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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to define minimum cost technique of turbo fan transport aircraft in the presence of dynamic change of aircraft performance. Results can be practical applicable in airlines for achieving minimal operation costs.Design/methodology/approachLogarithmic differential is applied for defining conditions in order to achieve optimal Mach number for minimal climb cost. This condition is solved numerically by using Newton‐Ramphson method, to obtain optimal Mach number distribution with altitude. Conclusion about optimal top of climb (TOC) is defined after analyses for different aircraft mass and cost indexes.FindingsProposed method of minimum cost climb resulting in potential savings up to 5 per cent compared to Aircraft Flight Manual climb law. Proposed method also made correction of climb law and optimal TOC under existence of aircraft performance degradation.Practical implicationsUse of defined climb law and optimal TOC will minimize cost of en route flight profile.Originality/valueAt present, there is no definition of climb technique for minimum cost of en route flight profile, under dynamic degradation of aircraft performance. Final results are standardized to become applicable and easy to use with modern and old type of flight management system.

The problem of the aircraft noise is certainly one of the factors that affect not only at the planning of a new airports or expanding of the existing airports, but also at the aviation industry as a whole. In order to mitigate this problem, a series of a different measures are undertaken today, whose effects are finally evaluated by the application of an appropriate indices and the aircraft noise metrics. In this paper, a brief chronological review of the aircraft noise metrics development is shown, as well as their classification according to the different criteria. The analysis of the certain aircraft noise metrics, with the close attention to their interconnections, is accomplished. Additionally for the nowadays frequently used metrics and their advantages and limitations, special attention was given. An overview of the supplemental aircraft noise metrics, which are now proposed and as such can be accepted by the general public, is given. Key words: aircraft, noise, metrics

The critical concern of modern airports is the air pollution generated by air traffic and its impact on the airport environment. Air pollution is an unavoidable consequence of air traffic, but it can be reduced in numerous ways, including technical innovations in aircraft design and legislation. This paper presents a model of air traffic assignment as a measure to mitigate the concentration of air traffic pollution. The air traffic assignment model was developed specifically for Nikola Tesla Airport but could easily be applied to other airports. The model is based on the categorisation of aircraft according to engine type and the assignment of specific runways for take-off and landing for each aircraft category. It incorporates two basic goals: to increase airport capacity and to reduce the pollution level in the area around the airport. Although these goals are contradictory, it has been shown in the case of Nikola Tesla Airport that the proposed air traffic assignment model successfully creates pollution level equilibrium in the area around the runway thresholds and an increase in airport capacity. The paper suggests pollution measurement points as the basis for a pollution management tool and system for daily air traffic pollution control. Santrauka Šiame straipsnyje aprašomas oro transporto paskirstymo modelis, leidžiantis sumažinti oro transporto srautų sukeliamą oro taršą. Šis modelis sukurtas Nikola Tesla oro uostui, bet yra lengvai pritaikomas ir kitiems oro uostams. Modelio pagrindas – tai orlaivių klasifikavimas pagal variklių tipus ir tam tikrų KTT paskyrimas atitinkamoms kategorijoms. Siekiama išnaudoti visas oro uosto galimybes ir sumažinti taršos lygį. Nors tikslai atrodo priešingi, tačiau įrodyta, kad pasiūlytas oro transporto paskirstymo modelis sėkmingai išlaiko taršos lygio pasiskirstymą prie KTT pradžios ir padidina oro uosto galimybes. Taip pat siūlomi tinkami taršos matavimo taškai kasdienei oro taršos kontrolei. Reikšminiai žodžiai: orlaivis,oro tarša,taršos mažinimo priemonės,oro transporto valdymas,taršos kontrolė

Regional aircraft are playing a significant role in airline operations. This paper considers the problem of selecting an appropriate aircraft from the airline fleet for optimal regional air travel realization. Complexity balance between air travel demand (passengers, goods) and the proposed aircraft capacity presents the priority in airline operations. A principal feature of the methodology considered in this paper is a multi attribute analysis of technological and operational aircraft characteristics (turboprop and turbojet). A comparison of the presented regional aircraft parameters is based on the following criteria: technological (aerodynamic efficiency, structural efficiency, fuel flow at the optional FL, cruise endurance and requested trip fuel for the fixed cruise range), operational (max range with max payload, ground efficiency (aircraft maintainability based on external dimensions) and climb capability. With the aim of defining aircraft rank, the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method was applied. Therefore, the Saaty scale was used for developing the weight of different criteria. The conducted research included a sample of four representative regional aircraft: Do328, CRJ100er, Saab2000 and ERJ145. The results obtained would help in determining the airline fleet or selecting the optional solution from the existing fleet. First published online: 10 Feb 2011

The purpose of this paper is to define an analytical tool intended to provide a sound, technically justifiable, and consistent approach to analyzing the risk posed by aircraft accidents. The methodology presented in this paper takes into consideration items determined to be important to understanding the risk of aircraft accident and safety appraisal. These items include a number of aircraft operations/flights; crash probabilities; aircraft characteristics; costs, revenues, socio‐economic benefits, value statistical life, etc. The presented case study gives various cost assessments for an A320 crash depending on accident severity and aircraft age. It could be used as a risk assessment tool for implementing safety management system (SMS) process. Santrauka Šio straipsnio tikslas ‐ aprašyti analizės priemonę, skirta patikimai ir techniškai pagrįstai orlaivių avarijųrizikos analizei. Straipsnyje pateikta metodika gali įvertintisvarbiausius orlaivių avarijųrizikos ir saugos aspektus: tai orlaivių skrydžių skaičius; avarijųtikimybė; orlaivio charakteristikos; išlaidos; pajamos; socialinė ir ekonominė nauda; statistinė eksploatavimo trukmė ir pan. Pavyzdyje pateikiamas įvairiųorlaivio A320 avarijos sąnaudųvertinimas priklausomai nuo įvykiosunkumo ir orlaivio amžiaus. Vertinimo metodika galėtųbūti taikoma kaip rizikos vertinimo priemonė, diegiant saugos valdymo sistema (SVS). First published online: 09 Jun 2011 Reikšminiai žodžiai:rizikos valdymas,saugumas,orlaivių avarijų išlaidos

Today airlines are challenging two opposite goals: minimization of flight fuel consumption and minimization of elapsed flight time. A well‐known cost structure and cost generators represent significant pre‐conditions for defining cost optimization strategy in an airline company. Airline company management has a limited set of tools for cost managing, which include the following documents: Performance Engineers’ Manual and Aircraft Flight Manual. In this particular paper review we discuss the problem of vertical flight path of turbo‐fan aircraft, where we point out the impact of the choice of climb technique on the overallen routeflight profile costs. In temporary aircraft flight preparation process, there is no stressing out the significance of the climb phase in minimizing costs of this particular flight phase. In the paper we show the procedure of defining optimal climbing resulting minimum costs, but also optimal function operational adjustment to the climb schedule. This way of the approximation of optimal function and its adjustment to the operational use enables the application of minimal cost climbing technique in operational use of transportation aircraft. On short‐haul flights, climb phase can reduce cruise flight length up to 60% of total range. In the paper, we show the impact of climb regime on flight profile of turbo‐fan aircraft considering the usage of time, fuel and costs. The impact is shown according to the data taken from the Performance Engineers Manual. The impact stresses the importance of minimum costs climbing regime to cutting down total flight costs. It also shows the conditions which need to be fulfilled in order to apply minimum costs climbing technique. We identify the scope ofCASspeed during climb andTOCfor flights minimum total expenses by using minimum costs climbing technique. Conditions for achieving minimum costs climbing technique are the results of the logarithmic differential. In order to achieve optimal numerical results we used Newton‐Raphson formula. Turbosraigtinio transporto lėktuvo optimalaus kilimo plano poveikis oro bendrovei Santrauka.Šiandien oro transporte svarbūs du tikslai: skrydžio metu sunaudojamo kuro mažinimas ir skrydžio laikotrumpinimas. Žinoma kainos struktūra ir kainos komponentės yra reikšmingos išankstinės sąlygos, padedančiossudaryti kainos optimizavimo strategiją oro transporto bendrovėje. Oro transporto bendrovėsvaldytojai turi ribotą sąnaudų valdymo priemonių komplektą – tai „Priežiūros inžinieriaus vadovas“ ir„Orlaivio skrydžio vadovas“. Straipsnyje aptariama turbosraigtinio lėktuvo vertikalios skrydžio kryptiesproblema, parodomas pasirinktos kilimo technikos poveikis bendrai skrydžio kainai. Dabartiniame lėktuvoruošimosi skrydžiui procese nėra pabrėžiama kilimo fazės įtaka bendrų skrydžio sąnaudų mažinimui.Straipsnyje pateikiama procedūra, kaip nustatyti optimalų orlaivio kilimą mažiausiomis sąnaudomis, taippat optimalumo funkcijos korekciją kilimo plane. Optimalumo funkcijos aproksimavimas ir jos naudojimasleidžia taikyti mažiausių sąnaudų kilimo techniką lėktuve. Trumpalaikiuose skrydžiuose kilimo fazėgali sumažinti kruizinio skrydžio trukmę iki 60 proc. Straipsnyje rodoma, kaip lėktuvo kilimo režimasdaro poveikį turbosraigtinio lėktuvo skrydžiui laiko, kuro ir sąnaudų požiūriu remiantis duomeni mis,paimtais iš „Priežiūros inžinieriaus vadovo“. Skaičiai rodo, kaip minimalių sąnaudų kilimo režimas sumažinabendrąsias skrydžio sąnaudas. Straipsnyje taip pat atskleidžiamos sąlygos, kurios turi būti vykdytosnorint pritaikyti minimalių sąnaudų kilimo techniką. Ją naudojant nustatytas lėktuvo skrydžio greitis irpakilimo aukštis. Minimalių sąnaudų kilimo technikos sąlygos yra logaritminio diferencialo prendiniai. Optimaliems skaitmeniniams rezultatams gauti panaudota Niutono ir Rapsono formulė. Reikšminiai žodžiai: oro bendrovė, ekonomija, transporto lėktuvas, kilimas, techniniai duomenys,optimizavimas, sąnaudos. First published online:21 Oct 2010