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Circadian Rhythm (CR), which is the interchange between day and night, has a vital role in the health of all living creatures including plants. It is a biological process that echoes an internal clock in the body oscillating during the whole 24 hours of the day. Within that time, it fluctuates to control the sleep period that alternates with wakefulness at regular intervals. There is a complex interaction between sleep and all parts of the human body. A good night's sleep influences CR and is essential for the body organs and cells' efficient physiological function. Industrial development, modernization, and many other illnesses are all causes for the disturbance of the CR. Such disruption may lead to several dangerous health problems like; cerebral problems, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary embolism, metabolic syndromes, infections, gastrointestinal issues, menstrual irregularities, mental disorders, and psychiatric illnesses. Besides, CR disruption has a carcinogenic effect on various organs. In this review, we highlight the functional importance of CR and the health consequences of its disruption.

Periocular skin warming was reported to have favorable effects on subjective and objective sleep quality. We hypothesized that enhancing body heat loss by periocular skin warming would reduce sleep onset and improve sleep quality. Eighteen healthy volunteers were asked to maintain wakefulness with their eyes closed for 60 min after applying either a warming or sham eye mask, followed by a 60-min sleep period. Compared to the sham, periocular warming increased the distal skin temperature and distal–proximal skin temperature gradient only during the 30-min thermal manipulation period. In the subsequent sleep period, periocular warming facilitated sleep onset, increased stage 2 sleep and electroencephalographic delta activity during the first half of the sleep period relative to the sham. These results suggest that periocular skin warming may accelerate and deepen sleep by enhancing physiological heat loss via the distal skin, mimicking physiological conditions preceding habitual sleep.

Aims Nocturnal polyuria (NP) is defined by the International Continence Society (ICS) as "excessive production of urine during the main sleep period" and is one of the main causes of nocturia. The ICS recognized that "excessive" is not clearly defined and that this needs to be highlighted in both clinical and research settings. The aim of this study was to identify different definitions of NP and apply them to a population of women attending the Urogynaecology clinic. Methods This was a retrospective study of complete bladder diaries collected from women attending a tertiary Urogynaecology Unit. Six different definitions were identified and were divided into "absolute," "relative," and "functional definitions." Prevalence data were calculated and values generated for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values when related to women voiding ≥ 2 times per night. Results Complete bladder diaries were obtained from 1398 women, over 6 years, with a mean age of 57 years. Prevalence varied across the definitions from 21.5% (absolute definition) to 77% (relative definition). Sensitivity ranged from 43% (absolute) to 87% (relative). The definitions that showed the highest combined sensitivity and specificity were the functional definitions. Conclusion From this study it is clear that more work needs to be done to arrive at a consensus for defining NP to enable accurate diagnosis and development of treatment pathways. We propose that a relative definition may provide a more clinically relevant method of defining NP.

Over the last 100 years there has been a proliferation of research into the mechanisms of sleep that support cognition. Majority of these studies point to electroencephalographic features during sleep that are linked to plasticity and support valuable cognitive skills, like long-term memory. Importantly, sleep is both a central and an autonomic phenomenon with dynamic shifts occurring in both the brain and the body at sleep onset and throughout a sleep period. Prior work has demonstrated that autonomic inputs during wake modulate cognition. In this Review, we outline a new research direction that links brain-body interactions during sleep to cognitive ability and enhancement and posit that autonomic-central interactions are likely a distinct predictor of sleep-dependent plasticity.

Background: Compared to day workers, shift workers face an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. We reviewed the evidence to address the research question: Does acute exposure to shift work impact (blunt) the natural drop (dip) in Blood Pressure (BP) occurring during sleep and/or nighttime hours? (PROSPERO CRD42018110847). Methods: We performed a systematic review of five databases. We compared pooled estimates of mean BP stratified by periods of shift work, rest/leisure, and sleep, and evaluated the quality of evidence with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Results: Our search covered 1/1/1980-10/24/2018 and yielded 1,636 records. Inter-rater agreement during screening was high (Kappa=0.87). We retained 44 studies described in 50 publications. We identified wide variation in shift worker type, shift schedules, and regularity of BP measurements. Most studies examined BP during one shift workday and one rest/leisure day. No study examined the impact of repeated exposure to shift work on the sleep-related dip in BP. Eighteen studies examined night shifts and one reported on BP during sleep post night shift. Compared to BP measured during shift work, BP measured during any sleep period separate from shift work was lower by 17.5 mmHg Systolic BP (95%CI 15.75, 19.27) and 15.4 mmHg lower for Diastolic BP (95%CI 14.38, 16.42) (p Conclusions: There is limited research exploring the acute and long-term impact of shift work on BP during sleep. The available evidence is heterogenous, low quality, and suggests that the mean dip in BP during sleep separate from shift work is not blunted.

The present study examined both between- and within-person effects of maternal sleep patterns on quality of mothering at bedtime during infants' first 6 months. Participants included 142 mothers who reported on their daily fall asleep and wake times across seven consecutive days with a daily sleep diary when infants were 1, 3, and 6 months old. At each age point, maternal emotional availability during one night of infant bedtime was observed and scored by trained observers who were blind to maternal sleep patterns. Multilevel modeling revealed that mothers with irregular sleep patterns, especially later average fall asleep times and greater average variability in sleep period across three age points, showed poorer parenting quality with infants at bedtime than other mothers. In addition, both between- and within-person effects of maternal sleep on bedtime parenting quality changed with infant age. Compared to mothers' individual averages across 1, 3, and 6 months, maternal short average sleep period, increased variability in sleep period, and later fall asleep times predicted poorer bedtime parenting quality at 6 months, but not at 1 or 3 months. Results emphasize the importance of maternal sleep regulation and sleep hygiene for maternal parenting quality, especially as infants get older. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

O ciclo sono-vigília é parte do ritmo circadiano do indivíduo, sendo de grande valia para um bom funcionamento do organismo. Sua regularidade e eficiência, bem como uma fuga dessas pode levar a grandes alterações em todos os outros mecanismos sono dependentes. O ciclo que regula o sono é influenciado por fatores endógenos (relógio biológico baseado nos clock genes) e fatores exógenos ou ambientais (Zeitgebers). O período de sono é de suma importância para a saúde física e mental, interferências acarretam uma série de efeitos negativos ao organismo em questão. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura especializada, inicialmente, levantando parâmetros gerais fisiológicos, que envolvem a cronobiologia, em seguida, a caracterização dos cronotipos e a sua variação entre os grupos populacionais, dando ênfase para estudantes universitários de períodos do dia diferentes, destacando-se os cronotipos, que mais aparecem no público mencionado. Entre os existentes (matutino, indiferente e vespertino), o predominante na população estudada é o indiferente, seguido do vespertino e matutino. Há fatores fisiológicos que são fortemente influenciados pelo cronotipo como as acrofases de temperatura corporal e liberação de cortisol, bem como o horário de início da liberação de melatonina (hormônio do sono), em que se percebeu que tais fatores são adiantados no indivíduo matutino em relação ao vespertino em aproximadamente duas horas. É de grande importância a identificação dos cronotipos, em cada indivíduo, para uma correta alocação de atividades relacionadas ao ritmo circadiano, visando um maior aproveitamento do mesmo, bem como não prejudicando processos de aprendizado e de decodificação de informações. Palavras-chave: Cronotipo. Universitários. Fisiologia. Qualidade do Sono. AbstractThe sleep-wake cycle is part of the individual’s circadian rhythm, being of paramount importance for a good functioning of the organism. Its regularity and efficiency as well as an escape from these can lead to major changes in all the other sleep dependent mechanisms. The cycle that regulates sleep is influenced by endogenous factors (biological clock based on clock genes) and exogenous (or environmental, Zeitgebers) factors. The sleep period is of paramount importance to the physical and mental health, interferences entail a series of negative effects to the organism in question. The objective of the present work was to perform a review of specialized literature, initially raising general physiological parameters involving chronobiology, then characterizing chronotypes and their variation among population groups, with emphasis on university students, especially chronotypes that appear more often in the aforementioned public. Among the existing ones (morning, indifferent and evening), the predominant in the studied population is the indifferent, followed by the evening and morning ones. There are physiological factors that are strongly influenced by the chronotype as the acrophases of body temperature and cortisol release, as well as the start time of the melatonin release (sleep hormone), where it was perceived that such factors are advanced in the morning individual in relation to the afternoon in about two hours. It is of great importance to identify the chronotypes in each individual for a correct activities allocation related to the circadian rhythm, aiming a greater use of the same as well as not harming learning processes and information decoding. Keywords: Chronotype. University students. Physiology. Sleep Quality.

Aims Nocturnal polyuria (NP) and global polyuria (GP) are not mutually exclusive. However, by rate, the common criteria for GP (40 mL/kg/24 hours [117 mL/kg/hour in a 70-kg individual] or 3000 mL/24 hours [125 mL/h]) are more stringent than those for NP (90 mL/hour during the sleep period or NP index [NPi; nocturnal volume/24-hour volume] > 0.33 [no minimum rate]). It remains unclear whether total nocturnal urine volume (NUV) may reliably delineate between NP patients with and without comorbid GP. Methods A clinical database of men with lower urinary tract symptoms was searched for voiding diaries completed by patients reporting greater than or equal to 1 nocturnal void(s). Four separate analyses were performed using all combinations of the two NP and two GP criteria listed above. For each analysis, patients were included if they met the criteria for NP, and then stratified by presence or absence of GP (ie, NP + GP vs isolated NP). Results Median NUV was greater among patients with NP + GP for all criteria combinations. Sensitivities greater than or equal to 80%/90%/100% for NP + GP were observed at 1275/1230/1085 mL for {NPi > 0.33 + 24-hour volume > 3000 mL}; 1075/1035/1035 mL for {NPi > 0.33 + 24-hour volume > 40 mL/kg}; 900/745/630 mL for {NUP > 90 mL/hour + 24-hour volume > 3000 mL}; and 1074/1035/990 mL for {NUP > 90 mL/hour + 24-hour volume > 40 mL/kg}. Conclusions An inordinate NUV among men with NP is fairly sensitive for comorbid GP. In the appropriate clinical setting, nocturnal-only diaries may suffice in the evaluation and follow-up of patients with NP, so long as outlying nocturnal volumes prompt a 24-hour diary/urine collection.

Background and objective With the acceleration of social rhythm and the increase of pressure, there are various sleep problems among people. Sleep staging is an important basis for the diagnosis of sleep disorders and other related diseases. The process of automatic staging of sleep is mainly divided into three core steps: data preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. Accurate analysis of the features of sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is not only helpful to improve the accuracy of sleep staging, but also help people to understand their sleep status. Methods This paper focuses on the analysis of EEG features during sleep staging, and reviews many feature extraction methods and classification methods for sleep staging and sums up these algorithms used in literatures and its staging results. Besides, this paper lists a total of 22 features based on time domain, time-frequency, and nonlinear analysis methods, including kurtosis, skewness, Hjorth parameters, and standard deviations, wavelets energy; sample entropy (SampEn), fuzzy entropy, Tsallis entropy, fractal dimension (FD), complexity. The data set comes from EDF database. Wavelet transform (WT) and support vector machine (SVM) are used to achieve the sleep staging based on single-channel EEG signal. And the characteristic feature data was analyzed by ANOVA. Results By comparison, the SampEn, fuzzy entropy, FD and complexity can achieve ideal sleep staging. The highest accuracy of sleep staging is 85.93%. The FD and complexity are simpler than the entropy value, but their accuracies are lower. Furthermore, the distribution of these methods in different sleep period is more significant than others, which is content with the results of sleep staging. Conclusion In a word, due to the non-stationary and non-linear characteristics of EEG signals, time domain and time-frequency analysis methods all have some limitations. Nonlinear analysis was more effective and practical for the analysis of sleep EEG.

Introduction: Moderate consumption of red wine (RW) has been associated with a decrease in cardiovascular risk due to its phenolic composition. Purpose: Assessing the effects of consuming different doses of RW on the blood pressure (BP) of men during 24 hours after its ingestion. Methods: 10 normotensive male subjects (25.1±3.6 years) consumed three different doses of RW (250ml, 200ml and 150ml) randomly for three weeks; one dose was ingested per week. The BP was measured by using the Ambulatory BP Monitoring every 15 minutes during waking, and every 30 minutes during the sleep period for 24 hours. Results: There was a reduction in mean values of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) from six to nine hours of waking period, and the Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) from nine to 12 hours of sleep compared with BP at rest. Conclusions: The moderate RW consumption significantly reduced SBP and DBP in men, with a 150ml dose sufficient to reduce and maintain better BP levels. Keywords: Wine; Blood pressure; Men; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory. Made available in DSpace on 2020-01-09T18:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 11597671323PB.pdf: 2491513 bytes, checksum: 54f07ef3e1095ed31c8f0598c5e2ee45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

The study’s aim was to examine the effect of chronotype on cognitive performance during a single night shift. Data were collected from 72 (36f) young, healthy adults in a laboratory study. Participants had a 9 h sleep period (03:00–12:00) followed by an 8 h night shift (23:00–07:00). During the night shift, participants completed five test sessions, which included measures of subjective sleepiness, subjective alertness, and sustained attention (i.e., psychomotor vigilance task; PVT). Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) was derived from saliva samples taken during the evening preceding the night shift. A tertile split of DLMO was used to determine three chronotype categories: earlier (DLMO = 20:22 ± 0:42), intermediate (DLMO = 21:31 ± 0:13), and later (DLMO = 22:54 ± 0:54). There were (a) significant main effects of test session (all p < 0.001); (b) no main effects of chronotype; and (c) no interaction effects between chronotype and test session on sleepiness, alertness, PVT response time, and PVT lapses. The results indicate that under controlled sleeping conditions, chronotype based on dim light melatonin onset did not affect nighttime performance. Differences in performance during night shift between chronotypes reported by field studies may be related to differences in the amount and/or timing of sleep before or between night shifts, rather than circadian timing.

Sergey N Kolomeichuk,1,2 Christoph Randler,3 Artem V Morozov,4 Denis G Gubin,2,5 Christopher L Drake6 1Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Karelian Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia; 2Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Russia; 3University of Tuebingen, Department of Biology, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany; 4Laboratory of Ecological Physiology of Animals, Institute of Biology, Karelian Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia; 5Tyumen Cardiology Research Center, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia; 6Henry Ford Hospital Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Detroit, MI, USACorrespondence: Christoph RandlerUniversity of Tuebingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 24, Tübingen, D-72076, GermanyTel +49-7071-2074611Email christoph.randler@uni-tuebingen.dePurpose: Insufficient nocturnal sleep is a primary source of excessive daytime sleepiness. Most previous research has focused on the disparity between sleep demands and study start times in adolescents. Fewer studies have focused on elementary schoolchildren. We hypothesize that late sleep timing is connected to excessive daytime sleepiness in a sample of Russian children and adolescents. The major goals of our study were to evaluate excessive daytime sleepiness in Russian schoolchildren and adolescents using the Russian version of the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) and to estimate its relationship with sleep-wake parameters using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ).Materials and Methods: Student subjects were from public educational facilities in the Republic of Karelia. They completed both the PDSS and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire to estimate sleep parameters and chronotype (MSFsc). Five hundred and eleven students provided data for the PDSS and sleep-wake variables, and 479 for the full MCTQ data.Results: The overall prevalence of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) in our sample was 18%. The total PDSS score was inversely correlated with sleep length on school nights and was independent of respondents’ sex. Higher PDSS scores were associated with later bedtimes on school days and free days, and shorter sleep duration on school days. Late chronotype and more pronounced social jetlag were both positively correlated with high PDSS scores. A negative correlation was found between chronotype and the duration of the sleep period on weekdays (p&thinsp

The around-the-clock smartphone use and its relation to disturbed sleep is a public health concern. The present study aimed to quantify the effects of different dimensions of smartphone behaviours (frequency of daytime use, problematic use, use before sleep and use during the sleep period) on disturbed sleep (sleep quality and sleep quantity) and to disentangle their inter-relationship in a large population-based sample of 24,856 Danish adults aged ≥16 years. Data come from the SmartSleep Experiment, which is a web-based survey carried out using a citizen science approach. Tested items were used to evaluate smartphone use and disturbed sleep was evaluated with the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire (KSQ). Linear and multinomial logistic regression was employed to evaluate the relationship between smartphone use and disturbed sleep. While several of the smartphone measures were associated with disturbed sleep when assessed individually, smartphone use during the sleep period was the only dimension consistently associated with disturbed sleep when assessed independently of other smartphone behaviours. Weekly smartphone use during the sleep period versus no use was associated on average with a 0.96 point higher score (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90-1.02) on the 5-point KSQ scale, and a higher risk of both short (odds ratio [OR] 1.32, 95% CI 1.08-1.62) and long (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.63-2.32) sleep duration. Smartphone use during the sleep period is the factor strongest associated to disturbed sleep relative to other dimensions of smartphone use. Recommendations around smartphone use during the sleep period are warranted in order to protect the fundamentally important biological and mental processes of sleep.

Studies have yielded inconsistent evidence for an association between long-term average wind turbine sound pressure level (SPL) and disturbed sleep. Transient changes in sleep may be more susceptible to short-term variations in wind turbine SPL throughout the sleep period time. We analyzed sleep actigraphy data (participant sleep nights = 2,094, males = 151, females = 192) in 10 min intervals time-synchronized to wind turbine supervisory control and data acquisition. Calculated indoor wind turbine SPL was considered after adjusting for turbine rotor speed and closed/open bedroom windows. Maximum calculated nightly average wind turbine SPL reached 44.7 dBA (mean = 32.9, SD = 6.4) outdoors and 31.4 dBA (mean = 12.5, SD = 8.3) indoors. Wind turbine SPL in 10 min intervals, and nightly averages, was not statistically associated with actigraphy outcomes. However, the variability in wind turbine SPL due to changes in wind turbine operation across the sleep period time, as measured by the difference between the 10 min SPL and the nightly average SPL (∆SPL), was statistically related to awakenings (p = 0.028) and motility (p = 0.015) rates. These diminutive differences translate to less than 1 min of additional awake and motility time for a 5 dBA increase over a 450 min sleep period time. Overall results showed that wind turbine SPL below 45 dBA was not associated with any consequential changes in actigraphy-measured sleep. Observations based on ∆SPL provided some indication that a more sensitive assessment of sleep may be one that considers variations in wind turbine SPL throughout the sleep period time.

It has been reported that adult ostriches displayed the longest episodes of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (up to 5 min) and more REM sleep (24% of the nighttime) than any other bird species. If the mammalian ontogenetic trend exists in the ostrich, then the amounts of REM and the duration of sleep episodes in young ostriches may be greater than those reported in adults. We investigated sleep in 1.5–3.5 month old ostrich chicks. Recordings were conducted during nighttime (20:00–08:00), the main sleep period in ostriches, which are diurnal. The polygrams were scored in 4-s epochs for waking, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and REM sleep, as in other bird studies. REM sleep in ostrich chicks occurred during both cortical EEG activation and during slow waves, as was described in adult ostriches. The chicks spent 69.3% ± 1.5% of the night in NREM sleep. REM sleep occupied 14.1% ± 1.8% of the night or 16.8% ± 2.0% of nighttime sleep. Episodes of REM sleep lasted on average 10 ± 1 s and ranged between 4 and 40 s. Therefore, the total amount and duration of REM sleep episodes in ostrich chicks were substantially smaller than reported in adult ostriches while the amounts of NREM sleep did not greatly differ. The developmental profile of REM sleep ontogenesis in the ostrich may be remarkably different from what has been reported in all studied mammals and birds.

International audience; The objective of the present study was to confirm the link between spontaneous smiling and active sleep in newborns, and to identify the role of the cortex in the generation of spontaneous smiles. A total of 12 healthy newborns born at term and three infants with major congenital abnormalities (two with hydranencephaly and one with a left hemispherectomy) were evaluated by video and polysomnography during a 3-hr sleep period. Smiles were graded and their association with isolated rapid eye movements and grouped rapid eye movements was analysed. In all, 383 smiles were recorded of which 377 occurred during active sleep. Smiles were shown to be significantly associated with active sleep (p

International audience; Memory formation is a dynamic process and sleep is part of it. Consolidation of memories relies on finely orchestrated brain activities occurring during the post-learning sleep period. In this issue of Neuron, Kumar and colleagues provide evidence that the activity of adult-born hippocampal neurons, during REM sleep, is critical for the consolidation of episodic memory.

Chronic short sleep or extended wake periods are commonly observed in most industrialized countries. Previously neurobehavioral impairment following sleep loss was considered to be a readily reversible occurrence, normalized upon recovery sleep. Recent clinical studies suggest that chronic short sleep and sleep disruption may be risk factors for neurodegeneration. Animal models have been instrumental in determining whether disturbed sleep can injure the brain. We now understand that repeated periods of extended wakefulness across the typical sleep period and/or sleep fragmentation can have lasting effects on neurogenesis and select populations of neurons and glia. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements made using animal models of sleep loss to understand the extent and mechanisms of chronic short sleep induced neural injury.

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. Studies of patients with SDB have identified frequent night-time urination as a manifestation related to SDB. We aimed to clarify whether night-time frequency of urination is independently associated with SDB in a general population. We also investigated whether night-time frequency of urination can help presumptive diagnose SDB.Study participants consisted of 7151 community residents. Oxygen saturation during sleep was measured for four nights using a pulse oximeter. SDB was defined as ≥15 events per hour in which oxygen desaturation exceeded or equal to 3% during an actigraphy-determined sleep period. Night-time frequency of urination was recorded for one week using a sleep diary.Significant positive correlations were evident between night-time frequency of urination and SDB (none, 5.8%; once/night, 14.1%; twice/night, 20.1%; thrice/night, 28.7%;thrice/night, 44.1%, P 0.001). This association was independent of possible covariates, including sleep duration (adjusted odds ratio: once/night = 1.50, twice/night = 2.15, thrice/night = 3.07,thrice/night = 3.73, P 0.001). Other factors significantly associated with SDB were age, sex, obesity, observation of sleep apnea, and short sleep duration. The area under the curve of the risk score for SDB consisting of these conventional six items (0.834) significantly improved (0.842, P = 0.001) when night-time frequency of urination was considered as a risk score item.Night-time frequency of urination was associated with SDB. Our findings suggest that the urination frequency should be considered a manifestation of SDB even in a general population.

BackgroundSnoring is a nuisance for the bed partners of people who snore and is also associated with chronic diseases. Estimating the snoring duration from a whole-night-sleep period is challenging. The authors present a dependable algorithm for visualizing snoring durations through acoustic analysis.MethodBoth instruments (Sony digital recorder and smartphone’s SnoreClock app) were placed within 30 cm from the examinee’s head during the sleep period. Subsequently, spectrograms were plotted based on audio files recorded from Sony recorders. The authors developed an algorithm to validate snoring durations through visualization of typical snoring segments.ResultsIn total, 37 snoring recordings obtained from six individuals were analyzed. The mean age of the participants was 44.6 ± 9.9 years. A 3-s segment demonstrated the typical dominant frequency bands and amplitude waves of two snores. Every recorded file was tailored to a regular 600-s segment and plotted. Visualization revealed that the typical features of the clustered snores in the amplitude domains were near-isometric spikes (most had an ascending–descending trend). The recorded snores exhibited one or more visibly fixed frequency bands. Intervals were noted between the snoring clusters and were incorporated into the whole-night snoring calculation. The correlative coefficients of snoring rates of digitally recorded files examined by Examiners A and B were higher (0.865,p< 0.001) than those with SnoreClock app (0.757,p< 0.001; 0.787,p< 0.001, respectively).ConclusionA dependable algorithm with high reproducibility was developed for visualizing snoring durations.