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Simple Summary: This research aims to better understand the causes of Mycosis fungoides (MF)—a disease where a type of immune cell, the T cell, malignantly transforms into cancer. It is not yet fully understood what triggers MF or how it progresses, partly because it varies so much between patients and because there is debate about whether the disease begins in immature T cells (thymocytes) or in more mature T cells (memory T cells). Recent findings suggest that bacteria living on the skin, particularly a harmful strain of Staphylococcus aureus, may aggravate MF by triggering specific pathways in T cells. To investigate this hypothesis, we explored the gene expression and microbial abundance of MF patients' skin with advanced statistical methods. We found that varied microbial skin colonization between patients may explain why the skin gene expression is so different from patient to patient. We also observed additional evidence that S. aureus might indeed trigger pathways in mature T cells that fuel cancer progression. Further, our statistical model suggested that certain viruses, like Epstein–Barr virus, could play a role in starting the disease by disrupting thymocytes (immature T cells). Based on these results, we speculate that both perspectives on the origin of MF could be correct, immature (thymocytes) and mature T cells: Thymocytes undergo malignant transformation, possibly caused by viruses, and bacteria like S. aureus fuel the malignant T cells to become prominent cancer cells. Our research could help uncover the complex interplay between bacteria, viruses, and T cells in MF. The findings may pave the way for new treatments targeting the skin microbiome or T cell pathways, offering hope for better management of this challenging disease. Background: Mycosis fungoides (MF) represents the most prevalent entity of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). The MF aetiopathogenesis is incompletely understood, due to significant transcriptomic heterogeneity and conflicting views on whether oncologic transformation originates in early thymocytes or mature effector memory T cells. Recently, using clinical specimens, our group showed that the skin microbiome aggravates disease course, mainly driven by an outgrowing, pathogenic S. aureus strain carrying the virulence factor spa, which was shown by others to activate the T cell signalling pathway NF-κB. Methods: To explore the role of the skin microbiome in MF aetiopathogenesis, we here performed RNA sequencing, multi-omic data integration of the skin microbiome and skin transcriptome using Multi-Omic Factor Analysis (MOFA), virome profiling, and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing in 10 MF patients from our previous study group. Results: We observed that inter-patient transcriptional heterogeneity may be largely attributed to differential activation of T cell signalling pathways. Notably, the MOFA model resolved the heterogenous activation pattern of T cell signalling after denoising the transcriptome from microbial influence. The MOFA model suggested that the outgrowing S. aureus strain evoked signalling by non-canonical NF-κB and IL-1B, which in turn may have fuelled the aggravated disease course. Further, the MOFA model indicated aberrant pathways of early thymopoiesis alongside enrichment of antiviral innate immunity. In line with this, viral prevalence, particularly of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), trended higher in both lesional skin and the blood compared to nonlesional skin. Additionally, TCRs in both MF skin lesions and the blood were significantly more likely to recognize EBV peptides involved in latent infection. Conclusions: First, our findings suggest that S. aureus with its virulence factor spa fuels MF progression through non-canonical NF-κB and IL-1B signalling. Second, our data provide insights into the potential role of viruses in MF aetiology. Last, we propose a model of microbiome-driven MF aetiopathogenesis: Thymocytes undergo initial oncologic transformation, potentially caused by viruses. After maturation and skin infiltration, an outgrowing, pathogenic S. aureus strain evokes activation and maturation into effector memory T cells, resulting in aggressive disease. Further studies are warranted to verify and extend our data, which are based on computational analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fungal cultures are unavailable in many hospitals. The development of an effective sample storage solution for timely transportation would improve management of patients with superficial fungal skin and nail infections. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sample storage envelopes to preserve skin and nail samples for timely microscopic examination and culture for superficial fungal infections. Methods: Patients aged 18 years and above with suspected superficial fungal infections were enrolled. The samples were divided into four envelopes. The baseline 20% potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination and fungal culture served as reference points. The stored samples were reexamined on Days 3, 7, 14, and 28. Results: The study included 90 patients with suspected superficial fungal infections (45 skin and 45 nail lesions). Reference KOH examinations showed branching septate hyphae in 36 (80.0%) for skin and 35 (77.8%) for nail infections. Reference fungal cultures were positive for the growth of dermatophyte and nondermatophyte molds in 34 (75.6%) and 28 (62.2%) in skin and nail infections, respectively. Sample storage envelopes maintained 100% sensitivity and specificity for up to 28 days with KOH examination for both skin and nail samples. On Day 28, the fungal culture sensitivity was 70.6% for the skin and 64.3% for the nail samples, with specificities of 100.0% and 88.2%, respectively. Conclusions: Sample storage envelopes effectively maintained diagnostic accuracy for up to 28 days with KOH examination for both skin and nail samples. Given the high specificity even on Day 28 for fungal culture, transferring samples within 28 days remains a reliable practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin commensal bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis) can help defend against skin infections, and they are increasingly being recognized for their role in benefiting skin health. This study aims to demonstrate the activities that Myristica fragrans Houtt. seed extracts, crude extract (CE) and essential oil (EO), have in terms of promoting the growth of the skin commensal bacterium S. epidermidis and providing metabolites under culture conditions to disrupt the biofilm formation of the common pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: The culture supernatant obtained from a co-culture of S. epidermidis with M. fragrans Houtt. seed extracts in either CE or EO forms were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), in silico investigations, and applied to assess the survival and biofilm formation of S. aureus. Results: The combination of commensal bacteria with M. fragrans Houtt. seed extract either CE or EO produced metabolic compounds such as short-chain fatty acids and antimicrobial peptides, contributing to the antimicrobial activity. This antimicrobial activity was related to downregulating key genes involved in bacterial adherence and biofilm development in S. aureus, including cna, agr, and fnbA. Conclusion: These findings suggest that using the culture supernatant of the commensal bacteria in combination with CE or EO may provide a potential approach to combat biofilm formation and control the bacterial proliferation of S. aureus. This may be a putative non-invasive therapeutic strategy for maintaining a healthy skin microbiota and preventing skin infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cutaneous microbiome represents a highly dynamic community of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Scientific evidence, particularly from the last two decades, has revealed that these organisms are far from being inconsequential microscopic hitchhikers on the human body, nor are they all opportunistic pathogens waiting for the chance to penetrate the skin barrier and cause infection. In this review, we will describe how dermatological diseases have been found to be associated with disruptions and imbalances in the skin microbiome and how this new evidence had shaped the diagnosis and clinical practice relating to these disorders. We will identify the microbial agents which have been found to directly exacerbate skin diseases, as well as those which can ameliorate many of the symptoms associated with dermatological disorders. Furthermore, we will discuss the studies which suggest that bacteriotherapy, either by topical use of probiotics or by bacteria‐derived compounds, can rectify skin microbial imbalances, thereby offering a promising alternative to antibiotic treatment and reducing the risks of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As major acne and skin impurity management strategy involves the regulation of sebum production to prevent pore blockage, Cutibacterium acnes growth and subsequent inflammation. This study evaluates TRIcare™ CG, a Multifunctional ingredient, using in vitro and in vivo experiments, as a formulator's solution for regulating sebum production and impurities in a microbiome-friendly way. In vitro studies demonstrate the decrease of 5a-Reductase activity, crucial in sebum production control. In vivo clinical studies show significant reductions in sebum levels, redness, and pore size over 14 days, confirming the ingredient's suitability to manage acne and other impurities. Additionally, microbiome friendliness studies and preservative challenge tests further exemplify its benefits for the skin flora as well as the product protection system. TRIcare™ CG proves to be a modern Multifunctional solution for formulators, addressing the triggers of acne and impurities by regulating sebum production and reducing redness redness and pore size in harmony with the skin microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Investigación en Salud VIVE is the property of Revista de Investigacion en Salud VIVE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The effect of continuous topical oxygen therapy (cTOT) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm gene transcription profiles following inoculation onto porcine skin, using a customised molecular assay was determined. Method: Sterilised porcine skin explants were inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in triplicate: 0 hours as negative control; 24 hours cTOT device on; 24 hours cTOT device off. The oxygen delivery system of the cTOT device was applied to the inoculated tissue and covered with a semi-occlusive dressing. All samples were incubated at 37±2°C for 24 hours, with the 0 hours negative control inoculated porcine skin samples recovered immediately. Planktonic suspensions and porcine skin biopsy samples were taken at 0 hours and 24 hours. Samples were processed and quantifiably assessed using gene specific reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for a panel of eight Pseudomonas aeruginosa genes (16S, pelA, pslA, rsaL, pcrV, pscQ, acpP, cbrA) associated with biofilm formation, quorum sensing, protein secretion/translocation and metabolism. Results: Transcriptional upregulation of pelA, pcrV and acpP, responsible for intracellular adhesion, needletip protein production for type-3 secretion systems and fatty acid synthesis during proliferation, respectively, was observed when the cTOT device was switched on compared to when the device was switched off. Data suggest increased metabolic activity within bacterial cells following cTOT treatment. Conclusion: cTOT is an adjunctive therapy that supports faster healing and pain reduction in non-healing hypoxic wounds. Oxygen has previously been shown to increase susceptibility of biofilms to antibiotics through enhancing metabolism. Observed gene expression changes highlighted the impact of cTOT on biofilms, potentially influencing antimicrobial treatment success in wounds. Further in vitro and clinical investigations are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Changes in land use and climate change have been reported to reduce biodiversity of both the environment and human microbiota. These reductions in biodiversity may lead to inadequate and unbalanced stimulation of immunoregulatory circuits and, ultimately, to clinical diseases, such as asthma and allergies. OBJECTIVE: We summarized available empirical evidence on the role of inner (gut, skin, and airways) and outer (air, soil, natural waters, plants, and animals) layers of biodiversity in the development of asthma, wheezing, and allergic sensitization. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search in SciVerse Scopus, PubMed MEDLINE, and Web of Science up to 5 March 2024 to identify relevant human studies assessing the relationships between inner and outer layers of biodiversity and the risk of asthma, wheezing, or allergic sensitization. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022381725). RESULTS: A total of 2,419 studies were screened and, after exclusions and a full-text review of 447 studies, 82 studies were included in the comprehensive, final review. Twenty-nine studies reported a protective effect of outer layer biodiversity in the development of asthma, wheezing, or allergic sensitization. There were also 16 studies suggesting an effect of outer layer biodiversity on increasing asthma, wheezing, or allergic sensitization. However, there was no clear evidence on the role of inner layer biodiversity in the development of asthma, wheezing, and allergic sensitization (13 studies reported a protective effect and 15 reported evidence of an increased risk). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the reviewed literature, a future systematic review could focus more specifically on outer layer biodiversity and asthma. It is unlikely that association with inner layer biodiversity would have enough evidence for systematic review. Based on this comprehensive review, there is a need for population-based longitudinal studies to identify critical periods of exposure in the life course into adulthood and to better understand mechanisms linking environmental exposures and changes in microbiome composition, diversity, and/or function to development of asthma and allergic sensitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Hard-to-heal (chronic) wounds are common in patients with diabetes and are associated with a decrease in quality of life (QoL). Pathogenic bacteria often colonise hard-to-heal wounds and hinder the healing process which poses a high risk for (systemic) infections. In this study, we aim to prove that probiotics are capable of displacing human pathogenic bacteria, ameliorating inflammation and positively influencing the microenvironment/microbiome of skin and mucosa. Method: In this pilot study, patients with diabetes and hard-to-heal wounds with a duration of 2–120 months received an oral multispecies probiotic daily for six months. Changes in oral, stool and wound microbiome were investigated, and the effects of the probiotic intervention on wound healing, periodontitis and wound-specific quality of life (Wound-QOL-17) were analysed throughout the course of this clinical study. Results: In total, seven of the 20 patients included were unable to complete the study. After six months of oral probiotic intake supplementation in five out of the remaining 13 patients, the wounds had healed completely. Most patients reported an improvement in wound-specific QoL, with particular positive effects on pain and mobility. Microbiome analysis revealed a reduction in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus epidermis in healed wounds. Conclusion: This findings of this study provide evidence for the beneficial effects of the oral application of a multispecies probiotic over six months in patients with diabetes and hard-to-heal wounds on wound closure, wound microbial pattern, QoL, and on dental health. A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial is required to verify the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various studies on infectious diseases published in different medical journals as of September 2024. Topics include infectious following snakebites, examination of the skin microbiome in patients undergoing spine surgery, and cases of cutaneous infection with Trichophyton indotineae detected at six New York City medical centers between May 2022 and May 2023.

Copyright of Revista de Investigación en Salud VIVE is the property of Revista de Investigacion en Salud VIVE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The human skin microbial composition is affected by age. Previous studies reported skin microbiome diversity shifts between elderly and significantly younger subjects. Some studies implied that menopausal status, which is inherently linked to age, could be associated with changes in skin microbial compositions. Nevertheless, the influence of menopausal status on skin microbiome profiles while minimizing the impact of aging-associated changes in skin parameters still needs further clarification. Methods: We performed an observational study on healthy Caucasian female volunteers, which were grouped according to their pre- or postmenopausal status. Bacterial community structures on facial skin were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Cutometer® measurements were performed to evaluate aging-associated changes in facial skin biophysical properties. Results: The relative abundance of the lipophilic Cutibacterium genus was decreased, and bacterial diversity was increased in skin samples of postmenopausal volunteers. The mean age difference between examined groups in this study was 12.4 years only. Accordingly, Cutometer® measurements revealed no differences in aging-associated skin biophysical parameters between pre- and postmenopausal groups. Consequently, no correlation was detected between Shannon diversity and measured agedependent biomechanical properties of facial skin. Discussion: These findings are in line with previous studies, which investigated the wide-ranging impact of chronological aging on skin microbial communities. However, this work reports for the first time a direct association between menopausal status and facial microbiomes on skin of similarly aged study participants, and hence uncouples aging-associated skin biophysical parameters, such as viscoelastic properties, from the equation. These findings open avenues for the development of microbiome-targeting strategies for treatment of menopause-associated skin disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin microbiota, and its diversity and balance, play a key role in skin health and beauty, influencing skin moisture, barrier function, and radiance. A healthy skin microbiota limits the growth of detrimental species, protecting the skin from pathologies. Prebiotics can support beneficial populations in outcompeting detrimental ones. Dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) contains prebiotic polysaccharides effective on gut bacteria. Its extract was tested in vitro, in a coculture model including representative beneficial and detrimental species, and in double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Effects on the skin microbiota were measured via 16S rDNA sequencing, and skin health and beauty benefits were evaluated through image analysis, TEWL measurement, and chromametry. Doppler flowmetry measured skin resilience. The extract supported S. epidermidis and S. hominis (beneficial species), while limiting S. aureus and C. acnes (representing pathogens) in vitro. Clinical results demonstrated its beneficial effects on skin microbiota diversity, especially in older volunteers (Faith's index up to +20% vs. placebo). Improvements were shown in skin sensitivity and resilience (by ca. 30% vs. placebo), skin redness (reflecting inflammation status), pigmentation and radiance (+11% ITA), barrier function (−13% TEWL), and wrinkling. This demonstrates this extract's positive effects on the beauty, health, and microbiota balance of the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Impaired intestinal barrier function can enable passage of enteric microorganisms into the bloodstream and lead to nosocomial bloodstream infections during critical illness. We aimed to determine the relative importance of gut translocation as a source for ICU-acquired enterococcal bacteremia of unknown origin. Methods: We conducted a nested case–control study in two mixed medical-surgical tertiary ICUs in the Netherlands among patients enrolled between 2011 and 2018. We selected 72 cases with ICU-acquired bacteremia due to enterococci (which are known gastrointestinal tract commensals) and 137 matched controls with bacteremia due to coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (which are of non-intestinal origin). We measured intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, trefoil factor-3, and citrulline 48 h before bacteremia onset. A composite measure for Gut Barrier Injury (GBI) was calculated as the sum of standardized z-scores for each biomarker plus a clinical gastrointestinal failure score. Results: No single biomarker yielded statistically significant differences between cases and controls. Median composite GBI was higher in cases than in controls (0.58, IQR − 0.36–1.69 vs. 0.32, IQR − 0.53–1.57, p = 0.33) and higher composite measures of GBI correlated with higher disease severity and ICU mortality (p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, higher composite GBI was not significantly associated with increased occurrence of enterococcal bacteremia relative to CoNS bacteremia (adjusted OR 1.12 95% CI 0.93–1.34, p = 0.22). Conclusions: We could not demonstrate an association between biomarkers of gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction and an increased occurrence of bacteremia due to gut compared to skin flora during critical illness, suggesting against bacterial translocation as a major vector for acquisition of nosocomial bloodstream infections in the ICU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin is a physical and immunological barrier to the external environment. Its large surface area is colonized by diverse communities of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and Demodex species mites. These microorganisms and their genetic material together create the skin microbiome. Physiologic and anatomic properties of skin sites create biogeographical habitats (dry, moist, and sebaceous) where distinct microbiota communities reside. Although, in general, the composition of these habitats is maintained from person to person, the skin microbiome of an individual also has unique microbial features. Dysbiosis occurs when the normal abundance, composition, or location of the microbiota is changed, most notably there is a decrease in flora diversity. Certain skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, rosacea, and psoriasis are associated with cutaneous dysbiosis, and even disruption of the gut microbiota. Studies have shown that current treatments for these dermatologic conditions can alter/stabilize the skin microbiome, and there is emerging research detailing the impact of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics on these conditions. Although clinical guidelines do not currently exist, clinical studies support the safety and possible benefits of using topical prebiotics and postbiotics and oral probiotics for a variety of skin conditions. Until such guidelines exist, utilizing carefully designed clinical studies to inform clinical practice is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance to antileprosy drugs is one of the main contributors for the persistence of leprosy in the present era. In the absence of universal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance through the national program, the indications for resistance testing remain a important dilemma to clinicians. WHO recommendations mainly focus on clinical relapse, which could be picked up late with continued transmission and repeated leprosy reactions in the patient. We report here a series of eighteen leprosy cases who were tested for AMR in view of the positive morphological index after completion of multidrug therapy, chronic Erythema nodosum leprosum, and clinical relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the impact of Gebauer's Pain Ease® (Gebauer Company, Cleveland, OH) topical refrigerant spray on the disinfection of skin sites, focusing on the volar wrist and lower back. The primary objective was to determine whether the application of Pain Ease would compromise the disinfection of these sites, potentially making it a suitable alternative to injectable lidocaine for invasive medical procedures. Methods: This prospective, blinded, controlled study was conducted at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, MI. Healthy adult hospital employees were recruited, and written consent was obtained. Swabs were taken from the volar wrist and lower back sites before and after treatment with ChloraPrep™ (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ) and Pain Ease. Microbial cultures were performed, and microbial growth levels were assessed and categorized. Data analysis included comparisons of microbial growth between untreated samples, ChloraPrep-treated samples, and ChloraPrep + Pain Ease-treated samples. Results: Data were collected from 72 participants, with 6 samples per participant (2 locations, 3 treatments each). For wrist samples, there were no statistically significant differences in microbial growth between ChloraPrep and ChloraPrep + Pain Ease. Similarly, for lower-back samples, microbial growth did not significantly differ between these 2 treatment groups. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the application of Gebauer's Pain Ease to ChloraPrep disinfected skin areas does not negatively affect the reduction of the bacterial load, supporting its potential as an alternative to injectable lidocaine and other superficial anesthetics for vascular access or invasive medical procedures. However, further research is warranted to explore the application of Pain Ease in various clinical scenarios and optimize patient comfort during longer and more invasive procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and niacinamide (Niac) are commonly used alone or in combination with other molecules in the treatment of acne. BPO and Niac in the same product could exert complementary and synergistic effects improving efficacy in acne. Furthermore, Niac could reduce some side effects of BPO, such as skin irritation and erythema. A film-forming cream product containing BPO 4% and Niac 4%, vehiculated in a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) has been recently developed (B-N cream). A 28-day, assessor-blinded pilot trial was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy, skin tolerability, sebum production, skin redness, and skin microbiome modulation of B-N cream in subjects with mild to moderate acne of the face. Twenty-two adult men and women with mild-to-moderate acne of the face participated in this trial, after their written informed consent. B-N cream was applied once daily in the evening. The use of B-N cream was associated with a statistically significant decrease in acne lesions after treatment in comparison with baseline (non-inflammatory lesions: −40%; inflammatory lesions: −43% and total lesions: −41%). The use of the cream was not associated with a skin barrier function alteration. The skin redness score (−11%) and the sebum production (−42%) were significantly reduced after treatment. The use of B-N cream determined a reduction in the relative abundance of the Actinobacteria phylum (Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium, from 56% to 47%) and a significant increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum (from 3% to 5.2%). In addition, the product was well tolerated. In conclusion, this film-forming, medical device cream was effective in subjects with mild-to-moderate acne, reducing acne lesions and sebum production without altering skin barrier function, offering good skin tolerability. Furthermore, this product exerts positive skin microbiome modulation effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preserved allogeneic donor skin still represents one of the gold standard therapies in temporary wound coverage in severely burned patients or chronic wounds. Allogeneic skin grafts are currently commercially available as cryo‐ or glycerol‐preserved allografts through skin tissue banks all over the world. Most of the skin tissue banks rely on human cadaveric skin donations. Due to the chronic shortage of human allogeneic transplants, such as skin, and increasing costs in the procurement of allografts from other skin tissue banks, Hannover Medical School has been building up its own skin tissue bank based on allogeneic skin grafts from living donors who underwent surgical treatment (i.e., body‐contouring procedures, such as abdominioplasties). This article presents procedures and protocols for the procurement and processing of allogeneic skin grafts according to national legislation and European regulations and guidelines. Beside protocols, initial microbiological data regarding the sterility of the harvested grafts are presented. The results currently form the basis for further investigations as well as clinical applications. In summary, a microbiological testing and acceptance procedure is presented that ensures adequate patient safety and skin viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition common in early childhood. Acute exacerbation is frequently associated with Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to explore the relationship between S. aureus skin and nasal colonization with pediatric atopic dermatitis. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted by comparing atopic dermatitis patients aged ≤18 years and nondiseased controls. A random-effects model was used to obtain the pooled prevalence and odds ratio of S. aureus colonization at eczematous skin, nonlesional skin, and nasal cavity. Subgroup analyses for colonization with methicillin-resistant S. aureus were also evaluated. Results: A total of 2,670 cases and 1,224 controls from 26 studies were included in the meta-analysis. S. aureus colonization at eczematous skin and nasal cavity is significantly higher in atopic dermatitis compared to control with odds ratios of 10.55 (95% confidence interval [CI]; 4.85-22.92, P < .001) and 2.38 (nasal cavity; 95% CI; 1.46-3.90, P < .001), respectively. The pooled prevalence of skin and nasal colonization were 55.0% (eczematous skin; 95% CI; 38.3-71.7), 23.3% (nonlesional skin; 95% CI; 12.6-33.9), and 56.3% (95% CI; 43.2-69.4), respectively. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain was obtained from the nares and eczematous skin with rates of 11.6% (95% CI; 6.5-16.7) and 8.5% (95% CI; 4.3-12.8), respectively. Conclusion: Children with atopic dermatitis are more prone to skin and nasal colonization by S. aureus compared to nondiseased individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor disorders and the composition of Lewy bodies (LBs) in the substantia nigra. Due to the lack of a definitive biomarker, the current treatments do not modify the progression of PD. Recently, researchers revealed lipid dysregulation and some potential volatile biomarkers of PD related to a unique odor from PD patients by metabolomics of sebum, which is supposed to cause a potential change for skin microflora. In this study, we identified the 4 Malassezia species in PD patients and compared them with healthy controls. Methods: We collected 95 sebum samples (47 PDs and 48 Controls) by cotton swabs and extracted the DNA. The identification of Malassezia species was performed by Nested PCR. Specific primers for each species were used to amplify corresponding yeasts in each sample. Results: M. restricta and M. globosa are the most common species for both groups. The prevalence of M. slooffiae and M. sympodialis were significantly higher in the PD group compared with controls (63.8% vs. 29.1 and 74.5% vs. 54.2% respectively), the binary logistic regression model further indicated that M. slooffiae (OR = 9.358, p < 0.001) was associated with PD. Moreover, the diversity of Malassezia species was significantly greater (3.5 vs. 2.9 species per individual, p = 0.002) in the PD group. Conclusion: Based on our results, we preliminarily observed a change in Malassezia species incidence and diversity on the skin of PD patients, which could be associated with lipid dysregulation; meanwhile, it might also be a noninvasive biomarker for PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is a major skin cancer-causing agent. Initiation, promotion, and progression are the diverse phases of UVB-induced carcinogenesis. Exposure to UVB causes abnormalities in a series of biochemical and molecular pathways: thymine dimer formation, DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and altered cell signaling, eventually resulting in tumor formation. The increased skin cancer rates urge researchers to develop more efficient drugs, but synthetic chemotherapeutic drugs have more contrary effects and drug resistance issues, which have been reported recently. The current review focuses on the relationship between microbes and cancer. Human skin acts as a barrier against the external environment and serves as a protective shield for its inhabitant microbiota, collectively called skin microbes. The gut microbiome plays a vital role in cancer therapy. Production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, acetate, and propionate by intestinal microbes has anti-cancer properties against various cancer cell lines. Yet, the knowledge of SCFAs produced by skin microbes remains yet to be elucidated exhaustively. In this review, we strive to summarize the findings of studies performed to date regarding the anti-cancer properties of SCFA against various cancer cell lines and provide insight into future directions in the skin microbiome field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the association between the presence of cutaneous urease‐producing bacteria and the development of incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD) using an original urea agar medium as a step toward developing advanced preventive measures. In previous clinical assessments, we developed an original urea agar medium to detect urease‐producing bacteria via the medium's colour changes. In a cross‐sectional study, specimens were collected via the swabbing technique at genital skin sites in 52 stroke patients hospitalised in a university hospital. The primary objective was to compare the presence of urease‐producing bacteria between the IAD and no‐IAD groups. Determining the bacterial count was the secondary objective. The prevalence of IAD was 48%. A significantly higher detection rate of urease‐producing bacteria was observed in the IAD group than in the no‐IAD group (P =.002) despite the total number of bacteria being equivalent between them. In conclusion, we discovered that there was a significant association between the presence of urease‐producing bacteria and IAD development in hospitalised stroke patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin, besides being the largest interface between the body and the external environment, also forms an ecological niche which is populated by almost a trillion microorganisms. These, collectively known as the cutaneous microbiome, form a dynamic yet well-controlled system that resists invasion by pathogenic microorganisms, functioning as the so-called 'microbiological barrier', modulating the body's immune response, indirectly playing a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. The composition and complexity of the microbiome are yet to be fully understood. The term 'dysbiosis' originally was coined in 1908 for a change in the gut microbiome. The potential role of 'cutaneous dysbiosis' in human dermatophytic infections, especially in the backdrop of the current epidemic of chronic, recurrent and treatment-resistant dermatophytosis, is understandably a topic of interest. The purpose of this review was to assess all studies using culture-independent methods for analysing the skin microbiome in various dermatophyte infections. The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the terms 'microbiome', 'dysbiosis', 'dermatophytes', 'dermatophytosis' and 'tinea'. All studies involving the use of standard sequencing methods for the study of the microbiome in various dermatophytoses were included. A total of four studies assessing the local skin microbiome associated with dermatophytic infections were found—one for tinea capitis, one for onychomycosis (in both psoriatic and nonpsoriatic nails) and two studying patients of tinea pedis. The studies determined the microbiological patterns in patients and compared them with healthy individuals using sequencing methods. Significant differences in the species diversity and counts of the various microorganisms between patient and control groups were demonstrated in all. However, cross-sectional design and the absence of pre- and post-treatment data along with a limited sample size were the major limitations in all of them. No data regarding other forms of tinea, most importantly, tinea cruris, corporis, faciei, etc. were found. The existing studies demonstrate a change in the microbiome or dysbiosis associated with cases of dermatophytosis, but are inadequate to determine a causal association. The changes may also be wholly or partly attributed to the effect of the infection. Further longitudinal studies from different regions of the world, also involving other forms of dermatophytosis, are required to provide a clearer insight and a more representative picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex differences are observed in various spectrums of skin diseases, and there are differences in wound healing rate. Herein, sex differences were identified for the newly healed skin microbiome of burn patients. Fifty‐two skin samples (26 normal skin, 26 burn scars) were collected from 26 burn patients (12 male, 14 female) and microbiota analysis was performed. The correlation between skin microbiota and biomechanical properties of burn scars was also investigated. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between male and female patients. Considering the biomechanical properties of burn scars and normal skin around it performed before sample collection, the mean erythema level of men's normal skin was significantly higher than that of women, whereas the mean levels of melanin, transepidermal water loss and skin hydration showed no significant sex differences. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly higher in females than that in males. Alpha diversity showed no significant differences between normal skin and burn scars in the male group. However, the scar was significantly higher than that of normal skin in the female group. Microbial network analysis revealed that the male group had more complex microbial network than the female group. Additionally, in the male group, the edge density and clustering coefficient were higher in burn scars when compared to normal skin, than the female group. There were sex differences in the results of microbiome of normal skin and burn scars. Some of the altered microbiota have been correlated with the biomechanical properties of burn scars. In conclusion, sex difference in the burn scar microbiome was confirmed. These results suggest that burn treatment strategies should vary with sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality seals being precisely defined, transparent and validated could help consumers in their decision making. This applies particularly for new categories of cosmetics e.g. those related to the human skin microbiome The knowledge on the human skin's microbiome grows rapidly and a huge number of cosmetic products with 'microbiome' claims are now seen on the global market. Developing a credible and valid quality seal for supporting approved claims on skin microbiome is challenging. Here we propose standards for a quality seal for cosmetic products claiming to be 'microbiome friendly'. We assume that such a claim can be made if: there is no significant change in microbial diversity as measured by e.g. the Shannon Index and there is also no significant dissimilarity between untreated and treated skin as measured by main component analysis (e.g. Unifrac distances); Also, it should be controlled that there is no strong increase or decrease in the abundance of single microbe genera. Further, evaluation of the skin in terms of clinical safety, skin pH and barrier integrity should also be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, the role of skin microbiota in modulating the skin homeostasis has been described. Less known is the microbiota role in the protection of skin against sun radiation. While a healthy and balanced skin microbiota helps protect the skin in front of the harmful effects of sun exposure, a microbiota having lost the correct equilibrium generates metabolites which affect the aspect of skin, worsening the photo-induced ageing. The active Photobiome™ protects the microorganisms involved in skin photo-protection, boosting the good metabolites (antioxidants, soothing compounds, etc.) which help our skin defend itself in front of harmful radiation. Made from Punica granatum and Gossypium herbaceum stem cells, it contains a skin photo-protecting cocktail. It is a new active with anti-photo-ageing activity backed by a complete panel of in vitro and in vivo tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A material with the ability to rapidly eradicate bacteria via a contact-killing mechanism has the benefit of a more localised treatment that is easy to implement when needed to prevent or treat a bacterial infection. Here, we present an antimicrobial material based on covalently attached antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to a soft amphiphilic hydrogel. This results in a material that exhibits an antimicrobial effect based on contact-killing. In this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of the AMP-hydrogel was investigated by observing the changes in total bioburden on the intact skin of healthy human volunteers when the AMP-hydrogel dressing was placed on the forearm for three hours. The AMP-hydrogel significantly reduced the bioburden on the skin from a mean value of 1200CFU/cm2 for the untreated skin to 23CFU/cm2. Biocompatibility evaluations of the AMP-hydrogel showed no sign of cytotoxicity, acute systemic toxicity, irritation or sensitisation, demonstrating the safety of the AMP-hydrogel as a potential wound dressing. Leachability studies confirmed no release of AMPs and that the antimicrobial effect was localised to the surface of the hydrogels, demonstrating a pure contact-killing mode of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cutaneous microflora consists of various microorganisms which interact with host epithelial cells and innate and acquired immunity. This microbial milieu and its interaction with host cells prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms and educate host immunity to fight against harmful microorganisms. The microbial composition depends on various intrinsic and extrinsic factors and an imbalance in the cutaneous microflora predisposes the individual to both infectious and non-infectious diseases. Even though probiotics have been extensively studied in various diseases, their efficacy and safety profile are still unclear. A better understanding of the cutaneous microflora is required to develop newer therapeutic targets. In this review, we describe the commensal microbiome and its variation, the current role of the cutaneous microbiome in the pathogenesis of various dermatological diseases, and their therapeutic implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Increasing usage of antimicrobial agents may contribute to bacterial resistance in atopic dermatitis (AD). In this case an alternative topical treatment might be gentian violet (GV), suggested for its antibacterial and antifungal properties. Aim: To assess the microbial composition of lesional skin in children with AD and a control group aged 2-12 years, before and after 3 days of 2% aqueous GV application. Material and methods: Skin samples were taken from 30 AD patients and 30 healthy controls aged 2-12 years. The procedure was done two times - before and after 3 days of 2% aqueous GV application. The material was collected from skin lesions in the cubital fossa using 25 cm2 impression plates, containing CHROMagar Staph aureus and CHROMagar Malassezia. After the incubation period, the grown colonies were counted and identified by the Phoenix BD testing system. Results: The results revealed a statistically significant reduction in total counts of bacteria in both groups of children after GV application (p < 0.05). The significant decrease in the number was seen in Staphylococcus spp. (S. aureus, S. capitis, S. haemolyticus, S. cohnii) in AD patients. The number of Staphylococcus spp. was comparable in patients with AD after GV treatment and healthy patients before GV exposure (p = 1.000). Conclusions: Our study results show that GV does not damage the skin surface ecosystem and allows the reduction of excessive bacterial counts on eczematous lesions to a 'safe' level, similar to that of healthy children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is there a way to deliver the instant skin lifting effect many consumers are looking for while also meeting their expectations for clean, eco-friendly ingredients? Our sustainably produced skin bioactive Nannochloropsis oculata Extract, Pullulan (commercial name PEPHA®-TIGHT CB) was originally proven to reduce the appearance of lines and wrinkles with long term use. In this article, we describe our new in vivo study which showed how it can also exert perceptible skin smoothing and lifting benefits in the short term. Specifically, skin texture appears smoother within minutes of a first application, while improved firmness and skin elasticity result in a lifting effect which is still noticeable 12 hours after a second application. Nannochloropsis oculata Extract, Pullulan comes within the increasingly popular category of ingredients derived from micro-algae and is produced through a biotech process which puts less strain on the environment and natural resources. This is likely to enhance its appeal to consumers requiring clean beauty solutions that are good for their skin but also respectful of the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With age, the skin microbiome changes and evolves from producing a postbiotic of youth markers (Youth Biome Markers, YBMs) to secreting a postbiotic of ageing markers (Senile Biome Markers, SBMs). These SBMs are activated by Quorum Sensing, a microbial communication system which allows them to coordinate their behaviour, turning them more virulent and producing degradative enzymes. These enzymes are harmful for the skin and lead to the appearance of signs of ageing: inflammation, redness, pores, loss of firmness and appearance of wrinkles. The active Quora Noni™ biomics, obtained from Morinda citrifolia (noni) stem cells, inhibits the Quorum Sensing. By doing so, it rejuvenates the skin microbiota, reducing the SBMs and therefore, the wrinkles. At the same time, it increases the skin firmness and improves the imperfections (redness and pores) on mature skin profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the connections between skin disease and the psyche have been underestimated. Topics include considered psychodermatology is a relatively new discipline – a subspecialty of both psychiatry and dermatology; and considered this discipline addresses the interaction between mind and skin.

Bacteria inhabiting the digestive tract are responsible for our health. The microbiome is essential for the development of the immune system and homeostasis of the body. Maintaining homeostasis is very important, but also extremely complicated. The gut microbiome is related to the skin microbiome. It can therefore be assumed that changes in the microbes inhabiting the skin are greatly influenced by the bacteria living in the intestines. Changes in the composition and function of microbes (dysbiosis in the skin and intestines) have recently been linked to changes in the immune response and the development of skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD). This review was compiled by collaborating Dermatologists specializing in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. A comprehensive review of the current literature was performed using PubMed and limited to relevant case reports and original papers on the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis. The inclusion criterion was that the paper was published in a peer-reviewed journal in the last 10 years (2012–2022). No limitations on the language of the publication or the type of study were made. It has been shown that any rapid changes in the composition of the microflora may be associated with the appearance of clinical signs and symptoms of the disease. Various studies have proven that the microbiome of many systems (including the intestines) may have a significant impact on the development of the inflammatory process within the skin in the course of AD. It has been shown that an early interaction between the microbiome and immune system may result in a noticeable delay in the onset of atopic diseases. It seems to be of high importance for physicians to understand the role of the microbiome in AD, not only from the pathophysiological standpoint but also in terms of the complex treatment that is required. Perhaps young children diagnosed with AD present specific characteristics of the intestinal microflora. This might be related to the early introduction of antibiotics and dietary manipulations in breastfeeding mothers in the early childhood of AD patients. It is most likely related to the abuse of antibiotics from the first days of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and recurrent disease affecting both, children and adults. Over the last decades, its prevalence has been constantly growing, causing significant psychological and social issues. Risk factors have been associated with the development of AD such as genetic, environmental, and abnormal immune response, as well as disorders of the skin barrier and skin microbiome. The following review comprehensively discusses all aspects affecting the clinical picture of AD. It allows a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying disease and may initiate appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bozok Veterinary Sciences is the property of Bozok Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The skin surface hosts diverse skin microbiota, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Intricate interactions between the skin microenvironment and microbial community are crucial for maintaining cutaneous homeostasis. This review explores the bidirectional relationship between the skin ecosystem and its microbiota. The skin microenvironment is shaped by a combination of intrinsic factors, dominated by sweat glands and pilosebaceous units, and external factors, such as UV radiation and personal care products, which create distinct niches that influence microbial colonization patterns across different skin regions. The skin microbiome, in turn, modulates the physical, chemical, immunological, and microbial barriers of the skin. We also discuss the alterations in this crosstalk in various immune-related skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rosacea, hidradenitis suppurativa, skin cancer, and aging. Understanding these interactions is vital for developing targeted microbiome-based therapies for various skin disorders. Further researches are needed to deepen insights into the microbial roles and their therapeutic potentials in skin health and disease., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Two recent studies by Gribonika et al. and Bousbaine et al., published in Nature, describe the mechanisms underpinning skin autonomous B cell antibody responses to skin microbes and the immunodominant antibody target in Staphylococcus epidermidis that can be utilized to engineer novel topical vaccination strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Recent trends towards lower washing temperatures and a reduction in the use of bleaching agents in laundry undoubtedly benefit our environment. However, these conditions impair microbial removal on clothes, leading to malodour generation and negative impacts on consumer well-being. Clothing undergoes cycles of wearing, washing and drying, with variable exposure to microorganisms and volatilomes originating from the skin, washing machine, water and laundry products. Laundry malodour is therefore a complex problem that reflects its dynamic ecosystem. To date, comprehensive investigations that encompass the evaluation of both microbial community and malodorous volatile organic compounds throughout all stages of the wash-wear-dry cycle are scarce. Furthermore, the microbial and malodour profiles associated with extended humid-drying conditions are poorly defined., Results: Here we present olfaction-directed chemical and microbiological studies of synthetic T-shirts after wearing, washing and drying. Results show that although washing reduces the occurrence of known malodour volatile organic compounds, membrane-intact bacterial load on clothing is increased. Skin commensals are displaced by washing machine microbiomes, and for the first time, we show that this shift is accompanied by an altered pathogenomic profile, with many genes involved in biofilm build-up. We additionally highlight that humid-drying conditions are associated with characteristic malodours and favour the growth of specific Gram-negative bacteria., Conclusions: These findings have important implications for the development of next-generation laundry products that enhance consumer well-being, while supporting environmentally friendly laundry practices., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All study participants provided written informed consent and all investigations adhered to Ghent University Ethical Approval B670201940586. Consent for publication: All study participants provided written informed consent for publication. Competing interests: The authors declare that this study was funded by Givaudan UK Ltd., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

The skin, our first line of defense against external threats, combines a physical barrier and a rich microbial community. Disruptions of this community, for example, due to infectious injury, have been linked to a decrease in bacteria diversity and to mild to severe pathological conditions. Although some progress has been made in the field, possibilities/procedures for restoring the skin microbiome are still far from ideal. The objective of this study was to design and evaluate a dissolvable poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyvinylpyrrolidone microneedle (MN) patch containing live Bacillus subtilis . According to the plan, bacteria were distributed equally throughout the patch without compromising the morphology and mechanical properties of the needles. B. subtilis was successfully released from the MNs, reaching a logarithmic growth phase after 5 h. These MNs demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive pathogenic S. pyogenes , S. aureus , and C. acnes , while the empty control MNs showed no such activity. Finally, mice were inserted with a single MN patch loaded with GFP- B. subtilis presented significantly higher total radiance efficiency (TRE) values compared to the empty-MN mice throughout the entire experiment. This concept of incorporating live, secreting bacteria within a supportive MN patch shows great promise as a bacterial delivery system, offering a potential shift from conventional pharmacological approaches to more sustainable and symbiotic therapies.

Oleic acid liposomes (OALs) are novel vesicular carriers ofunsaturated fatty acids and their corresponding ionized species, arranged within an enclosed lipid bilayer. This study aimed to encapsulate moxifloxacin HCl (MOX), a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug into OALs for effective treatment of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection through topical application. Various OALs were formulatedby combining varied quantities of phosphatidylcholine (PC), oleic acid (OA), and cholesterol (CH) with 50 mg of MOX. The OALs were produced utilizing varying sonication durations. MOX-loaded OALs were formulated using the thin film hydration method by applying (2 4 ) a full factorial design utilizing the Design-Expert® software. The formula for MOX-loaded OALs was OAL13, which consisted of 200 mg of PC and 20 mg of OA. The mixture was sonicated for 5 min. The OAL13 exhibited spherical vesicles with a small diameter and a smooth outer surface. Additionally, the entrapment efficiency was measured to be 75.00 ± 1.41 %, the particle size was 234.65 ± 4.74 nm, the polydispersity index was 0.53 ± 0.01, and the zeta potential was -38.50 ± 0.42 mV. The OAL13 formula exhibited an extended release profile. Moreover, the antibiofilm activity of OAL13 gel and MOX-loaded liposomes gel against MRSA infection demonstrates greater activity than the MOX gel at the maximum concentration used (MIC/2). Furthermore, the in-vivo study showed that OAL13 improved MOX's antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects against MRSA infection by increasing TLR-2 and IL-1β, as well as their downstream molecules NF-κB and TNF-α. Moreover, the histopathological examination conducted by a skin irritation test has verified the safety of OAL13. Overall, the results demonstrated the significant efficacy of MOX-loaded OALs in the treatment of MRSA infected wounds when applied topically., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Transdermal drug delivery represents a promising avenue for the treatment of dermatologic diseases, such as cutaneous melanoma and skin infections. This study involves the development of a novel therapeutic strategy that employs a skin-penetrating peptide SPACE-modified flexible liposomal chrysomycin A (CA@SPACE-LP) with a particle size of 111.5 nm. In vitro transdermal experiments demonstrated that CA@SPACE-LP was effective in enhancing the ability of the drug to penetrate the stratum corneum and enter deep into the skin tissue, increasing the intradermal drug concentration up to threefold compared to free CA. Furthermore, CA@SPACE-LP was observed to maintain the biological activity of CA against planktonic Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and melanoma cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that the topical administration of CA@SPACE-LP was efficacious in controlling the progression of cutaneous melanoma, with a tumor suppression rate of approximately 60 %, which was more pronounced than that observed with intravenous Taxol. Furthermore, CA@SPACE-LP demonstrated efficacy in the management of intradermal MRSA infections, with a significantly reduced area of ulceration in the treated mice (0.25 cm 2 ) compared to the positive control drug (Mupirocin Ointment). These results suggest that the topical delivery system developed in this study has the potential to be used for the simultaneous treatment of skin cancer and invasive MRSA infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)