethal application of one antifungal agent, amphotericin B. We applied different rates of delivery, e.g. gradual and abrupt, and monitored biomass and sporulation of the model fungus Neurospora crassa in a batch culture. Our results demonstrate that: (i) the effect size difference between abrupt and gradual treatments is fungal growth stage dependent and (ii) the gradual treatment clearly had a higher sporulation level compared with all types of abrupt treatments. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the rate of change in environmental change research and point to a new research direction for future global change studies. Furthermore, our results also have important implications for avoiding treatment-induced spore production in agriculture and medical practise.

Summary Background and objective Forearm free flaps are used after hemiglossectomy. However, no investigation has been performed on whether oral functions are better preserved when sizes of the resection and reconstruction flap are exact matches, or whether the size of the resection should be changed. We aimed to retrospectively examine whether size differences between the resection and reconstruction flap affect speech and swallowing functions postoperatively, and to determine whether there are more favorable flap size ratios. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing hemiglossectomy using a forearm free flap between 2006 and 2016 at Kobe University Hospital, Japan. The effect of size difference between the resection and reconstruction flap on maintained oral function was assessed. Speech and swallowing functions were assessed, and their correlation with the ratio of the flap size to that of the resected area was determined. With these data, distribution maps of the relationship between the functional level and reconstructed dimension ratio were prepared. The more suitable reconstructed dimension ratio was examined and evaluated. The Fisher exact test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Scheffe test were used in statistical analyses. Results Eighty-eight patients underwent hemiglossectomy using a forearm free flap during a 10-year period. Of these cases, 66 patients were included in this study, while 22 were excluded. The ratio of the area of the reconstruction flap to that of the resection site was 0.59–2.79 (median: 1.61). Sixty patients had flaps greater than the resection area, whereas 6 had smaller flaps. Significant differences were found in speech intelligibility and swallowing function when the reconstructed dimension ratio was categorized as follows: ≤1.3, 1.3–1.8, and ≥1.8. Conclusion Our findings suggest that postoperative deterioration of oral functions after hemiglossectomy could be reduced if reconstruction is performed using a forearm free flap with a surface area 1.3 to 1.8 times greater than that of the resection area.

The traditional Petri dish, which has not been changed in almost 60 years, has clear limitations when it is applied to cell cultures in a modern biological laboratory. In this work, by integrating the advantages of both the semidirect breath figure (sDBF) method and the traditional breath figure (BF) method, we proposed for the first time a novel hybrid BF method for the fabrication of honeycomb-patterned Petri dishes with mPEG self-assembly in the pores. Due to the amphiphilic structure of mPEG, the active OH groups of mPEG were located inside the pores of the dishes, which could covalently couple with other functional materials. For instance, in this work, an antibacterial agent was immobilized onto the dish surface via a typical coupling reaction. Because of the size difference between the bacteria and cells, the prepared dishes had selective antibacterial activity but noncytotoxicity against mammalian cells. The present hybrid BF method provides a new insight for endowing commercial PS Petri dishes or other membranes with special topographical structures and functions, which could solve the long-term challenges of cell cultures in the future.

Sn-MFI zeolite is one kind of remarkable emerging solid Lewis acid catalyst with high stability in recent years, due to its wide application in the environmental-friendly biomass conversion and catalytic oxidation processes. Herein, it is confirmed that the Sn species are highly dispersed in the matrix of zeolite, and the expansion of unit cell is attributed to the formation of crystalline Sn O Si bonds, owing to the size difference between Si and Sn atoms. Due to the charge difference, Sn-MFI zeolites possess much more Lewis acid sites than Silicalite-1 and SnO2/Silicalite-1, and the catalytic property is closely related to the amount of Lewis acid sites. Consequently, it is reasonable to infer that the Sn atoms are inserted into the framework of Sn-MFI zeolite, in tetrahedral coordination, which acts as the active sites in Lewis acid catalyzed reactions.

X-ray tomography study reveals that sheared granular mixtures with size difference segregate under convection and arching effects., Granular mixtures with size difference can segregate upon shaking or shear. However, the quantitative study of this process remains difficult because it can be influenced by many mechanisms. Conflicting results on similar experimental systems are frequently obtained when the experimental conditions are not well controlled, which is mainly due to the fact that many mechanisms can be at work simultaneously. Moreover, it is often that macroscopic or empirical measures, which lack microscopic physical bases, are used to explain the experimental findings and therefore cannot provide an accurate and complete depiction of the overall process. Here, we carry out a detailed and systematic microscopic structure and dynamics study of a cyclically sheared granular system with rigorously controlled experimental conditions. We find that both convection and arching effect play important roles in the segregation process in our system, and we can quantitatively identify their respective contributions.

Inorganic nanomaterials are emerging as widely applicable and solving complex modern world problems. Herein, this chapter introduces the use of microorganisms, especially their enzymes, for the synthesis of eco-friendly and cost-effective NPs. The use of enzyme in the synthetic process lets researcher controls the size, shape, growth, and reaction rate of NPs. It also lowers the need for high temperatures and other special requirements such as the use of toxic solvents or reducing agents as well as prevents the produced NPs from aggregation. The microgenic synthesis functionalized the produced NPs with certain immunogenic material due to the large amount of enzymes involved in the process, thus making it biocompatible for medical applications. However, despite the exceptional features of biogenic nanoparticles, there is still room available for improvement, such as the development of a synthetic process that is free from all the down processes (filtration, size difference, etc.), searching for the broader application of green NPs, searching for enzymes or proteins that can synthesize nanoparticle in optimum capacity at room temperature, and of course synthesizing NPs that can be used for the development of sustainable green economy and environment as well as one that can heal the devastations of climate change.

[Figure][1] Three freshwater shrimp ( Gammarus minus ), showing the dramatic size difference between the smallest and largest. Photo credit: Douglas Glazier. At first glance, the fact that large animals have higher metabolic rates makes sense, but when you look at the metabolic rates of

Numerous investigators have tested contentions that angry faces capture early attention more completely than happy faces do in the context of other faces. However, syntheses of studies on early event-related potentials related to the anger superiority hypothesis have yet to be conducted, particularly in relation to the N200 posterior-contralateral (N2pc) component which provides a reliable electrophysiological index related to orienting of attention suitable for testing this hypothesis. Fifteen samples (N = 534) from 13 studies featuring the assessment of N2pc amplitudes during exposure to angry-neutral and/or happy-neutral facial expression arrays were included for meta-analysis. Moderating effects of study design features and sample characteristics on effect size variability were also assessed. N2pc amplitudes elicited by affectively valenced expressions (angry and happy) were significantly more pronounced than those elicited by neutral expressions. However, the mean effect size difference between angry and happy expressions was ns. N2pc effect sizes were moderated by sample age, number of trials, and nature of facial images used (schematic vs. real) with larger effect sizes observed when samples were comparatively younger, more task trials were presented and schematic face arrays were used. N2pc results did not support anger superiority hypothesis. Instead, attentional resources allocated to angry versus happy facial expressions were similar in early stages of processing. As such, possible adaptive advantages of biases in orienting toward both anger and happy expressions warrant consideration in revisions of related theory.

The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is an important post-translational modifier that regulates various cellular processes. Extensive investigations have been made to comprehend the enzymatic process and consequence of SUMOylation. In vitro SUMOylation assays are invaluable for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of SUMOylation. A majority of these assays monitor changes in the size of the substrate upon SUMO conjugation. Current methods typically detect the size difference through SDS-PAGE and western blots, which makes these methods cumbersome, error-prone, and time-consuming. Here, we describe a fluorescence-based assay for real-time detection of SUMOylation. In the method, a fluorophore-tagged substrate is used in the SUMOylation reaction. Upon SUMOylation, the size and correlation time (τc ) of the substrate increases, and so does its anisotropy. The rate of change in anisotropy with time reflects the efficiency of the SUMOylation machinery. The real-time SUMOylation assay protocol is elegant, time-saving, and less prone to errors. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Fluorescent anisotropy-based in vitro SUMOylation assay.

Computational fluid dynamics--discrete element method simulation results demonstrate the bubble collapse phenomenon observed in a prior experimental study when two bubbles are injected side-by-side into an incipiently fluidized bed. Results confirm that one of the bubbles collapses when there is a slight size difference between the two bubbles and its extent is beyond a critical value. The collapse occurs because of a preferential gas channeling toward the larger bubble, which leaves the smaller bubble without sufficient gas flow to support its shape.

The origins of the various elements in the human antibody repertoire have been and still are subject to considerable uncertainty. Uncertainty in respect of whether the various elements have always served a specific defense function or whether they were co-opted from other organismal roles to form a crude naïve repertoire that then became more complex as combinatorial mechanisms were added. Estimates of the current size of the human antibody naïve repertoire are also widely debated with numbers anywhere from 10 million members, based on experimentally derived numbers, to in excess of one thousand trillion members or more, based on the different sequences derived from theoretical combinatorial calculations. There are questions that are relevant at both ends of this number spectrum. At the lower bound it could be questioned whether this is an insufficient repertoire size to counter all the potential antigen-bearing pathogens. At the upper bound the question is rather simpler: How can any individual interrogate such an astronomical number of antibody-bearing B cells in a timeframe that is meaningful? This review evaluates the evolutionary aspects of the adaptive immune system, the calculations that lead to the large repertoire estimates, some of the experimental evidence pointing to a more restricted repertoire whose variation appears to derive from convergent ‘structure and specificity features’, and includes a theoretical model that seems to support it. Finally, a solution that may reconcile the size difference anomaly, which is still a hot subject of debate, is suggested.

The purpose of this study was to determine how well radiologists could visually detect a change in lung nodule size on the basis of visual image perception alone. Under IRB approval, 109 standard chest CT image series were anonymized and exported from PACS. Nine hundred forty virtual lung nodule pairs (six baseline diameters, six relative volume differences, two nodule types—solid and ground glass—and 14 repeats) were digitally inserted into the chest CT image series (same location, different sizes between the pair). These digitally altered CT image pairs were shown to nine radiologists who were tasked to visually determine which image contained the larger nodule using a two-alternative forced-choice perception experimental design. These data were statistically analyzed using a generalized linear mixed effects model to determine how accurately the radiologists were able to correctly identify the larger nodule. Nominal baseline nodule diameter, relative volume difference, and nodule type were found to be statistically significant factors (p < 0.001) in influencing the radiologists’ accuracy. For solid (ground-glass) nodules, the baseline diameter needed to be at least 6.3 mm (13.2 mm) to be able to visually detect a 25% change in volume with 95 ± 1.4% accuracy. Accuracy was lowest for the nodules with the smallest baseline diameters and smallest relative volume differences. Additionally, accuracy was lower for ground-glass nodules compared to solid nodules. Factors that impacted visual size assessment were baseline nodule diameter, relative volume difference, and solid versus non-solid nodule type, with larger and more solid lesions offering a more precise assessment of change. • For solid nodules, radiologists could visually detect a 25% change in volume with 95% accuracy for nodules having greater than 6.3-mm baseline diameter. • For ground-glass nodules, radiologists could visually detect a 25% change in volume with 95% accuracy for nodules having greater than 13.2-mm baseline diameter. • Accuracy in detecting a change in nodule size began to stabilize around 90–100% for nodules with larger baseline diameters (> 8 mm for solid nodules, > 12 mm for ground-glass nodules) and larger relative volume differences (>15% for solid nodules, > 25% for ground-glass nodules).

BackgroundDoctoral supervision is a distinct form of supervision with clearly defined responsibilities. One of these is the delivery of effective face-to-face feedback to allow supervisees to improve upon their performances. Unfortunately, doctoral supervisors, especially of health sciences, are often not trained in supervisory skills and therefore practice mostly on a trial and error basis. Lack of understanding of the feedback process leads to incongruence in how supervisors and supervisees perceive feedback. However, standardized training practices like microteaching can allow supervisors to acquire effective feedback practices. In this study we employed a schematic approach of microteaching, that is micro-feedback, in a workshop to develop feedback skills of doctoral supervisors, and assessed the overall effectiveness of this training using the Kirkpatrick evaluation framework.MethodologyThis was a Quasi-experimental study with a repeated measures and a two-group separate sample pre-post test design. A micro-feedback skills workshop was organized to enhance feedback skills of doctoral supervisors using microteaching technique. The first two levels of the Kirkpatrick evaluation model were used to determine the workshop’s effectiveness. An informal Objective Structured Teaching Exercise (OSTE) was used to assess feedback skills of the supervisors, both before and after the workshop. A questionnaire was developed to compare pre-and post-workshop perceptions of the supervisors (n = 17) and their corresponding supervisees (n = 34) regarding the ongoing feedback practice.ResultsDespite the hectic schedule, most doctoral supervisors (17 of 24, 71%) were willing to undertake faculty development training. Participants indicated a high level of satisfaction with the workshop. A learning gain of 56% was observed on pre-post OSTE scores. Prior to the workshop, perceptions of how supervisees should be given the feedback differed significantly between supervisors and supervisees with an effect size difference ofr = 0.30. After the workshop there was a negligible difference in perceptions between supervisors and supervisees (r = .001). Interestingly, supervisors shifted their perceptions more toward those that were originally held by the supervisees.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that well-designed and properly assessed structured programs such as micro-feedback workshops can improve how doctoral supervisors provide feedback to their supervisees and align supervisors’ perceptions of that feedback with those of their supervisees.

Previous work in VR has demonstrated how individual physical objects can represent multiple virtual objects in different locations by redirecting the user's hand. We show how individual objects can represent multiple virtual objects of different sizes by resizing the user's grasp. We redirect the positions of the user's fingers by visual translation gains, inducing an illusion that can make physical objects seem larger or smaller. We present a discrimination experiment to estimate the thresholds of resizing virtual objects from physical objects, without the user reliably noticing a difference. The results show that the size difference is easily detected when a physical object is used to represent an object less than 90% of its size. When physical objects represent larger virtual objects, however, then scaling is tightly coupled to the physical object's size: smaller physical objects allow more virtual resizing (up to a 50% larger virtual size). Resized Grasping considerably broadens the scope of using illusions to provide rich haptic experiences in virtual reality.

The effects of hot-strip coiling temperature on Ti(C,N) precipitation, texture and hydrogen permeation behavior in DC06EK enamel steel were investigated by TEM, EBSD test and electrochemical hydrogen permeation experiment. It was found that the Ti(C,N) particles in hot-strip coarsened with increasing coiling temperature, whereas after cold-rolling and annealing, the size difference of Ti(C,N) particles was lessened. The hot-strip coiling temperature has a significant impact on the recrystallized texture in the subsequent cold-rolled and annealed sheet. Hot-strip using high temperature (700 °C) coiling leads to strong {111} recrystallized texture in annealed sheet, with peak intensity 9.2. On the contrary, in annealed sheets using hot-strip coiling at 650 °C, their {111} recrystallized textures were weaker, which was also reflected in their rm values. Even though the hydrogen diffusion coefficient is slightly lower (7.76×10-5 mm2/s) in annealed sheet using low temperature coiling (600 °C), appropriately higher coiling temperature is more suitable for DC06EK enamel steel combining both good drawability and fish-scale resistance.

A (t, s, k, n) essential secret image sharing scheme (ESIS) shares a secret image between s essential and n-s non-essential shadows, where t essential shadows and total k shadows are needed to recover the secret image. This paper presents a three-layered structure for ESIS by generating equal-sized essential and non-essential shadows for security to prevent the discovery of essential shadows using only the size difference. In the first layer, two criteria of t essential shadows and totally k shadows are needed. The second and third layers generate essential and non-essential shadows to fit the requirement of the (t, s, k, n) thresholds. The proposed scheme is proved to fit ESIS and equal-sized requirements with properly chosen parameters. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed scheme is superior to other schemes on the smallest shadow sizes among equal-sized ESIS schemes.

Humans of different sizes move in very similar ways despite the size difference. The principles of geometric scaling provide insight into the reasons for the similar movement patterns observed. In human locomotion, body size influences endurance running performance, with shorter body sizes being an advantage due to better heat exchange compared with their taller counterparts. Scaling can also show the equivalence of child gait with that of adults in terms of stride length and walking velocity. In humans, maximum jump height is independent of standing height, a scaling result which has been validated by examining jumps with mass added to the body. Finally, strength scales in proportion to body mass to the two-thirds power, which explains why shorter people have greater relative body strength compared with taller individuals. Geometric scaling reveals the underlying principles of many human movement forms.