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Introduction. Prescription of penicillin requires extra caution in order to avoid its administration in a person allergic to this antibiotic. We present a case of a patient allergic to penicillin, to whom a doctor prescribed this medicine by mistake. Case outline. An 18-year-old female patient turned to an otolaryngologist because of a sore throat, difficulty in breathing, and light clogging in the left ear during several previous days. The patient tolerated oral intake of only liquid foods. She reported frequent attacks of tonsillopharyngitis, and an allergy to penicillin. Tonsillopharyngitis was established by a physical examination. The doctor prescribed oral therapy, including a penicillin-based antibiotic AugmentinR (amoxicillin + clavulanate potassium) 1000 mg 2 ? 1 tablet for seven days. The pharmacist in the local pharmacy knew the patient and was aware of the fact that the girl was allergic to penicillin, so the patient did not take the prescribed penicillin-based remedy. In this way, an extremely serious professional medical error did not obtain essential features of a criminal act according to the Serbian Criminal Code. Conclusion. When prescribing antibiotics, it is necessary for the physician to be extremely careful not to prescribe a medicine for which there is a cave warning in medical documentation, as this error can become grounds for legal prosecution against the doctor, as well as for professional sanctioning.

Design of 5G and beyond 5G telecommunication systems relies on utilization of diverse solutions for different envisioned applications and different constituents of an entire system. One of the research directions is the utilization of a global unlicensed millimeter wave frequency band from 57 to 66 GHz for the high throughput data transfer. Apart from the wide spectrum availability at 60 GHz, there are many problems to be resolved before the concept can become fully functional; one of the requirements is the design of low-cost, energy efficient, wideband antennas with enhanced gain, capable of overcoming propagation losses at 60 GHz. We investigate the benefits and shortcomings of four types of low-cost, printed antennas as the constituents of sub-array elements for the large line-of-sight MIMO arrays. The results are put into perspective by comparison with the most used low-cost microstrip patch sub-array element. The state-of-the-art method-of-moments computations were employed in the highly accurate analyses of the four compared antenna array elements. Although the gains of such sub-arrays can be boosted by the increases in antenna numbers, this does not hold for the efficiency or bandwidth of operation; therefore, radiation patterns and characteristics at the level of individual antennas cannot be ignored as these translate directly into the behavior of an array. Careful choice of antenna type and initial efforts in the sub-array design should be seen as a necessary first step in the design of a large line-of-sight MIMO array of superior characteristics.

The aim of this article is to analyze the problem of legal responsibility for medical negligence in general with a special focus on pediatrics, as well as to address the possible ways of avoiding medical malpractice. In some European countries, including Serbia and all ex-republics of the Former Yugoslavia, medical malpractice is regulated by the Criminal Code where health care workers may be held legally responsible for errors in diagnostics and treating processes. According to the Article 251 of the Serbian Criminal Code, a medical doctor who applies an obviously inappropriate means or methods of treatment , does not apply appropriate hygienic measures or in any other way generally obviously irresponsibly acts , may be sentenced to prison lasting between 3 months and 3 years if medical negligence caused worsening of patient’s health status is confirmed. If deterioration of the patient’s condition includes severe health impairment, medical doctor may be sentenced to 1 to 8 years in prison, while in cases of fatal outcome a legal verdict stipulates imprisonment from 2 to 12 years. Conclusion − Most legal actions for medical negligence in countries with Anglo-Saxon system of law are organized within the common law, while the criminal responsibility is still part of the civil law jurisprudence of some European countries. In order to avoid an accusation for medical negligence, all medical doctors, including pediatricians, must follow principles of modern medical science and practice, and properly keep medical records which are the most important pieces of evidence in court procedures.

We investigate the influence of a wire-based impedance-matching network for an axial-mode helical antenna on the radiation pattern. This network, proposed in our previous work, comprises a single wire attached to the helix. We show that the matching wire, mounted on a tubular dielectric support and attached to the helix close to the reflector, does not degrade the antenna radiation pattern. We also investigate limitations of the equivalent thin-wire model proposed in our previous work.

Introduction Disruption of copper homeostasis and dysfunction of mitochondria have been documented in sclerotic hippocampi (HS) of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). However, a potential link between these pathological changes has not been tackled so far. Herein, we analyzed regional distribution of neuron somata density, copper concentration, and the activity of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), a component of mitochondrial electron transport chain and copper‐containing metalloprotein, in HS. Methods Histochemical staining and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were carried out to construct comparable maps of these parameters in coronal sections of hippocampi of 3 mTLE‐HS patients and 3 control subjects. Results Copper levels were decreased in all regions of HS with pyramidal neuron somata. CCO activity was significantly reduced in stratum pyramidale (PY) 1 and cornu Ammonis field 4, the two regions with significant reduction in neuron somata density. CCO activity was also lower in layers that contain apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons and mossy fibers. It appears that copper deficiency in PY2 and PY3 comes before CCO activity reduction and neuronal loss. A strong positive correlation was found between neuron density, Cu concentration, and CCO activity. Conclusions Presented results imply that pathological alterations in Cu and energy metabolism could be involved in the development of HS. A limitation of this study was the relatively small number of patients. However, presented results underline copper deficiency as a component of pathological mechanisms of epilepsy and warrant further investigation of cuproproteins and members of copper transport machinery., Regional distribution of neuron somata density, copper concentration, and the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in coronal sections of sclerotic hippocampi of epilepsy patients and controls.

Low socio-economic status is recognized as one of the risk factors for SIDS. In this study we have pointed out the similarities between families that have SIDS cases and families in which infant non-accidental injury has been proven, as well as the differences between them and the general population. This study was conducted in Montenegro, comparing 30 cases of SIDS with 25 cases of known infanticides and with a control group (60 cases) consisting of live newborns and their mothers from the general population, randomly selected from hospital-born newborns without exclusion criteria. We combined and compared the infant characteristics and mother characteristics between the above cases. There were significant similarities between the SIDS group and the infanticide group in terms of the following characteristics: the education level of the mothers (p = 0.086); maternal employment (p = 0.278); and place of residence (p = 0.269); while there were differences between the two groups regarding hospital birth (p = 0.027) and marital status (p = 0.011). The SIDS and infanticide groups, combined, had higher incidences of: out-of-hospital deliveries (p 0.001); uneducated mothers (p 0.001); unemployed mothers (p 0.001); low socio-economic status (p 0.001); and cases outside of marriage (p 0.001), compared to the control groups. This study indicated a possible higher incidence of non-natural death among SIDS cases, as reflected by low socio-economic status and linked attributes, which is explained by their similarities with the infanticide groups and differences with the control groups.

This case represents a planned complex suicide in which the victim shot himself in the head after dousing his living quarters with gasoline. The spark induced ignition of gasoline vapors and led to an explosion. Liquid gasoline is not flammable, but the vapor/mixture of gases above the surface of the liquid is. In this case the victim might have counted on the resulting fire and/or explosion, but we are not able to tell that with certainty. We have assumed that the plan was for the gunshot to the head to lead to instantaneous death, and for the flame and/or explosion to lead to the destruction of the body. The explosion launched the body out of the apartment, meaning it did not get charred. It is also our assumption that the victim did not expect that the explosion would eject his body from the flames and lead to less severe burns than he had calculated, making this complex suicide "less successful" than he had planned.

We present a case of 19-year-old female patient, who was injured in childhood and subsequently developed hydrocephalus, chronic elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP), and a copper-beaten skull appearance. Chronic hydrocephalus leads to an increase in intraventricular pressure, causing ventricular expansion and dislocation of adjacent cerebral structures. According to literature data, it has been hypothesized that chronically elevated ICP in persons with craniosynostosis, and other developmental structural abnormalities of the skull, may induce bone remodeling. In cases with copper-beaten skull appearance, increased ICP should be considered as a cause of death (after exclusion of all other obvious causes), and for that reason, careful examination of the skull appearance is suggested. This finding could be useful in cases with advanced postmortem changes, where it might indicate some medical conditions of the deceased or could even be considered unique feature for body identification, although this rationale should be used with great caution.

Solid-state mechanical activation of MgO and α-Al2O3 powders was used to produce MgAl2O4. The cation site occupancy in the resulting MgAl2O4 spinel was investigated using different methods. Differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetry showed that mechanical activation reduced the spinel formation temperature by around 200 °C, and the corresponding activation energy by about 25%. In addition, characteristic temperatures for evaporation of physisorbed water and decomposition of Mg(OH)2 shifted to lower values, and peaks were more pronounced. Raman spectra were used to characterize the degree of inversion as a function of the sintering temperature for all of the sintered specimens, indicating that the breaking point for ordering of the crystal structure was around 1500 °C for non-activated samples, and 1400 °C for activated samples. This is the peer-reviewed version of the article: Obradović, N., Fahrenholtz, W.G., Filipović, S., Marković, S., Blagojević, V., Lević, S., Savić, S., Đorđević, A., Pavlović, V., 2019. Formation kinetics and cation inversion in mechanically activated MgAl2O4 spinel ceramics. J Therm Anal Calorim. 140: 95-107. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08846-w] Published version: [https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_10027]

Towards the short-range multigigabit data transfer, we investigate the possibility of employing the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of electromagnetic (EM) waves in the unlicensed millimeter wave frequency band around 60 GHz (from 57 GHz to 66 GHz). We investigate the effects of OAM source spatial discretization, with respect to the radial and azimuthal coordinates, on a wireless transmission system performance and the quality of OAM radiation patterns. First, second, and third OAM mode are taken into account. Short-range wireless transmission system capabilities are modeled and estimated for realistic values of input parameters. The estimated data transmission rates are very promising.

Full-wave simulation of arbitrary structures in 2D and 3D space, whose parts are made of homogenous, linear and isotropic materials, most often can be performed efficiently and accurately by solving Surface Integral Equations (SIE) using Method of Moments (MoM) [1], [2]. In addition, for parts of structures that are highly inhomogeneous, or continuously inhomogeneous, or anisotropic, the advantage is on the side of Finite Element Method (FEM). Although MoM/SIE and FEM are well established methods, continuous demands to solve larger and more complex structures/scenarios with increased accuracy/efficiency gives motivation to scientist to search for new algorithms/strategies.

A 79-year-old man with a history of arterial hypertension, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency and thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) was brought to the emergency department, following an episode of oliguria and urine retention. During chest X-ray he suddenly collapsed and died. Autopsy revealed a large atherosclerotic saccular thoracic aortic aneurysm whose right lateral wall firmly adhered to the right lung. There was more than 2.5 l of blood with fibrin deposits in the right part of the thoracic cavity. The right bronchus contained a cast of blood; blood was also present in the trachea and the distal airways of the right lung. Further dissection revealed that the aneurysm had eroded the tissue surrounding it and made a fistulous canal into the lower lobe of the right lung, causing the lung to fill with fluid blood. The cause of death was hemorrhage from the aortopulmonary fistula caused by pressure necrosis from the thoracic aortic aneurysm.

This case represents a planned complex suicide in which the victim combined gunshot to the head and hanging. The most interesting finding in the presented case was pale face, but without any visible injury to it at the time the body was found (more than 24 hours after death), whereas at autopsy (20 hours later), black eyes were prominent. The removal of the ligature led to the decompression of the neck and its blood vessels with consequential blood redistribution, which, alongside the liquid state of blood, resulted in the aforementioned finding. Considering the described postponed appearance of periorbital ecchymosis, this kind of finding suggests that great caution is necessary when interpreting hematomas in terms of their vitality.

Background/Aim. During the homicidal act, a victim usually tries to defend himself/herself, and due to these attempts he/she could sustain so-called defense injuries, mostly localized on the arms. The aim of this research was to analyze important medicolegal characteristics of defense injuries, particularly regarding their importance in forensic expertise of homicides. Methods. We analyzed autopsies of all homicidal cases with defense injuries in Belgrade during a three-year period. Results. Defensive injuries were registered in 71 victims of murder. The majority (67.61%) of victims with defense injuries were males. About 25% of victims were aged from 21 to 30 years. The majority (60) of victims were not under influence of alcohol. Homicides were mostly (90.14%) performed by mechanical weapons. The highest frequency of defense injuries was noticed in the victims with multiple homicidal injuries localized on the front side of the body. In a half (50.7%) of the cases they were present on both arms of the victim, mostly on the dorsal side of hands and forearms. Bruises were the most frequent form of defense injuries (36.61% out of 71 cases), while incisions, abrasions, gunshot injuries and stab wounds were less common. Conclusion. Determination of defense injuries and their medicolegal characteristics enables collecting of facts that are important for legal estimation of homicide, as well as for adequate sentence at the end of the court procedure. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 175014]

Current autopsy principles for evaluating the existence of brain edema are based on a macroscopic subjective assessment performed by pathologists. The gold standard is a time-consuming histological verification of the presence of the edema. By measuring the diameters of the cranial cavity, as individually determined morphometric parameters, a mathematical model for rapid evaluation of brain edema was created, based on the brain weight measured during the autopsy. A cohort study was performed on 110 subjects, divided into two groups according to the histological presence or absence of (the – deleted from the text) brain edema. In all subjects, the following measures were determined: the volume and the diameters of the cranial cavity (longitudinal and transverse distance and height), the brain volume, and the brain weight. The complex mathematical algorithm revealed a formula for the coefficient e, which is useful to conclude whether a brain edema is present or not. The average density of non-edematous brain is 0.967 g/ml, while the average density of edematous brain is 1.148 g/ml. The resulting formula for the coefficient e is (5.79 x longitudinal distance x transverse distance)/brain weight. Coefficient e can be calculated using measurements of the diameters of the cranial cavity and the brain weight, performed during the autopsy. If the resulting e is less than 0.9484, it could be stated that there is cerebral edema with a reliability of 98.5%. The method discussed in this paper aims to eliminate the burden of relying on subjective assessments when determining the presence of a brain edema.

We propose a novel design of internal impedance matching networks for axial-mode helical antennas. This network comprises a single wire attached to the helix. One of the main challenges when designing an internal matching network is its strong electromagnetic coupling with the antenna. The matching network must hence be designed in the presence of the antenna, which slows down the design process. To overcome this problem, we formulate an equivalent thin-wire model of the complete helix, including the matching wire (matching network) and the dielectric support. This computationally low-demanding model can be analyzed extremely rapidly, yielding accurate results, which are in excellent agreement with alternative numerical solutions and measurements.

Four human Ankrd2 transcripts, reported in the Ensembl database, code for distinct protein isoforms (360, 333, 327 and 300 aa), and so far, their existence, specific expression and localization patterns have not been studied in detail. Ankrd2 is preferentially expressed in the slow fibers of skeletal muscle. It is found in both the nuclei and the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells, and its localization is prone to change during differentiation and upon stress. Ankrd2 has also been detected in the heart, in ventricular cardiomyocytes and in the intercalated disks (ICDs). The main objective of this study was to distinguish between the Ankrd2 isoforms and to determine the contribution of each one to the general profile of Ankrd2 expression in striated muscles. We demonstrated that the known expression and localization pattern of Ankrd2 in striated muscle can be attributed to the isoform of 333 aa which is dominant in both tissues, while the designated cardiac and canonical isoform of 360 aa was less expressed in both tissues. The 360 aa isoform has a distinct nuclear localization in human skeletal muscle, as well as in primary myoblasts and myotubes. In contrast to the isoform of 333 aa, it was not preferentially expressed in slow fibers and not localized to the ICDs of human cardiomyocytes. Regulation of the expression of both isoforms is achieved at the transcriptional level. Our results set the stage for investigation of the specific functions and interactions of the Ankrd2 isoforms in healthy and diseased human striated muscles.

We investigate the influence of internal impedance-matching network for an axial-mode helical antenna on its radiation pattern. This network, proposed in our previous work, comprises a single wire attached to the helix. We show that the matching wire, mounted on a tubular dielectric support and attached to the helix close to the reflector, does not degrade the antenna radiation pattern.

We critically assess the possibilities for utilization of orbital angular momentum (OAM) of electromagnetic (EM) waves, alongside and in combination with other existing data transfer methods, for further capacity improvement of 5G systems. Special attention is devoted to inherent limitations imposed by the OAM beams. Trade-offs between the desired function and unavoidable limitations are discussed.

This paper addresses shooting-bouncing rays (SBR) ray-tracing techniques and their applications in computational electromagnetics. It specifically discusses uniform random, low-discrepancy deterministic, and uniform sampling techniques for the standard SBR formulation and compares their effects for a simple waveguide model.

We present a shooting-bouncing approach to ray-tracing as applied to signal propagation modeling in electrically large waveguides, such as underground mine tunnels at wireless communication frequencies. The method is verified for a dominant-mode rectangular metallic waveguide excited by a dipole antenna.

The investigation of deaths that are suspected to be related to medical therapy present several challenges for a forensic pathologist. We present a case of an otherwise healthy 58-year-old woman with multiple nasal polyps who underwent nasal polypectomy. The operation was initially considered successful. However, the patient had never recovered from general anesthesia and was declared deceased 24 hours after the surgery.The autopsy revealed a basilar subarachnoid hemorrhage. The examination of the basilar skull showed a perforation of approximately 15 by 7 mm in the right cribriform plate. Above the bone perforation, there was a disruption of the dura and a 20-mm-long penetrating wound within the right frontal lobe parenchyma of the brain, with associated intraventricular hemorrhage. The subsequent sectioning of the formalin-fixed brain revealed extensive parenchymal destruction. The cause of death was certified as complications of nasal/sinus surgery, with a perforation of the skull base with hemorrhagic tissue destruction, whereas the manner of death was considered accidental.Common nasal surgical procedures and known complications are discussed.

Objective:Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system can be diagnosed by spectral analysis of variability of cardiac frequencies of consecutive RR interval using TASK FORCE monitor.Design and method:Study was done using TASK FORCE monitor and software analysis of HRV, Fourier transform algorithm. T

The ionized gas flow in the boundary layer on bodies of revolution with porous contour is studied in this paper. The gas electroconductivity is assumed to be a function of the longitudinal coordinate x. The problem is solved using Saljnikov's version of the general similarity method. This paper is an extension of Saljnikov’s generalized solutions and their application to a particular case of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow. Generalized boundary layer equations have been numerically solved in a four-parametric localized approximation and characteristics of some physical quantities in the boundary layer has been studied. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. ON 174014]

We present guidelines for teaching students how to analytically solve problems that involve inhomogeneous media in electrostatic fields, stationary current fields, and stationary magnetic fields. At the introductory level, the focus is on recognizing classes of problems that can be solved in closed form and applying simple rules, based on comparison with solutions in homogeneous media. At the intermediate level, the focus is on strict proofs based on vector calculus.

Determination of direction of car impact on pedestrian is complex interdisciplinary biomechanical analysis, which sintetize the work of legal medicine and traffic engineering professions. Injury characteristics depends on constitution and position of pedestrian, and type of passenger car. There are different mechanisms of injury arising from sum of effect of complex mechanical forces, from motion and impact on human body. Results are showing that new generation car, with aerodinamic wedge front, favorize occurrence of hyperextensive injuries, while speed presents dominant factor of intensity of injuries. In modern traffic conditions, we found multiple reduction of number of deaths of pedestrians in road traffic accidents.

Introduction. The risk of suicide among war veterans is a controversial issue, where findings so far have been contradictory. Objective. This study focusses on suicide in Serbian veterans from the wars in former Yugoslavia in the 1990s in order to create appropriate preventive measures and reduce the number of these fatal cases. Methods. The autopsy protocols of all 44 suicides committed by war veterans in the Belgrade District population over a period between 1992 and 2000 were investigated. Data were obtained from autopsy records, results of toxicological investigations and psychological autopsy protocols. Results. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder were present in 27.3%, major depression in 9.1% and schizophrenia in 6.8% of veterans. The majority of suicides (84.1%) were committed by recruits in the Yugoslav National Army, spending between three and eight months in the zone of war operations. Six committed suicide during the first 30 days after their war activities, while the majority of suicides occurred between five and six years after combat. The most frequent manner of suicide was the use of handguns (56.8%) and bombs (18.2%). Conclusion. The results of this research may give useful information about the individuals with the highest suicidal risk in order to alleviate the consequences of war psychotraumas in veterans and prevent their growth into a permanent handicap or suicide. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. OI 175093]

Introduction. Heat stroke is the most dangerous among numerous disorders caused by elevated environmental temperature. It is characterized by an increased body temperature of over 40?C, the dysfunction of the central nervous system and the development of multiple organ failure. The aim of this paper was to highlight problems in the clinical and post-mortal diagnosis of fatal heat stroke. Case Outline. A 20-year-old male was found unconscious on the street; on admission at the Emergency Center, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, he was in a coma. The body temperature of 40?C was maintained despite the applied therapy, meningeal signs were negative, tachycardia with gallop rhythm, hypotension, bleeding from the nose and mouth, and presence of skin bruises. Laboratory findings: highly elevated LDH and creatine kinase, elevated serum creatinine, AST, and signs of DIC. Lethal outcome occurred 6 hours after admission, and the case remained clinically unsolved. Autopsy showed signs of hemorrhagic diathesis, brain and pulmonary edema, and microscopic examination revealed general congestion, internal bleeding in various organs, cerebral edema, massive blood aspiration and pulmonary edema. Toxicological and bacteriological examinations were negative. Based on these findings and subsequently obtained data on the conditions at the workplace where the young man had a part-time job, it was concluded that the violent death was caused by heat stroke. Conclusion. Since heat stroke is associated with a high mortality rate and high incidence of serious and permanent organ damage in survivors, it is important to make the diagnosis of heat stroke as quickly as possible and apply appropriate treatment. Misdiagnosis of heat stroke, and consequently inadequate treatment, with a potential fatal outcome for the patient, can be the reason for blaming doctors for the legal offense of medical malpractice in failing to administer first aid.

Research into crainiocerebral injury (CCI) characteristics of traffic accidents with fatal outcomes, as well as certain types of CCIs and defined categories of traffic participants, has been conducted. The research data were obtained from autopsy protocols at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Serbia. Out of the 202 cases of individuals who had been fatally injured in traffic accidents, CCIs were diagnosed in 82.7% of them. The highest percentage of CCIs was established for front-seat passengers (95%), while for drivers it was 86.2%, pedestrians 78%, and 76% for rear-seat passengers. The domination of males among the deceased was also found, mostly as drivers (92%). The majority of individuals who experienced a CCI were in the age group of 21 to 30 years old, while pedestrians were commonly older than 60. In these cases, a high frequency of skull fractures was usually localized in different cranial regions (67.7%). In the majority of cases with CCIs (81.4%), these injuries contributed to an ultimate fa...

It is possible that sexually driven homicides are the consequence of sexual deviation, but more often than not the main cause of such homicides stems from a non-paraphilic person's emotional component. It is known that homicides which involve multiple stabbing are very often the result of the assailant's highly expressed affect. This study tries to establish whether such homicides are essentially related to the sexual motives of the murderer. This paper is conducted through a retrospective autopsy study that includes 766 cases of homicides. These were reviewed and analysed according to the motive of the homicide, as well as by method, age, and gender of the victim, and the relationship between the victim and the assailant. The motives of homicides are classified as non-sexual and sexual, including homicides related to rape, jealousy, amorous affairs outside of an established relationship, deviant sexual behaviour of psychiatric patients, paraphilia, and disturbed emotional relationships between the victim and the assailant. Cases include both hetero- and homosexual relationships. Multiple stabbing occurs significantly more frequently in sex-related homicides (≥ 3 stab wounds) than in other homicide types. When the criteria for multiple stabbing are changed (≥ 4, 5, or 25 stab wounds), the percentage of sex-related homicides rises in every group in relation to the increased number of wounds. Sensitivity and specificity are represented by ROC curves for 3, 5 and 7 stab wounds. The correlation coefficients between multiple stabbing and sex-related homicides regarding gender are all near 0.9. For female victims, all homicides committed by 25 and more stab wounds were found to be sex-related. Statistically, jealousy was the most frequent motive for sex-related multiple stabbing homicides. Regardless of age, homicides involving multiple stabbings should be considered sex-related, especially when the victim is female.

A summery review of several topics in higher order computational electromagnetic (CEM) are presented. First, constant speed parametrization (CSP) mapping between the parent and the final computational domain is presented. Next, we construct, numerically model, and analyze transformation-based metamaterial invisibility cloaks. These cloaks are continuously inhomogeneous and anisotropic. Finally, we nonrigorously implement symmetric second-order absorbing boundary condition (ABC) coupled with higher order curl-conforming basis functions and curved finite elements. We point out the differences that exist when the second-order ABC is used in low-and high-order CEM. Each topic is covered by at least one numerical example.

Diagnosing death and issuing a Death Diagnosing Form (DDF) represents an activity that carries a great deal of public responsibility for medical professionals of the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and is perpetually exposed to the control of the general public. Diagnosing death is necessary so as to confirm true, to exclude apparent death and consequentially to avoid burying a person alive, i.e. apparently dead. These expert-methodological guidelines based on the most up-to-date and medically based evidence have the goal of helping the physicians of the EMS in accurately filling out a medical report on diagnosing death. If the outcome of applied cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures is negative or when the person is found dead, the physician is under obligation to diagnose death and correctly fill out the DDF. It is also recommended to perform electrocardiography (EKG) and record asystole in at least two leads. In the process of diagnostics and treatment, it is a moral obligation of each Belgrade EMS physician to apply all available achievements and knowledge of modern medicine acquired from extensive international studies, which have been indeed the major theoretical basis for the creation of these expert-methodological guidelines. Those acting differently do so in accordance with their conscience and risk professional, and even criminal sanctions.

Highly efficient and versatile computational electromagnetic analysis of 3-D transformation-based metamaterial cloaking structures based on a hybridization of a higher order finite element method for discretization of the cloaking region and a higher order method of moments for numerical termination of the computational domain is proposed and demonstrated. The technique allows for an effective modeling of the continuously inhomogeneous anisotropic cloaking region, for cloaks based on both linear and nonlinear coordinate transformations, using a very small number of large curved finite elements with continuous spatial variations of permittivity and permeability tensors and high-order p-refined field approximations throughout their volumes, with a very small total number of unknowns. In analysis, there is no need for a discretization of the permittivity and permeability profiles of the cloak, namely for piecewise homogeneous (layered) approximate models, with material tensors replaced by appropriate piecewise constant approximations. Numerical results show a very significant reduction (three to five orders of magnitude for the simplest possible 6-element model and five to seven orders of magnitude for an h-refined 24-element model) in the scattering cross section of a perfectly conducting sphere with a metamaterial cloak, in a broad range of wavelengths. Given the introduced explicit approximations in modeling of the spherical geometry and continuous material tensor profiles (both by fourth-order Lagrange interpolating functions), and inherent numerical approximations involved in the finite element and moment method techniques and codes, the cloaking effects are shown to be predicted rather accurately by the full-wave numerical analysis method.

Water intoxication (WI) is a rare condition that originates from over-consumption of water, with a potentially fatal outcome. Increased water intake (polydipsia) is followed by urination of high amount of diluted urine (polyuria) which are the main initial symptoms of WI. We present four case reports of WI. Two of them are unusual pediatric clinical cases using medical documentation and police case files, one of which is related to child abuse, and the other to a psychiatric disorder. The other two cases are fatal adult cases submitted to autopsy from a psychiatric hospital. Also, we present a diagnostic algorithm for polydipsia and polyuria before death. WI is usually seen in patients with psychiatric disorders, victims of child abuse or torture, drug abusers or it can be iatrogenically induced.

It is well known that atrial infarctions are rare comparing to the ventricular. They cannot easily be verified on ECG and the standard autopsy technique does not include a detailed review of the atrial wall, so the atrial infarction often remains undiagnosed. A 63-year-old male was treated and died in an intensive care unit due to decompensated liver insufficiency and cardiac disease following long-lasting alcohol abuse. At autopsy, the extreme cardiomegaly was found, severe atherosclerosis of the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery. The posterior wall of the right atrium was thickened (cca 9 mm) in diameter of cca 3 × 3 cm, and this area was yellowish in the luminal part, while the central part was filled with dark red blood. A detailed dissection of the coronary arteries showed the complete occlusion of the atrial branch of the right coronary artery wreath as far as the place of sinoatrial artery branching, which corresponded anatomically to the described area of infarction on the posterior wall of the right atrium. Histopathological examination of the previously described area of the posterior wall of the right atrium, showed four zones of heart muscle changes: 1. zone of partially preserved structure of the heart muscle, 2. zone of cellular (immature) connective tissue, 3. areas of bleeding in cellular connective tissue, and 4. zone of acellular (old) connective tissue. These histopathological changes indicated that the posterior wall of the right atrium was affected by myocardial necrosis in at least two and possibly more times. It is reasonable to think that bleeding in the third zone of the posterior wall of the right atrium contributed greatly to the death due to the anatomical proximity to the sinoatrial node. It was confirmed by the existence of bradycardia with a prolonged PR interval, PR segment elevation in D1 and aVL lead and PR depression in the D3 lead on the ECG. These ECG changes appeared immediately before asystolia and the death of the patient, but not ventricular fibrillation or electromechanical dissociation due to ventricular infarction. The presented case shows that detailed autopsy examination of atrial wall and blood vessels can sometimes be crucial in disclosing the cause and mode of death if the ischemia and necrosis attack only the atrial wall, especially in the region of the heart conduction system.

Introduction. Diagnosing death represents an activity that carries a great deal of public responsibility for medical professionals and is continually exposed to the control of citizens and media. Although this is a taboo subject in medical circles, unfortunately in medical practice there are situations when the physician issues a death diagnosis form without even examining the person or for an already buried person. Such physician?s action is impermissible and it leads to the possibility of professional and criminal law punishment. Case Outline. By giving examples from practice, we wish to point out the need for exceptional caution when confirming and diagnosing death in order to diagnose the true, i.e. rule out apparent death and consequently avoid the mistake of declaring dead someone still alive. Conclusion. When confirming and declaring death, exceptional caution of the physician is necessary so as not to declare dead someone still alive!

We present a case of a 22-year-old male, who was found inside the cage of Himalayan black bears in the Belgrade Zoo. The victim attended the Belgrade Beer festival the previous night, drinking a lot of beer and acting aggressively. A medico-legal autopsy was performed at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Belgrade. Autopsy findings showed numerous excoriations all over the body surrounded by bruises, as well as spindle-shaped, oval, and partly irregular wounds of variable size, large defects of skin and subcutaneous soft tissue, fractures of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage, and fracture of ribs. Postmortem toxicological analysis revealed the presence of ethanol in vitreous humor and urine and 11-nor Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinolic acid found in the urine. We discussed similar cases from the available literature in different regions of the world. In conclusion, we pointed out that the presented case does not follow the general pattern of Himalayan bear attacks.

Aim. The purpose of this study was to find the incidence of death caused by undiagnosed intracranial tumors. Methods. Autopsy material of the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Belgrade, from 1990 to 2004, was analyzed. The cases in which the cause of death is undiagnosed brain tumor have been extracted. Results. Brain tumors have caused death in 10 cases, of that 7 persons had benign tumors and three malignant and that was 3.9% of 259 indistinct natural deaths caused by pathological disorders of the brain. Of those three cases of malignant neoplasmas of the brain, one has been proven by pathohistological analysis to be an astrocytome of third grade malignity while the second case was a glioblastome. The histological type of tumor in the third case could not be determined because of big necrotic changes in the histological preparation. In the group of benignant tumors leading to death, five cases were menigothel tumors (meningiomas), and two cases were indistinct histogenesis (hemangioglioblastomas). Conclusion. The incidence of sudden death caused by undiagnosed primary intracranial tumors is extremely low. In every case with a susception to intracranial pathology a multidisciplinary approach that includes a total autopsy with thorough documentation and neuropathological tests is necessary.