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The spatial variation in seasonal sea ice in Hudson Bay is examined using spatial clustering analyses. For the period 1971 to 2018, a time series of sea-ice breakup and freeze-up dates and ice-free season length at thirty-six grid locations is generated from sea-ice charts derived from satellites and other data. These data are analyzed spatially using three different clustering techniques. Overall, the three methods revealed a northeast/southwest axis in sea-ice behavior consistent with a well-documented cyclonic current flow and wind regime in Hudson Bay. The methods did differ in assigning grid locations to clusters with the greatest consistency for breakup behavior and in the northern region of the Bay across all three metrics. The greatest variability occurred with the central sea-ice platform likely the response to only subtle variations among these locations, leading to varying clusters. Missing data especially with freeze-up and ice-free season played a role in the clustering.

The temporal and spatial variation in seasonal sea ice in Hudson Strait is examined using time series and spatial clustering analyses. For the period from 1971 to 2018, a time series of sea ice breakup and freeze-up dates and ice-free season length at twenty-four grid points were generated from sea ice charts derived from satellite and other data. These data were analyzed temporally and spatially. The temporal analyses indicated an unambiguous response to a warming climate with statistically significant earlier breakup dates, later freeze-up dates, and longer ice-free seasons, that were statistically linked to coincident regional surface air temperatures. The rate of change in freeze-up dates and ice-free season length was particularly strong in the early 2000s and less so in the 2010s. There was evidence that breakup date behaviour was not only coincident with regional temperatures but likely with temperature and ice conditions of the previous year. Later freeze-up dates were directly linked to earlier breakup dates using detrended time series. Spatial clustering analysis on the Hudson Strait gridded sea ice data revealed distinctive signatures for Ungava Bay, Frobisher Bay, and for grid points close to the shore and a clear linkage to the underlying circulation of Hudson Strait.

The temporal and spatial variation in seasonal sea ice in Arctic Bay, Nunavut, are examined using time series and spatial clustering analyses. For the period of 1971 to 2018, a time series of sea ice break-up, and freeze-up, dates and ice-free season length at nine grid points are generated from sea ice charts derived from satellites and other data. These data are analysed temporally and spatially. The temporal analyses indicate an unambiguous response to a warming climate with statistically significant earlier break-up dates, later freeze-up dates, and longer ice-free seasons with clear statistically significant linkages to local air temperature. The rate of change in freeze-up dates and ice-free season length was particularly strong in the early 2000s and less in the 2010s. Spatial clustering analysis indicated a roughly linear pathway of south to north behaviour, following the contours of the bay with the exception of modified behaviour for landfast sea ice near the hamlet of Arctic Bay. The temporal analysis confirms and expands upon an earlier time series analysis of local seasonal sea ice. The spatial analysis indicates that while the ice-free season is increasing, it does not provide clear evidence that there has been a regime change in the seasonal characteristics of how sea ice forms and melts each year.

The introduction of parametric tools has made a strong shift within a traditional approach to urban planning and building design, including the creation of a design awareness zone where environmental issues are concerned. This approach also uses sufficient data to be used already at the concept stage and provides initial interdisciplinary solutions. Analyses from the very initial stages allow the inclusion of smart energy choices influencing the massing, architectural features, proportions, flexibility of design, and economics. This is only a threshold; there is still a place for further development and more accurate analyses leading to the construction of buildings and urban areas with a stronger input of sustainable solutions, as existing approaches have certain limitations. This path has been followed in several research grants conducted at the Faculty of Architecture Warsaw University of Technology, and later on developed as a co-operation area with various stakeholders. Outside the general state of art, this paper will include two case studies which were provided as a concept design for prospective investors. Both locations are in the Warsaw Downtown Area, and analyses include algorithmic models dealing with the optimisation of the buildings’ forms, urban scale sun radiation levels, shadow and wind analyses indicating use of sunlight energy and wind as alternative energy sources. One of the case studies contains Pareto Front including both single- and multi-criteria optimization methods for analysing energy and economic efficiency issues, pointing out the best case solutions.

This paper describes the process of collaboration between architects and archaeologists started in 2012 on the virtual reconstruction of the medieval proto-urban site in Pultusk, Poland. The result was digital reconstruction of urban structure based on parametric methods supported by 3D printing. The paper summarizes the process consisting of organizing analog data, digitizing it, enriching with experts’ knowledge and creating procedural model of the settlement. The whole process ended with not only digital and physical, 3D printed model, but also a set of conclusions confirming usefulness of such methods in scientific research concerning interpretation of archaeological relicts in situation, when not all information is available and clear. Both archaeological practice and the process of architectural reconstruction confirm that reliability of scientific research and the regime of logical reasoning are independent from used technology, however they may be effectively supported by new methods and tools.

In this article, the simulation of the braking distance of two cars moving at different speeds is conducted. The first car was moving at 55 km/h and the other at 50 km/h. The simulation was run with the use of V-SIM software. The cars had to come to a standstill in front of a pedestrian and cycle crossing. The simulation confirmed the longer braking distance of the car moving at the higher speed thus leading to a cyclist being knocked down. The braking distance for this vehicle was 19.8 m and for a vehicle traveling at the maximum permissible speed it was 16.6 m. The simulation also showed that in the case of drivers moving at a speed of 55 km/h, eighty percent braking efficiency is achieved after driving 5.33 m from the moment of braking, which extends the braking distance by approximately 0.5 m compared to a car moving at 50 km/h. The aim of this article is to make the reader aware that failure to adjust the vehicle speed to prevailing road conditions or current restrictions increases the braking distance and that the consequences of such behaviour may be tragic, even if the allowable speed is exceeded only slightly.

Fretting wear is a phenomenon occurring in many engineering objects, including push fit connections. In view of a large number of factors conducive to wear development, it is difficult to describe the mechanism of wear initiation and development. Therefore, various methods are sought to limit wear development. The use of a lubricant may be one of those ways. The aim of this article is to present the results of testing the influence of a lubricant medium on the development of fretting wear in interference fit connections. As a lubricant medium, MoS2 and Whitmore greases were used. For that purpose, wear tests were first conducted on the shaft/sleeve tribological kinematic pair, and then observations and laboratory measurements were performed. The observations demonstrated the presence of fretting wear traces on all tested samples, irrespective of the tribological kinematic pair being tested. The main kind of damage consisted of material build-ups which, during operation, become oxidised and, while moving along the connection, caused local abrasion and micropits. The best results in restricting the development of fretting wear were achieved with Whitmore grease.

This paper deals with the design of a calibration device for measuring the residual torque of the vehicle brake. It informs about the problems and purpose of the brakes, requirements placed on the brake system, and the design of vehicle brake systems. The practical part of the research contains the design of four versions of the calibration device and the 3D model of the proposed calibration device. There is also a new calibration methodology and calculation of the theoretical fault of the calibration device. An analysis and comparison of the original and new torque sensor calibration methods are presented at the end of this paper. By comparing the original and new calibration methods, it was revealed that the deviations from the required torque value compared to the original calibration version decreased from an average value of 0.154 Nm to 0.0047 Nm, and the variance of the measured values decreased on average from 0.00276 Nm to 2.07 × 10−6 Nm. The proposed new torque sensor calibration method has shown a positive contribution to the accuracy of torque sensor calibration, which as a result will significantly increase the reliability and accuracy of measuring the residual torque of automobile brakes and shorten the measurement time.

The sewage treatment plant, as a producer of renewable energy, should make every effort to ensure that the biogas used as a fuel meets the quality requirements, including those of the manufacturers of cogeneration units. Such measures necessitate the application of a conditioning process of biogas in order to remove harmful compounds, so that its parameters ensure failure-free operation of engines. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of biogas treatment in the A-type installation using the "wet biogas treatment" technology, and in the B-type installation, which is a comprehensive solution comprising sulfur removal as a result of a simultaneous regeneration of the bed with oxygen, removal of siloxanes on activated carbon, cooling and heating of biogas along with its filtration. The analysis of the results of biogas testing for these two installations demonstrated fundamental qualitative differences for the benefit of the installation B, in which the biogas was characterized by a much lower content, mainly of sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, siloxanes and humidity. The introduced pollution indicator of a megawatt hour produced in cogeneration one has confirmed much higher pollution load from the A-type installation. The hybrid solution applied in the work with simultaneous regeneration of the bed has confirmed the efficiency of biogas conditioning. Such a solution contributes to a safe and reliable operation of the cogeneration system for generating energy from a renewable source, which in turn contributes to the optimization of energy.

A clear trend of replacing synthetic cosmetic ingredients with natural ones can be observed in modern cosmetology. This entails the need to search for bioactive ingredients in the natural environment, especially in plants. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of dermatological, cosmetic, and pharmacological properties of highly potent plants, namely Acmella oleracea (A. oleracea), Centella asiatica (C. asiatica), Psoralea corylifolia (P. corylifolia), Plantago lanceolata L. (P. lanceolata L.), and Solidago virgaurea L. (S. virgaurea L.). Biological activity and phytochemical constituents are presented for all plants, but special attention is paid to ingredients of particular value to the cosmetics industry. The advantages of spilanthol and bakuchiol as a replacement for the popular botulinum toxin and retinol are discussed. Natural habitats, ethnomedical importance, cultivation area, as well as extraction methods of active plant ingredients are presented in detail. A wide spectrum of biological activity indicates the enormous potential of the presented plants in formulating new cosmetic and dermatological preparations.

The aim of this article is to show which means and strategies can be used to manifest or generate emotions as communicative phenomena in memes. The research corpus includes Polish memes on German-Polish relations. The research has an interdisciplinary character – it is primarily based on a media and discourse linguistic approach, but also combines elements of emotion research with it. The article is divided into a theoretical part, in which the most important terms are defined, and an empirical part. The analysis is based on a qualitative approach. The selected memes are analysed with a special focus on the language-image relations, which have a significant influence on the manifestation, thematisation and evocation of emotions in this (multimodal) form of communication.

The flat and wet upper Mierzawa river floodplain conditions the growth of peats. Sediments of this floodplain show a facial differentiation typical for a meandering river. The variation of sedimentation types and content of clastic material in peats reflected an increase and decrease of river activity during the Holocene, probably related to climate fluctuations (i.a. 8.2 ka event) and/or human impact (last centuries).

The purpose of the investigations was to assess the influence of repeated sleeve assembly on the wear of forced-in joint elements. The test methodology assumed operating a forced-in joint in rotational bending conditions, dismantling the joint after every thousand fatigue cycles, and then joint reassembling. The total number of fatigue cycles was 106, or as many as needed for fatigue cracking. The macroscopic observations of the shaft surface demonstrated the traces of fretting wear in the form of randomly spaced grey and dark brown stains at the axle seat circumference close to the joint edge. The size and number of the wear traces would increase with the number of fatigue cycles. The top layer wear also depended on the number of sleeve/shaft assembly processes. The microscopic observations confirmed fretting wear, which developed on the shaft surface. Numerous instances of surface microabrasion as well as micropullouts and surface scratches were observed. Material build-ups were also observed, which would crack and migrate. The chemical analysis of the composition of wear products demonstrated the presence of iron and oxygen atoms, which confirms the oxidation of wear products. The measurement of the maximum force needed to remove the sleeve from the shaft after the next fatigue cycle showed the need to use a greater force each time; however, a smaller force was needed to press the sleeve onto the shaft. As a result of the development of fretting wear, shafts would become fatigue-worn after 3.6 × 106 fatigue cycles.

The everyday use of the bicycle is becoming increasingly common. People noticed the need to take care of both their health and the environment. The geographical location of Poland encourages cycling, which is the reason new kilometres of cycling routes are being built every year. This is associated with the rising interest in buying a bicycle. A conceptual tricycle with an additional electric drive powered by solar panels is presented in this article. The photovoltaic panel is installed on the basket roof. The electric motor may be used during an uphill ride and when the driver has run out of energy for pedalling. In the crank mechanism, there is a sensor which starts the motor when a small foot pressing force on the pedal is detected. The tricycle has an all-purpose structure, owing to which the seat mounted in the basket can be easily replaced with a double seat, a shopping bin or a child's safety seat. The tricycle may be used by both private persons and companies involved in tourist transport. The cost of the structural details of the tricycle suggested in this article does vary considerably from standard electric bikes, however, that solution has several important advantages, which may be decisive in the purchase of this solution.

Communication management in sports organizations requires not only the use of formal tools, such as an official website, fan page or official TV channel. Effective communication should also be based on informal methods, in which the main role is played by interactions between the sports organization and its stakeholders. One such form is viral marketing, which involves sharing files with humorous, social or image content on social networks, messengers, blogs and e-mail. In the case of such forms, due to the wide range and speed of spreading opinions, especially negative ones, about the company, its services or products, it becomes necessary to control the emerging opinions. Management of information with a viral potential allows you to reach stakeholders in an informal way, influencing the building of a positive image, response in crisis situations or creating communities. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the degree of viral marketing use in sports clubs. The research was conducted in October 2021 on different social media. However, due to the extensive scope of the research, this paper focuses on the social network Facebook. The research is concerned with determining the use of viral marketing potential in information management and identifying the characteristics of this form of influencing stakeholders. Due to the limited volume of the article, the main subject of the study is the Polish clubs of the highest level of competition against the background of examples from abroad. The main hypothesis of this article assumes that Polish clubs do not fully use the viral potential and communication activities are based on official messages. Communication management is based on peer benchmarking and replication of what others are doing. It is also assumed that departments responsible for communication in sports clubs do not fully use foreign models.

Artykuł prezentuje mediolingwistyczną analizę gier komputerowych, która w sposób szczególny skoncentrowała się na kategorii hipertekstualności. Korpus badawczy stanowią gry komputerowe różnego rodzaju, aby jak najlepiej przedstawić ich medialnie uwarunkowaną heterogeniczność. Udzielona zostanie odpowiedź na pytanie, czy spełniają one kryteria hipertekstualności i, jeśli tak, czy jest to hipertekstualność pełna, czy też częściowa, tj. czy gra komputerowa stanowi jeden hipertekst jako całość, czy też jest ona tworem złożonym z jednego lub wielu hipertekstów i ewentualnych innych elementów. W ramach analizy zostanie również zweryfikowane, czy gry komputerowe wykazują cechy specyficzne, wyróżniające je na tle najbardziej popularnej formy hipertekstu, czyli tekstów będących częścią WWW.

Landfill gas recovery and utilisation is a solution which reduces the adverse environmental impact of the landfill. Combined heat and power (CHP) generation improves the energy balance of the facility and enables the optimal management of energy generated from a renewable source. This article aims to analyse the operation of the CHP unit in two aspects, that is, in terms of energy generation efficiency and operational availability. Energy ratios were calculated and the analysis was based on the Weibull distribution in order to assess the CHP unit’s operational reliability to minimise costs and maximise energy production. The results of the investigations and analyses demonstrated an increase of the gas yield by 29.5%, an increase of energy production by approx. 42%, and the reduction of downtime by 28.2% from 2018 to 2022. Studies related to the efficiency and reliability of operation of the cogeneration unit showed an increase in all the main parameters analysed, which resulted in greater energy and operational efficiency. The research which has been conducted is a significant scientific contribution to the optimisation of the “waste-to-energy” process for cogeneration units with the capacity of up to 0.5 MW.

This article presents the results of research into the causes of the wear of the piston pin mounted in piston bosses by means of a hinge joint and in the connecting rod small end by means of the thermocompression bond. Changes in geometry and in the pin-top surface structure, which are caused by the mutual influence of the mating surfaces in variable lubrication conditions, are presented. The progress of scuffing as a result of insufficient lubrication of the mating elements or oil film breaking is demonstrated. The state of destruction was confirmed by the results of surface roughness measurements showing the formation of build-ups. The loss of the thermocompression bond surface, caused by the penetration of sintered engine oil fractions containing biofuel additive components and spent engine oil improver packages, was noted. The progressing forms of wear are the cause of engine failures due to the pin movement towards the cylinder wall, and due to boss breakage in the piston.

The third sector is the civic sector, which consists of entities most often called NGOs, but in addition to this definition, there are also several names: social organizations, non-profit organizations, voluntary organizations, civic organizations. The purpose of this article is to show the role of image managing and the directions of sport clubs development. The article will be based on research conducted on sports fans in terms of their attitude to the clubs and the importance of their image in the decision to purchase services and sports products. In addition, model-based solutions for the influence of the image on the functioning of sports clubs and the influence of external factors on this image will be presented. For the harmonious development of a sports organization in the local community, it is necessary to have a positive image, and any negative image-related phenomena negatively affect the basic activity of the club. The basic hypothesis assumes that there are constant factors that are the core of the sports club’s image and image-related factors resulting from the current image management. The result is a partial image management model in a sports club.

The basic objective of the article is to define the main directions of development of sports marketing in crisis situations. The article is also aimed at showing marketing activities and using the method of influencing current and potential fans. The basic research subject is the volleyball men's club AZS Częstochowa SSA. The article analyzes the effects of marketing activities after the fall from PlusLiga and their analysis in terms of effectiveness based on data from the surveyed Club. The basic results contained in the article are specific corrective actions and their model presentation. In practice, that analyze can be used to build a new identity and marketing policy in crisis situations, such as a degradation to a lower class or a lower level of sport. The presented information and their analysis are an original attempt of a model approach to sports club management and its values in difficult situations from a marketing point of view.

The wear of vehicle elements during operation is a natural phenomenon. A dangerous situation occurs when elements more crucial than others wear unexpectedly. Such an element in rail vehicles is, for example, a wheel set. Its main task is to run the vehicle in the track, which directly influences the safety of the journey. Any premature or unexpected damage will lead to train derailing. Then hundreds of lives may be lost. The load on the wheel set from the vehicle weight and the oscillatory micro displacement of the wheel in relation to its axle during travel will be conducive to premature wear. Those conditions will cause the development of fretting wear, whose implication may be fatigue wear or the loosening of the wheel/axle joint. In this article, the results of fretting wear tests conducted in a shaft/sleeve forced-in joint are presented. The results of those tests, given that the relevant probability conditions are met, can be successfully compared to the real wheel/axle joint. The wheel set operation conditions, which will be conducive to the initiation of the development of fretting wear, have been discussed. Test results are presented in the photographs showing the axle seat with an area affected by wear. Both those places, and the place of contact between the connected surfaces, were subjected to micrographic examinations with a view to identifying damage comprised by fretting. Macrographic observations demonstrated fretting on either side of the shaft axle seat, which phenomenon comprises, for example, abrasive wear and adhesion. Visible are micro cracks and material build-ups, which became plastically deformed and oxidised.

Jednym z najważniejszych elementów w procesie zarządzania marketingowego jest komunikacja. Dotyczy to także zarządzania w klubie sportowym, gdzie odbiorcami komunikatu są grupy interesariuszy, z których główni to: kibice, sponsorzy, media i władze lokalne.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie tendencji rozwojowych systemu komunikacji, który powstał w wyniku badań lokalnych klubów sportowych szeroko rozumianego regionu częstochowskiego w różnych dyscyplinach sportowych. Funkcjonowanie systemu komunikacji klubów sportowych w tym regionie wskazało na istnienie pewnych stałych zależności i znalezienie nowych rozwiązań wzbogacających klasyczny model komunikacji marketingowej. Osobną kwestią pozostaje sprawność funkcjonowania tych systemów.Podstawowymi metodami badawczymi pozwalającymi na budowę obrazu tendencji komunikacyjnych i wyciągnięcie wniosków były wywiady bezpośrednie z pracownikami działów marketingu klubów oraz obserwacja własna działań w zakresie komunikacji. Wywiady dotyczyły m.in. zmian w stosowaniu środków komunikacji marketingowej na przestrzeni ostatnich sezonów oraz aktywności klubów w tym procesie. Zarówno obraz tendencji rozwojowych, jak i wnioski są częścią większych badań. Pytania skupiały się na działaniu klubu sportowego w zakresie komunikacji z interesariuszami i kontroli efektów tego działania.W wyniku badań powstał obraz tendencji komunikacyjnych przedstawiający powtarzające się w klubach elementy systemu komunikacji. Schemat ten wskazuje jak wyglądać powinien proces komunikowania się klubu sportowego z głównymi jego interesariuszami, jakie są zakłócenia w procesie informacji, jakie istnieją bariery w tym procesie oraz jak powinno się kontrolować przepływ komunikatu w systemie.W klasycznym modelu komunikacji istnieje jedynie nadawca i odbiorca komunikatu. Nadawcą jest firma kodująca komunikat, a odbiorcą jej klienci. Ważność pozostałych odbiorców jest zminimalizowana. Głównym elementem różniącym model komunikacji marketingowej w klubach sportowych od innych firm jest ujęcie w nim nie jednej grupy odbiorców, ale czterech podstawowych grup, między którymi także następuje wymiana komunikatów. W ten sposób klub sportowy zmuszony jest do kontrolowania przepływu informacji na własny temat na wielu płaszczyznach, bo każda z grup może być równie ważna dla klubu.Stworzenie obrazu tendencji komunikacyjnych i jego analiza pozwala na wskazanie działań usprawniających przepływ informacji oraz ich kontrolę poprzez ich monitorowanie i szybką reakcję.AbstractOne of the most important element in the marketing management process is communication. This also applies to the management of a sports club, where the recipient is a groups of stakeholders, fans, sponsors, media and local authorities.The purpose of the article is to presentation a trends of communication, which was created as a result of studies of local sports clubs of the Częstochowa region in various sports disciplines. The functioning of the sports club communication system in the region has indicated the existence of solid dependencies and the extension of the classical marketing communication model. Another issue remains the efficiency of these systems.Fundamental research methods to model and draw conclusions were direct interviews and observation, and both the model and the conclusions are part of larger research. The questions focused on how the sports club interacts with stakeholders and controls the effects of the sport.As a result of the research a uniform model of trends was created showing the elements of the communication system repeating in the clubs. This shows how the sports club should communicate with its main stakeholders, what are the disruptions to the information process, what barriers exist in the process, and how the message flow should be monitored in the system.In the classic communication model, there is only the sender and receiver of the message. The sender is the company that codes the message and the customer its customers. The importance of other customers is minimized. The main difference between the model of marketing communication in sports clubs from other companies is that there are not a single group of receivers in it, but four basic groups, among which there is also an exchange of messages. The sports club is forced to control the flow of information on its own subject on many levels, because each group can be equally important for the club.Creating a model of trends and analyzing it allows you to identify activities that streamline and control information flow by monitoring and responding quickly.

Streszczenie Lokalny rynek sportowy w dużej mierze zależy od grup interesariuszy. Jedną z nich tworzą sponsorzy zgrupowani wokół określonego klubu lub dyscypliny sportowej. Najczęstszym problemem, z którym spotykają się organizatorzy imprez sportowych lub rekreacyjnych jest niemożność przekonania sponsorów do efektywności działań promocyjnych opartych na sporcie. Wynika to głównie głównie z tego, że firmy sponsorujące nie wykorzystują w pełni wszystkich aspektów sponsoringu, a czasami klub nie potrafi im wskazać jak należy wykorzystać fakt sponsorowania. Tymczasem trwałe efekty sponsoringowe przynosić mogą nie tylko korzyści wizerunkowe, ale także finansowe, informacyjne i promocyjne. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest badanie wykorzystania efektu komunikacyjnego przez sponsorów lokalnych klubów sportowych. Badanie to będzie realizowane poprzez ocenę tego, jak sponsorzy tych klubów komunikują fakt wspierania na zewnątrz. Przestrzenią badania będą strony internetowe klubów ogólnie rozumianego regionu częstochowskiego oraz strony sponsorów mające potencjał marketingowy (głównie wizerunkowy). Artykuł składać się będzie z części teoretycznej i praktycznej. W części teoretycznej przedstawione będą pokrótce najważniejsze i najnowsze informacje dotyczące nowoczesnych form komunikacji mających wykorzystanie w firmach. Część praktyczną wypełnią wyniki badań własnych przeprowadzonych na rynku lokalnym. W trakcie badań zostanie zweryfikowana teza, że sponsorzy lokalnych klubów sportowych przywiązują nikłą wagę do komunikowania tego faktu swoim potencjalnym klientom. W ten sposób zweryfikuje się też opinię na temat efektywności działań sponsorskich oraz braku umiejętności wizerunkowego wykorzystania wspierania lokalnych klubów sportowych. Artykuł jest częścią wielotorowych badań dotyczących funkcjonowania lokalnych klubów sportowych. Abstract Local sports market depends on the groups of stakeholders. One of them are the sponsors grouped around a particular club or sport. The problem that meet the organizers of sporting events or recreational activities is the inability to convince sponsors to the effectiveness of promotional activities based on the sport. Inability is due primarily to the fact that companies sponsoring do not use all aspects of the sponsorship and sometimes the club cannot indicate how it should be used. Meanwhile, the lasting effects of sponsorship can bring benefits not only its image but also financial, informational, promotional. The primary purpose of the article is to study the effect of the use of the communication by the sponsors local sports clubs. This study will be done by evaluating how the sponsors of these clubs to communicate the fact to support the outside. Space research will be websites of sports clubs from Częstochowa region and information from websites of their sponsors. Article will consist of theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part will be presented briefly the most important and latest information on modern forms of communication with the use in companies. The practical part of the study will fill your own. During the study it will be verified thesis that sponsors local sports clubs faint attach importance to communicate that fact to potential customers. In this way also it verifies opinion on the effectiveness of sponsorship and lack of ability to use image-supporting local sports clubs. The article is part of a multi-lane testing on the functioning of local sports clubs.

Local sports market depends on the groups of stakeholders. One of them are the sponsors grouped around a particular club or sport. The problem that meet the organizers of sporting events or recreational activities is the inability to convince sponsors to the effectiveness of promotional activities based on the sport. Inability is due primarily to the fact that companies sponsoring do not use all aspects of the sponsorship and sometimes the club cannot indicate how it should be used. Meanwhile, the lasting effects of sponsorship can bring benefits not only its image but also financial, informational, promotional. The primary purpose of the article is to study the effect of the use of the communication by the sponsors local sports clubs. This study will be done by evaluating how the sponsors of these clubs to communicate the fact to support the outside. Space research will be websites of sports clubs from Częstochowa region and information from websites of their sponsors.Article will consist of theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part will be presented briefly the most important and latest information on modern forms of communication with the use in companies. The practical part of the study will fill your own. During the study it will be verified thesis that sponsors local sports clubs faint attach importance to communicate that fact to potential customers. In this way also it verifies opinion on the effectiveness of sponsorship and lack of ability to use image-supporting local sports clubs.The article is part of a multi-lane testing on the functioning of local sports clubs.

Kowalski Sławomir. Profesjonalizacja marketingowego zarządzania w klubach sportowych na rynkach lokalnych = The professionalization of marketing management in sports club in the local market. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(11):481-491. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35681 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2811%29%3A481-491 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/684731 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Original Text published © The Author (s) 2015. Kowalski Sławomir. Profesjonalizacja marketingowego zarządzania w klubach sportowych na rynkach lokalnych. Quality in Sport. 2015;1(2):7-16. eISSN 2450-3118. http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/QiS/article/view/QUALITY%20IN%20SPORT%201%20%282%29%202015%2C%20s.%207-16 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport (null) 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.11.2015. Revised 20.11.2015. Accepted: 30.11.2015. Sławomir Kowalski[1] Instytut Marketingu, Wydział Zarządzania, Politechnika Częstochowska Profesjonalizacja marketingowego zarządzania w klubach sportowych na rynkach lokalnych The professionalization of marketing management in sports club in the local market Streszczenie Podstawowym problemem stojącym przed klubami sportowymi jest niewystarczająca wiedza w zakresie wykorzystania istniejących zasobów. Kluby sportowe o zasięgu lokalnym działają w warunkach ciągłych niedoborów finansowych, ludzkich i rzeczowych. Kwestie związane z pozyskiwaniem sponsorów, zarządzaniem szkoleniem drużyn, obiektów sportowych wymagają od ich menedżerów profesjonalnego podejścia. O ile w wyższych klasach rozgrywkowych profesjonalizm zostaje narzucony przez przepisy licencyjne, to w ligach niższych klas rozgrywkowych, lub sportach mniej popularnych, brak profesjonalizmu powoduje upadek klubu lub jego stagnację. Celem artykułu jest podanie przykładów i modelu wykorzystania wiedzy w zarządzaniu klubami sportowymi o zakresie lokalnym. Podmiotem jest tu klub RKS Raków S.A., który wdraża konkretne profesjonalizujące programy w zakresie marketingowego zarządzania klubem sportowym. Zakres przedmiotowy badań obserwacyjnych obejmuje zarządzanie wizerunkiem, relacje z interesariuszami, profesjonalne podejście do kwestii pozyskiwania sponsorów, promocji oraz organizacji widowiska sportowego. Poza tym artykuł przewiduje zarządzanie informacją i promocją na zewnątrz klubu w warunkach niedostatków finansowych z wykorzystaniem nowoczesnych rozwiązań komunikacyjnych. Artykuł powinien być pomocny w rozwiązywaniu problemów decyzyjnych klubów na szczeblu niższych klas rozgrywkowych oraz marketingowym zarządzaniu w klubach dyscyplin niszowych o lokalnym zasięgu. Słowa kluczowe: marketing, zarządzanie, klub sportowy, zasoby. Abstract The main problem of sports clubs is the insufficient knowledge in the use of existing resources. Local sport clubs operate in a continuous shortage of financial, human and material. Issues related to the acquisition of sponsors, training management teams, sports facilities managers require their professional approach. While in higher grades professional leagues is dictated by the rules of licensing, in the lower leagues or sports less popular, lack of professionalism causes the collapse of the club or its stagnation. This article aims to give examples and model the use of knowledge in the management of sports clubs, local scope. The subject in this article is the football club RKS Rakow Częstochowa SA, which implements specific marketing programs for managing. The scope of the observational studies include image management, stakeholder relations, professional approach to raising sponsorship, promotion and organization of sporting events. In addition, the article provides information management and promotion outside the club in terms of financial shortcomings of using modern communications solutions. The article should be helpful in solving the problems of decision-making clubs at the lower classes leagues and clubs marketing management disciplines niche for local coverage. Key words: marketing, management, sports club, resources. [1] e-mail: sskk@op.pl

The main problem of sports clubs is the insufficient knowledge in the use of existing resources. Local sport clubs operate in a continuous shortage of financial, human and material. Issues related to the acquisition of sponsors, training management teams, sports facilities managers require their professional approach.While in higher grades professional leagues is dictated by the rules of licensing, in the lower leagues or sports less popular, lack of professionalism causes the collapse of the club or its stagnation.This article aims to give examples and model the use of knowledge in the management of sports clubs, local scope. The subject in this article is the football club RKS Rakow Częstochowa SA, which implements specific marketing programs for managing. The scope of the observational studies include image management, stakeholder relations, professional approach to raising sponsorship, promotion and organization of sporting events.In addition, the article provides information management and promotion outside the club in terms of financial shortcomings of using modern communications solutions.The article should be helpful in solving the problems of decision-making clubs at the lower classes leagues and clubs marketing management disciplines niche for local coverage.

During every day activities related with performed work or homework duties we meet a lot of equipment and we don't realize about their complex construction. This can be different type of equipment making every day work easier, such as food processors, dishwashers, ecologic furnaces, gas stoves or mechanisms, which are intended for protection against rain, which are personal umbrellas or devices ensuring higher safety such as ABS in a car or equipment used for measuring different values such as thermometers, barometers and finally scales. Scales due to performed tasks should be rated to measuring equipment which in metrology for example are used to specify linear and angular dimensions or deviations from nominal dimensions. In this article we present results of electronic scales sensitivity tests. For comparison of test results two electronic scales with different measuring range were analyzed

Unfortunately road accidents and collisions occur very frequently. Depending on the season, time of a day or weather conditions their frequency varies. The authors of this paper analysed root causes and impact of the road accidents and collisions that occurred in recent months i.e. in the period from 1st January to 30th June 2013 on the roads and at the crossroads in the City of Nowy Sącz. Based on data provided by the State Police Headquarters in Nowy Sącz, a graphical representation was developed to show frequency of road incidents and a comparison was made with the previous years. The root causes and impact of road incidents were also identified.

Morphological characters of spores, as well as sporocarps and spores of Ambispora gerdemannii and Glomus badium, respectively, arbuscular fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota, are described and illustrated. Additionally, the known distribution of these species in both Poland and the other regions of the world is presented. Ambispora gerdemannii was not earlier reported from Europe, and G. badium is a new fungus for Poland.

The results of studies of the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and arbuscular mycorrhizae of the phylum Glomeromycota associated with roots of 31 cultivated, uncultivated and protected plant species growing at 103 sites of the Lubuskie province NW Poland are presented and discussed. The AMF most frequently found were members of the genus Glomus. Other relatively frequently revealed fungi were Scutellospora spp. Spore populations of AMF generally were more abundant and diverse in cultivated soils. Most protected plant species harboured AMF.

Morphological characters of spores of Acaulospora rehmii and Gigaspora margarita (Glomeromycota) were described and illustrated. Spores of the two species were found in field-collected mixtures of rhizosphere soil and roots collected in Poland. Attempts to produce spores in trap cultures succeeded only with G. margarita. All attempts to establish one-species cultures of the two fungi failed. Gigaspora margarita was for the first time found in Poland and this paper is the first report of the occurrence of A. rehmii in Europe. The known distribution of the two fungal species in the world is also presented.

In the year 2003, the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of the phylum Glomeromycota in cultivated and uncultivated soils of the Lubuskie province was investigated. The occurrence of AMF was examined based on 56 root and rhizosphere soils collected under 7 species of cultivated and uncultivated plants growing in 28 localities. Spores of AMF were isolated from both field-collected samples and trap cultures. They were revealed in 100% of field soils and 93.8% of trap cultures and represented 7 of the 8 recognized genera of the Glomeromycota. The arbuscular fungi occurring distinctly more frequently in the soil and root samples examined were members of the genus Glomus. The species of AMF most frequently occurring in cultivated soils of the Lubuskie province were G. claroideum, G. constrictum, G. deserticola and G. mosseae, whereas G. claroideum, G. constrictum, G. deserticola, G. mosseae, and S. dipurpurescens were more frequently found in uncultivated sites. The analysis of similarity of the species composition of AMF populations in sites of the Lubuskie province and the Western Pomeranian province earlier examined showed that (1) the occurrence in Poland of most taxa of these fungi detected in the study presented here is even and does not change with time, (2) the communities of AMF area are stable, despite the arduousness resulting from the agricultural and chemical practices conducted, and (3) the species diversity of the plants cultivated in a long period of time has no influence on the species composition of populations of AMF.