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International audience; Midlatitudinal hydrated sulfates on Mars may influence brine pH, atmospheric humidity, and collectively water activity. These factors affect the habitability of the planetary subsurface and the preservation of relict biomolecules. Regolith at grain sizes smaller than gravel, constituting the bulk of the Martian subsurface at regional scales, may be a primary repository of chemical alteration, mechanical alteration, and biosignatures. The Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer with hundreds of kilometers of lateral resolution and compositional sensitivity to decimeter depth provides unique insight into this component of the regolith, which we call soil. Advancing the globally compelling association between H2O and S established by our previous work, we characterize latitudinal variations in the association between H and S, as well as in the hydration state of soil. Represented by H2O:S molar ratios, the hydration state of candidate sulfates increases with latitude in the northern hemisphere. In contrast, hydration states generally decrease with latitude in the south. Furthermore, we observe that H2O concentration may affect the degree of sulfate hydration more than S concentration. Limited H2O availability in soil-atmosphere exchange and in subsurface recharge could explain such control exerted by H2O on salt hydration. Differences in soil thickness, ground ice table depths, atmospheric circulation, and insolation may contribute to hemispheric differences in the progression of hydration with latitude. Our observations support chemical association of H2O with S in the southern hemisphere as suggested by Karunatillake et al. (2014), including the possibility of Fe sulfates as a key mineral group.

Uspoređivali smo značajke dviju skupina operacijskih zahvata i odnos između jačine boli i količine ordiniranog analgetika, te procjenjivali promjene jačine boli tijekom vremena, u određivanju učinkovitosti analgetske terapije. Prospektivno smo od 44 bolesnika (26 Ž / 18 M) sakupljali podatke o njihovim fizičkim značajkama, kirurškim, anesteziološkim i poslijeoperacijskim detaljima. Bolesnici su izvještavali o jačini boli koju su osjećali nakon prijema u sobu za buđenje, korištenjem 0-10 NRS svakih 5 minuta u trajanju od 90 minuta. Svaku se ocjenu boli uspoređivalo s količinom opioida datom u tom vremenskom razdoblju. S obzirom na prediktivne čimbenike boli u ranom poslijeoperacijskom razdoblju nismo našli razlike između skupina, osim zbroja jačine boli kod rijema u sobu za buđenje, koji je nađen kao prediktivni čimbenik potrebe za opioidima u ranom poslijeoperacijskom razdoblju. U skupini bolesnika s abdominalnim zahvatima, zahvaljujući agresivnoj primjeni opioida, jačina boli održala se umjerenog intenziteta cijelo vrijeme ispitivanja. U skupini s ORL zahvatima bol je za vrijeme ispitivanja bila općenito slabog intenziteta, mada se tek nakon pola sata od prijma u sobu za buđenje nešto pojačavala. Korištenje opioida titracijom u sobi za buđenje je prvi stupanj liječenja poslijeoperacijske boli. Taj postupak osigurava brzu analgeziju i pokazuje veliku varijabilnost u potrebi za opioidima.

Memory B-cell development is impaired by in vivo blockade of the CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction using human Fc immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)-mouse CD40 fusion protein (CD40-Ig); however, germinal centre (GC) formation is not. We show here that the block in B-cell differentiation in these mice is at the stage of rescue from apoptosis and exit from the GC. Thus, GC from CD40-Ig-treated mice contain a three- to fourfold higher level of apoptotic cells than found in control mice injected with human IgG1 alone. This increase in apoptosis is not caused by a blockade of the CD40L-mediated rescue signal but is the result of an intrinsic defect of GC B cells in CD40-Ig-treated mice to receive rescue signals via CD40. While anti-CD40 stimulation maintained the viability in culture of GC B cells from control mice, it did not rescue GC B cells from CD40-Ig-treated mice. This data is consistent with the notion that a 'rewiring' of the CD40 molecule is induced by CD40 ligation early in the response and is necessary to allow B-cell rescue from apoptosis when they subsequently enter the GC.

A geological history connecting: Caldera formation, with an ignimbrite or pluton base. Post-caldera dacite flows, resurgent dome, and mafic ring fault volcanism.

Nili Patera is a 45 km diameter caldera at the centre of the Syrtis Major Planum volcanic province. Nili Patera is unique amongst martian volcanic terrains in that it is now below the surrounding planum and hosts a diverse range of volcanic landforms and mineralogies. Our work addresses the stratigraphic and structural context of the caldera, based on these important, and well-known, initial observations:\ud • Evidence of effusive and explosive volcanism.\ud • A compositional diversity from olivine-rich basalts to dacite and feldspathic units.\ud • Outcrops with spectral features indicative of hydrothermal silica in sinter mounds.\ud • Asymmetric collapse with a maximum subsidence of 1800 m; dropping the caldera floor below the surrounding volcanic shield.\ud • A 300 m high resurgent dome in the western caldera floor.\ud We present a geological map (figure 1) and stratigraphic history of Nili Patera (figure 2) in which these geological findings are put into a nine-part geological history (figure 3). Additionaly, we consider the implications of the caldera’s evolution for the evolution of Syrtis Major Planum and Highland Patera style volcanoes in general.

The molecular mechanisms leading to the transformation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase negative (ALK−) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) have been only in part elucidated. To identify new culprits which promote and drive ALCL, we performed a total transcriptome sequencing and discovered 1208 previously unknown intergenic long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), including 18 lncRNAs preferentially expressed in ALCL. We selected an unknown lncRNA, BlackMamba, with an ALK− ALCL preferential expression, for molecular and functional studies. BlackMamba is a chromatin-associated lncRNA regulated by STAT3 via a canonical transcriptional signaling pathway. Knockdown experiments demonstrated that BlackMamba contributes to the pathogenesis of ALCL regulating cell growth and cell morphology. Mechanistically, BlackMamba interacts with the DNA helicase HELLS controlling its recruitment to the promoter regions of cell-architecture-related genes, fostering their expression. Collectively, these findings provide evidence of a previously unknown tumorigenic role of STAT3 via a lncRNA-DNA helicase axis and reveal an undiscovered role for lncRNA in the maintenance of the neoplastic phenotype of ALK−ALCL.