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This scientific article presents the intriguing results of a comparative study on the performance and effort parameters in mountain biking (MTB) and electric mountain biking (eMTB). The study meticulously involved a 51-year-old male participant boasting a normal BMI and excellent aerobic fitness. Both MTB and eMTB were subjected to rigorous testing, with designated mountain trails chosen for the rides. Heart rate monitoring, facilitated by specialized equipment like the Garmin Edge 1030 bike computer and the Garmin HRM Pro chest strap, meticulously recorded effort parameters. All the gathered data was securely stored and subjected to meticulous analysis in the Garmin Connect cloud.The comprehensive findings disclosed that the total riding time on the mountain trail was remarkably 45.3% longer on the traditional MTB compared to the eMTB. However, the eMTB demonstrated a noteworthy 31% higher average speed, particularly evident during challenging uphill sections and minor inclines. This discovery implies that eMTB riding provides a time-saving advantage while delivering a thrilling and faster-paced experience.Interestingly, despite the significant disparity in average speed, no statistically significant differences were observed in maximum speed between the two bike types. This suggests that both MTB and eMTB are capable of reaching similar peak speeds, ensuring exhilarating moments for riders irrespective of their chosen bike.When examining the effort parameters measured through heart rate, it was found that the average heart rate (HRAVG) during MTB riding was approximately 11% higher than during eMTB riding. This highlights that traditional MTB demands more intense cardiovascular effort and physical exertion.Similarly, the maximum heart rate (HRMAX) during MTB riding was slightly higher, though the difference was not statistically significant compared to eMTB riding. This suggests that both forms of biking can push participants to similar maximum heart rates despite the varying average heart rates.In conclusion, this insightful study adds valuable evidence to the ongoing discourse around MTB and eMTB riding. The results underscore the advantages of eMTB riding, offering faster speeds and higher average speeds compared to traditional MTB. Moreover, the study brings to light the comparable maximum speeds between the two forms of biking. The heart rate-based findings are crucial for mountain biking enthusiasts as they contemplate the best-fit option between a traditional mountain bike and an electric mountain bike, based on their preferences, physical capabilities, and desired riding experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research aim is to test and evaluate the effectiveness of fitball aerobics program used as an element of additional physical education for children over five. Materials and methods. 40 children aged 6-7 attending a preschool educational institution in Chelyabinsk (Russia) took part in the research. Before and after the pedagogical experiment, the children of both groups were measured body weight, evaluated the physical and functional abilities of the body. Compulsory physical education classes in the control and experimental groups were conducted 3 times a week for 30 minutes according to the «Rainbow» program. For the children of the experimental group, additional classes were conducted according to the proposed comprehensive training program «Fitball-aerobics for children aged 6-7» in the gym in the afternoon 2 times a week for 30 minutes, outside the mandatory training hours grid for physical culture in a preschool educational establishment. The proposed fitball aerobics program is designed taking into account the children's age and motion experience and contains a set of physical exercises with the ball and on the ball, corrective gymnastics, dancing, active and musical games, and a relay race. Research results. At the end of the experiment, the girls and boys of the experimental group had a significant increase in the indicated values in all motor tests and in all functional ones. The increase in the values of motor and functional tests in children of the experimental group was higher than in the children of the control group. The largest increase in the children's motor qualities values was observed in the experimental group in tests for speed and strength endurance of the trunk flexor muscles and spine and hip joints active flexibility. The highest increase in the functional indicators values was observed when testing girls and boys of the experimental group for statokinetic stability (Romberg test) and physical performance (Rufier index). Conclusions. The results of the additional physical education program for over-five-year-old children tested by the authors showed its effectiveness. The choice of the tools and pedagogical technologies offered in this program allowed us to increase significantly the children's conditioned and functional indicators before entering school. To improve conditioned abilities of children aged 6-7 and adapt them to school, preschool teachers should actively search for means and methods of additional physical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research aim is to conduct a comparative analysis of girls' having different volume and intensity of physical activity body types. Research materials and methods. The research was conducted in 2018-2019 academic year at the Technical University of Irkutsk (Russia). 707 girls aged 18-21 were under observation during it. Of those, 499 students, who did not have diseases and restrictions for physical education, were assigned to the Ist functional group and 208 students, who had restrictions on the volume and intensity of physical activity - to the IIIrd functional group. The types of the girls' body constitution were evaluated according to the overall, component, and proportional levels of variation in anthropometric indicators and body development variants. Research results. Differences in somatotypes distribution among girls of different functional and age groups were found. In girls of the Ist functional health group, where students of all ages did not have diseases and restrictions for physical education, the microsomal constitution type is 3.05 times less common, megalomacrosomal and mesosomal somatotypes are 3.4 and 3.0 times more common, respectively, than in the IIIrd functional health group, where students had restrictions on the volume and intensity of physical activity. The number of girls with micromegalosomal somatotype is approximately the same in both groups observed. It was found that there are more girls with a physiological (banal) biological maturation period in the Ist health group. In both groups, the content of fat and muscle tissue in the body is higher in girls, having macrosomal somatotype and less in girls with microsomal somatotype. In both health groups, the muscle component content in the body is greater in girls with the macrosomal constitution type and less in girls having the microsomal somatotype. The bone component content in the body weight of girls of different somatotypes and different health groups is approximately the same. In the population of all the examined female students, mesomembral somatotype girls with an average lower extremities length are more common. Conclusions.The analysis of the girls with different amounts of physical activity intensity types of constitution showed significant differences. More than 35% of all examined girls have transitional somatotypes, which indicates their disharmonious physical development and a possible risk of developing non-communicable diseases. It was found that the number of girls with a physiological (banal) period of biological maturation is 15.1% more than in the IIIrdhealth group. In both functional health groups, girls with the microsomal somatotype have the lowest content of fat and muscle components in the body. In girls with the microsomal somatotype, the fat mass and muscle content in the body is greater than in girls with other somatotypes. There were no significant differences in the bone component content in body weight between girls with different somatotypes. To increase the effectiveness of physical culture and health technologies in educational institutions and students' health level, it is necessary to take into account the results of students' body somatotyping. The materials of the conducted research can be used in PE training programs designing and young people's state of physical health monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research aim -- is to conduct a comparative assessment of constitution types, motor qualities and body components of adolescent girls with different health levels to correct the physical education methods. Research materials and methods. 246 female students of Irkutsk Technical University (Russia) of functional health groups I (n=132) and III (n=114) were examined. According to the scheme of M. V. Chernorutsky the types of the girls' body constitution with Pinier's index calculation were evaluated, arterial pressure was measured, heart rate before and after graduated exercise was determined, as well as recovery time pulse after exercise and muscle strength of the hands. Robinson's index and power index were counted. The content of bone, fat and muscle tissue in the girls' bodies was calculated using Mateyko's formulas. The main motor qualities of the girls were determined using a set of motor tests. Research results. In the first group of students, high functional indicators of the cardiovascular and muscular systems were reliably established in girls of all types of constitution. In this group, girls of the normosthenic somatotype had an advantage in motor qualities. In the third group of students, the girls of normosthenic and asthenic somatotypes had significantly high indicators of motor qualities. In comparison with the results of the study of the component composition in the body of all girls of the first group, the girls of the third group had a lower content of the muscle component, and more fat mass in all types of constitution. The highest content of fat mass was found in girls - hypersthenic somatotype of group III. Conclusions. The indicators of girls from different functional groups and types of constitution, cardiovascular and muscular system activity, motor qualities and body component composition significantly differ. Of all the students surveyed, more than a third of the girls have an asthenic body type. Functional indicators of the cardiovascular and muscular systems, motor qualities and muscle component content in the body, maintaining fat mass below the girls of all somatotypes from the first group, in comparison with girls, having such somatotype from the third group. In both groups, the motor tests results and the cardiovascular system reserve of activity during exercise were higher in girls with normosthenic and asthenic body types than in girls with hypersthenic type. The research results allow adjusting the PE and sports classes curricula in educational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The study of historical and pedagogical sources, as well as issues of formation, strengthening and preserving the health of the child became the object of scientific analysis for many representatives of the pedagogical science for a long time. Scientists of the past tried to substantiate the theoretical and methodological features of preserving the health of the child in a combination of mental development and physical education, emphasized the importance of training young people in accordance with her age, mental, physical abilities and abilities. In these circumstances, the problem of qualitative training of future specialists who are ready for education and formation of a healthy lifestyle, which will ensure the harmonious development of the individual of each child, as well as outline the main approaches to the implementation of healthcare-saving technologies in education, becomes of special urgency. Methods. Regarding the genesis of historical approaches and the analysis of the main trends in the development of scientific views on the preservation of health, a set of methods was used: theoretical methods: a comparative analysis of psycho-pedagogical, philosophical and health-saving literature for the synthesis of scientific facts regarding the development of healthcare-saving activity in society; retrospective analysis, scientific reflection to form a holistic view of the phenomenon of health preservation; empirical methods: diagnostic (sociological observations). Results. It is the study and analysis of the main trends in the development of scientific views on the preservation of health and health-saving activities, which became the basis for theoretical and practical developments, as well as the introduction of more advanced healthcare technologies in educational institutions. Conclusions. The main tendencies in development and modern development of scientific views on health preservation and health-saving activity are studied and analyzed. This article does not exhaust all aspects of the problem under consideration and updates the need for increased attention in relation to further fundamental research, theoretical and practical developments, and the introduction of the most advanced health-saving technologies in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Previously, we have shown that in patients the entropy of HRV and spectral power density (SPD) of loci of EEG as well as of Immunocytogram (ICG) and Leukocytogram (LCG) is characterized by a large variation. The method of cluster analysis is revealed that in members of the major cluster (60%), the entropy of EEG, HRV, ICG and LCG varies within the normal range (-0,5σ ÷ +0,5σ). The members of the next largest cluster (23%) are characterized by a moderately increased entropy of the SPD of EEG in combination with the normal entropy of the ICG and the moderately reduced entropy of HRV and LCG. The members of the third cluster (9%) noted a significantly lower entropy (negentropy) of the SPD in loci F3, F4, T3 and C4; in addition, there is a moderate decrease in the entropy of the LCG. Instead, members of the last cluster (8%) noted the negentropy of SPD in paired loci Fp1 and Fp2, T5 and T6, T3 and T4, F7 and F8 as well as O1 and O2; in addition, there is a moderate decrease in entropy of the ICG. The entropy of other EEG locus as well as of HRV and LCG is within the normal range. The purpose of this study is to analyze variants of changes in entropy under the influence of natural adaptogens and to determine the possibility of their prediction. Material and methods. In basal conditions in 37 men and 14 women with chronic pyelonephritis and cholecystit is in remission as well as without clinical diagnose but with dysfunction of neuro-endocrine-immune complex and metabolism, we recordedtwice, before and after balneotherapy at the spa Truskavets', EEG ("NeuroCom Standard") and HRV ("Cardiolab+VSR"). In blood we determined relative content of components (RCC) of Immunocytogram (ICG) (T helper, T cytolytic, B and NK lymphocytes) and Leukocytogram (LCG) (Eosinophils, Stub and Segmentonucleary Neutrophils, Lymphocytes and Monocytes). Than we calculated for each locus of EEG and HRV as well as for ICG and LCG the Entropy (H) of normalized SPD or RCC using Shannon's formula. Results.Three groups of persons were created, significantly different from each other in terms of entropy changes, while the differences between the members of each group were much smaller. Balneotherapy has a generalized negentropic effect on EEG of 66,7% patients (members of first cluster). On the other hand, the members of the other two clusters have substantially increased EEG entropy overall, but there are significant differences with respect to individual loci. The entropy changes of HRV, ICG, and LCG are within ±0,5 σ, which we consider to be insignificant. According to the results of the discriminant analysis, changes in entropy only 11 loci EEG and ICG were identified as characteristic of the clusters. It is shown that both the decrease in entropy in the first cluster and its increase in the third cluster (13,7% of patients) is normalizing. Instead, in the second cluster (19,6%), like the first cluster, only 4 EEG parameters change, whereas the entropy of most parameters rises above the upper limit of the norm, ie the true proentropic effect of balneotherapy takes place. The entropy change directionality is driven by 19 predictors, primarily the initial entropy levels of EEG, HRV, ICG, and LCG, as well as Popovych's Adaptation and Strain Index and gender, but not the age of the patients. Conclusion. Differentially directed entropy changes under the influence of natural adaptogens are, as a rule, normalizing in nature and predetermined by both its initial levels and other predictors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The article reveals the essence of the notion of «healthcare environment of a higher education establishment» as an environment of an individual, in which interconnected healthcare factors and conditions contributing to the social, spiritual, physical and mental development of the personality of the future teacher operate, the components of health as a prerequisite for the creation of a health-preserving environment, should ensure not only the preservation and strengthening of health, but also the formation of the health culture of the future specialist. The objective of this research: to uncover the process of creating a healthcare environment in the institution of higher education and its impact on the healthcare activities of future teachers. Methods. During the implementation of this research the complex of general scientific methods has been used: an observation as a systematic purposeful study of the object; a poll as the most common method of obtaining information; a comparative analysis as a comparison of features inherent in two or more objects; a pedagogical experiment, which was used to create a healthcare environment in the institution of higher education and check its impact on the dynamics of the level of a healthcare activity by the future teachers. Results. After the conducted study, the following data were obtained: 10,2% of students in the control group and 20.9% of students in the experimental group have a high level of healthcare activity, 29,3% and 53,8% of students possess a sufficient level respectively, 33,8% of students in the control group and 19,1% of students in the experimental group showed an average level, 26,7% of students in the control group and 6,2% of students in the experimental group have a low level of a healthcare activity. Conclusions. Thus, the creation of healthcare environment in an institution of higher education is a process that requires a clear awareness by all subjects of the educational process about the importance of a responsible attitude towards their own health. Prospects for further researches lie in further study the theory and practice of future teacher's personality upbringing in the healthcare environment in the institution of higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article issues that the purpose of higher legal education is the specialist of the integral profile, which has universal synthetic knowledge and capable of universal functional activity in the conditions of development of a market economy. Analyzing the process of integration that promotes the formation of integral qualities of future lawyers and is intended to optimize the pedagogical process, it is underlined the need for integration in legal education in modern conditions, since social and economic transformations have led to the need for radical MEDIA legal education system, the methodology and technology of the organization of educational process in educational institutions are of different types, and the conduct of new educational subjects requires constant search for new organizational forms, learning technologies, characterized by three levels of integration of educational disciplines. The first level of integration as integration interaction at the level of reduction, the second is a synthesis of interacting sciences on the basis of basic discipline and the third level - the creation of an integrative course, an integrated course 'Legal Communication in an Integrator and processes 'to the variational part of the curricula of institutions of higher legal education, which complements philological knowledge of the acquired language knowledge during the study of the discipline 'Ukrainian language (in professional direction)' and disciplines of the legal cycle, philological, knowledge of psycholinguistics, pedagogical communication, shorthand, dialogue, electronic communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with a study which identified a new serogroup of Legionella pneumophila in veteran patients in July 1980. Description of the patients; Laboratory findings; Serologic testing.

Data from this study indicate that the Legionniares' disease bacterium can survive for a relatively long period of time in water. Four strains survived in distilled water for 69 to 139 d and for 364 to 369 d in tap water. Viable cells from two strains were recovered from tap water at 408 to 415 d. There were no surviving bacteria in cooling-tower water after 24 to 48 h. The rapid die-off was probably due to bactericidal agents added to the water to control growth.

We analyzed 24 environmental samples collected in or near the Indiana Memorial Union, where an epidemic of Legionnaires' disease occurred in early 1978. We conducted fluorescent antibody analyses and culture on F-G and charcoal yeast extract agars of each sample directly; splenic tissue of guinea pigs inoculated with the sample; and yolk sacs from embryonated eggs inoculated with splenic tissue of guinea pigs injected with the sample. Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium was isolated from seven of the 24 samples: one water sample from the air-conditioner cooling tower of the Union; three water samples from a stream near the Union; and three mud samples from the same stream. The LD bacterium strains were of three different serotypes. These findings indicate that LD bacteria may be widespread in nature.

Approximately 41 percent of the visitors and employees who were at a ski resort in Montana between December 23, 1974, and January 17, 1975, became ill with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. The association between illness and water consumption proved to be significant, and the previously noncontaminated water supply was found to contain coliforms. No pathogens except Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated, and it was isolated from two wells serving the area. The role of Y. enterocolitica in this outbreak is not clear, but it was the only organism isolated that is known to be pathogenic.