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1. Carbon-nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation - Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling

Author

Flechard, Chris R., Ibrom, Andreas, Skiba, Ute M., de Vries, Wim, Van Oijen, Marcel, Cameron, David R., Dise, Nancy B., Korhonen, Janne F.J., Buchmann, Nina, Legout, Arnaud, Simpson, David, Sanz, Maria J., Aubinet, Marc, Loustau, Denis, Montagnani, Leonardo, Neirynck, Johan, Janssens, Ivan A., Pihlatie, Mari, Kiese, Ralf, Siemens, Jan, Francez, André-Jean, Augustin, Jürgen, Varlagin, Andrej, Olejnik, Janusz, Juszczak, Radosław, Aurela, Mika, Berveiller, Daniel, Chojnicki, Bogdan H., Dämmgen, Ulrich, Delpierre, Nicolas, Djuricic, Vesna, Drewer, Julia, Dufrêne, Eric, Eugster, Werner, Fauvel, Yannick, Fowler, David, Frumau, Arnoud, Granier, André, Gross, Patrick, Hamon, Yannick, Helfter, Carole, Hensen, Arjan, Horváth, László, Kitzler, Barbara, Kruijt, Bart, Kutsch, Werner L., Lobo-do-Vale, Raquel, Lohila, Annalea, Longdoz, Bernard, Marek, Michal V., Matteucci, Giorgio, Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreaux, Virginie, Neftel, Albrecht, Ourcival, Jean-Marc, Pilegaard, Kim, Pita, Gabriel, Sanz, Francisco, Schjoerring, Jan K., Sebastià, Maria-Teresa, Tang, Y. Sim, Uggerud, Hilde, Urbaniak, Marek, van Dijk, Netty, Vesala, Timo, Vidic, Sonja, Vincke, Caroline, Weidinger, Tamás, Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie, Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, Nemitz, Eiko, Sutton, Mark A., Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Edinburgh] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), School of Communication, Charles Sturt University [Australia], Department of Environmental & Geographical Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), Department of Physics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences [Zürich], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Agro-BioTech Gembloux, Université de Liège, Unité de bioclimatologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Servizi Forestali, Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, Agenzia per l'Ambiente, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), INRES Bodenwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Wood Technology, Poznan' University of Life Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences-Poznan University of Life Sciences, Climate and Global Change Research [Helsinki], Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Environment Engineering and Spatial Management, Department of Meteorology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Climate Research, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des Abeilles, Institute of Plant, Animal and Agroecosystem Sciences, NERC Centre of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille - Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Edinburgh Research Station, Earth System Science and Climate Change Group, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Agronomy Institute, Technical University of Lisbon, Atmospheric Composition Research [Helsinki], Division of Ecosystems Processes Lab. of Plants Ecological Physiology, Institute of Systems Biology and Ecology, Inst Agroenvironm & Forest Biol, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), Neftel Research Expertise, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Biosystems Division [Roskilde], Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy (Risø DTU), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU)-Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Mechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), IT University of Copenhagen (ITU), Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Global Change (ECOFUN), Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Department of Forest Sciences [Helsinki], Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Institute of Soil Sciences, Vienna, University of Vienna [Vienna], Bush Estate, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, GOCE-CT-2003-505572, Sixth Framework Programme, 282910, Seventh Framework Programme, European Project: 282910,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2011,ECLAIRE(2011), European Project: 28980,CARBOEUROPE-IP, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU)-Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), IT University of Copenhagen, University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Jonchère, Laurent, Effects of Climate Change on Air Pollution Impacts and Response Strategies for European Ecosystems - ECLAIRE - - EC:FP7:ENV2011-10-01 - 2015-09-30 - 282910 - VALID, ASSESSMENT OF THE EUROPEAN TERRESTRIAL CARBON BALANCE - CARBOEUROPE-IP - 28980 - OLD, and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, Evolution, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, TROPICAL FORESTS, Atmospheric Sciences, DRY DEPOSITION, Behavior and Systematics, QUALITY-CONTROL, greenhouse gases, ddc:550, BOREAL FORESTS, SDG 13 - Climate Action, LONG-TERM IMPACTSEDDY-COVARIANCEREACTIVE NITROGENDRY DEPOSITIONORGANIC NITROGENTROPICAL FORESTSQUALITY-CONTROLBOREAL FORESTSOXIDE FLUXESTREE GROWTH, REACTIVE NITROGEN, Biology, Earth-Surface Processes, ecosystem, TREE GROWTH, Ecology, Physics, LONG-TERM IMPACTS, European forest, EDDY-COVARIANCE, Chemistry, Earth sciences, ORGANIC NITROGEN, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, semi-natural vegetation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, carbon-nitrogen, OXIDE FLUXES
Abstract

The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this dC∕dN response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of Nr deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet Nr deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and Nr inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, N2O and CH4 fluxes; soil NO−3 leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BASFOR) modelling. Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from −70 to 826 g C m−2 yr−1 at total wet + dry inorganic Nr deposition rates (Ndep) of 0.3 to 4.3 g N m−2 yr−1 and from −4 to 361 g C m−2 yr−1 at Ndep rates of 0.1 to 3.1 g N m−2 yr−1 in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by CO2 exchange, while CH4 and N2O exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated Ndep where Nr leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and N2 losses by denitrification. Nitrogen losses in the form of NO, N2O and especially NO−3 were on average 27 % (range 6 %–54 %) of Ndep at sites with Ndep 3 g N m−2 yr−1. Such large levels of Nr loss likely indicate that different stages of N saturation occurred at a number of sites. The joint analysis of the C and N budgets provided further hints that N saturation could be detected in altered patterns of forest growth. Net ecosystem productivity increased with Nr deposition up to 2–2.5 g N m−2 yr−1, with large scatter associated with a wide range in carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE, defined as the NEP ∕ GPP ratio). At elevated Ndep levels (> 2.5 g N m−2 yr−1), where inorganic Nr losses were also increasingly large, NEP levelled off and then decreased. The apparent increase in NEP at low to intermediate Ndep levels was partly the result of geographical cross-correlations between Ndep and climate, indicating that the actual mean dC∕dN response at individual sites was significantly lower than would be suggested by a simple, straightforward regression of NEP vs. Ndep. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support by the European Commission through the two FP6 integrated projects CarboEurope Integrated Project (project no. GOCE-CT-2003-505572) and NitroEurope Integrated Project (project no. 017841), the FP7 ECLAIRE project (grant agreement no. 282910), and the ABBA COST Action ES0804. We are also thankful for funding from the French GIP-ECOFOR consortium under the F-ORE-T forest observation and experimentation network, as well as from the MDM-2017-0714 Spanish grant. Computer time for EMEP model runs was supported by the Research Council of Norway through the NOTUR project EMEP (NN2890K). Finalization of the paper was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council award number NE/R016429/1 as part of the UKSCAPE programme delivering national capability.

Published
2020

2. Response of the ozone column over Europe to the 2011 Arctic ozone depletion event according to ground-based observations and assessment of the consequent variations in surface UV irradiance

Author

Weine Josefsson, Karel Vaníček, Giuseppe Casale, Angelo Lupi, Florence Goutail, Juan Ramón Moreta González, Andrew R. D. Smedley, Mauro Mazzola, Maurizio Busetto, Ulf Köhler, Oliver Mišaga, René Stübi, Boyan Petkov, Henri Diémoz, Christian Lanconelli, Ann R. Webb, Zoltan Toth, Bogdana Mendeva, Anna Maria Siani, Gunther Seckmeyer, David J. Moore, Arne Dahlback, Claudio Tomasi, R. Werner, Hugo De Backer, Vito Vitale, María López Bartolomé, Saji Varghese, Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics [Trieste] (ICTP), CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dipartimento di Fisica [Roma La Sapienza], Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimatologie [Hannover] (IMUK), Leibniz Universität Hannover=Leibniz University Hannover, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences [Manchester] (SEAES), University of Manchester [Manchester], Space Research and Technology Institute [Sofia], Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMet), Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), University of Oslo (UiO), Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ), Valentia Geophysical and Meteorological Observatory, Irish Meteorological Service, Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Solar and Ozone Observatory (SOO), Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Leibniz Universität Hannover [Hannover] (LUH), Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSz), and Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] (IRM)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Arctic ozone, Ozone impact on surface UV, Irradiance, Ozone impact on surface, Atmospheric sciences, Ozone depletion, Latitude, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Solar UV irradiance, Environmental science, General Environmental Science, Ozone column
Abstract

International audience; The strong ozone depletion event that occurred in Arctic during spring 2011 was found to cause appreciable reduction in the ozone column (OC) in Europe, even at lower latitudes. The features of this episode have been analysed using the data recorded at 34 ground-based stations located in the European area and compared with the similar events in 2000 and 2005. The results provided evidence that OC as far south as 40°N latitude was considerably influenced by the Arctic ozone loss in spring 2011. The reduction of OC at the northernmost sites was about 40% with respect to the mean value calculated over the previous six-year period, while a similar decrease at the southern extreme ranged between 15 and 18%, and were delayed by nearly two weeks compared to the Arctic region. The ozone distributions reconstructed for the West Europe sector show that the decline of OC lasted from late March to late April 2011. The echo of the Arctic ozone depletion on mid-latitude UV irradiance has been analysed trough model computations that show an increase of the midday erythemal dose by 3-4 SED (1 SED = 100 J m-2) that was slightly higher than at polar regions. On the other hand it was assessed that the biosystems in the northernmost regions were a subject of about 4 times higher UV stress than those at mid-latitudes. Despite indications of an OC recovery, the event examined here shows that the issue of ozone depletion episodes cannot be belittled.

Published
2014
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3. EMEP intensive measurements on mineral dust in PM10, summer 2012 and winter 2013

Author

Aas, Wenche, Querol, Xavier, Lucarelli, Franco, Alastuey, Andrés, Pérez, Noemi, Areskoug, Hans, Balan, Violeta, Cape, J. N., Catrambone, Maria, Ceburnis, Darius, Conil, Sébastien, Gevorgyan, Lusine, Jaffrezo, J.-L., Hueglin, Christoph, Mihalopoulos, N., Mitosinkova, Marta, Moreno, Teresa, Putaud, Jean-Philippe, Riffault, Véronique, Sellegri, Karine, Spindler, Gerald, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze (INFN, Sezione di Firenze), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Stockholm University, Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (IIA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs (ANDRA), Environmental Impact Monitoring Center, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory [Heraklion] (ECPL), Department of Chemistry [Heraklion], University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC)-University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), École des Mines de Douai (Mines Douai EMD), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Riffault, Véronique, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE - IMT Nord Europe), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Nord Europe), and Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
mineral dust, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, chemical speciation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, aerosols, EMEP
Abstract

International audience

Published
2013

4. Agroclimatic conditions in Europe under climate change

Author

Trnka, M., Eivind Olesen, Jorgen, Kersebaum, K. C., Skjelvåg, A.O., Eitzinger, J., Seguin, B., Peltonen-Sainio, P., Rötter, R., Iglesias Picazo, Ana, Orlandini, S., Dubrovský, M., Hlavinka, P., Balek, J., Eckersten, H., Cloppet, E., Calanca, P., Gobin, Anne, Vučetić, C., Nejedlik, P., Kumar, S., Lalic, B., Mestre, A., Rossi, F., Kozyra, J., Alexandrov, Vassil N., Semerádová, D., Zalud, Z., Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agrifood Research Finland, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Institut Vaxtproduktionsekol, Partenaires INRAE, Météo France, Agroscope, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Agrometeorol Dept, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), Dept Geog, University College of London [London] (UCL), University of Novi Sad, Spanish State Meteorological Agency (AEMET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), State Research Institute, Natl Inst Meteorol & Hydrol, CLIVAGRI [COST 734], KONTAKT [OC187], CzechGlobe - Centre for Global Climate Change Impacts Studies [CZ. 1.05/1.1.00/02.007], [DFFE 3304-FVFP-60651], and [MSM6215648905]

Subjects
environmental zones, LAND-USE, PRODUCTIVITY, Agricultura, climate-change impacts, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MODEL PROJECTIONS, crop production, WINE QUALITY, SOIL-MOISTURE, CHANGE IMPACTS, UNCERTAINTIES, agroclimatic extremes, CHANGE SCENARIOS, agroclimatic index, PRECIPITATION, agroclimatic indeks
Abstract

International audience; To date, projections of European crop yields under climate change have been based almost entirely on the outputs of crop-growth models. While this strategy can provide good estimates of the effects of climatic factors, soil conditions and management on crop yield, these models usually do not capture all of the important aspects related to crop management, or the relevant environmental factors. Moreover, crop-simulation studies often have severe limitations with respect to the number of crops covered or the spatial extent. The present study, based on agroclimatic indices, provides a general picture of agroclimatic conditions in western and central Europe (study area lays between 8.5 degrees W-27 degrees E and 37-63.5 degrees N), which allows for a more general assessment of climate-change impacts. The results obtained from the analysis of data from 86 different sites were clustered according to an environmental stratification of Europe. The analysis was carried for the baseline (1971-2000) and future climate conditions (time horizons of 2030, 2050 and with a global temperature increase of 5 degrees C) based on outputs of three global circulation models. For many environmental zones, there were clear signs of deteriorating agroclimatic condition in terms of increased drought stress and shortening of the active growing season, which in some regions become increasingly squeezed between a cold winter and a hot summer. For most zones the projections show a marked need for adaptive measures to either increase soil water availability or drought resistance of crops. This study concludes that rainfed agriculture is likely to face more climate-related risks, although the analyzed agroclimatic indicators will probably remain at a level that should permit rainfed production. However, results suggests that there is a risk of increasing number of extremely unfavorable years in many climate zones, which might result in higher interannual yield variability and constitute a challenge for proper crop management.

Published
2011

5. Large-scale relationships between basin and riparian land cover and the ecological status of European rivers

Author

Wasson, J.G., Villeneuve, B., Ital, A., Murray Bligh, J., Dobiasova, M., Bacikova, S., Timm, H., Pella, H., Mengin, N., Chandesris, A., Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions (UR MALY), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ), Environment Agency, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Estonian university of life sciences, and Estonian University of Life Sciences

Subjects
HYDROECOLOGIE, RIPARIAN BUFFER, ROYAUME UNI, HYDRO-ECOREGION, PRESSURE-IMPACT MODELS, FRANCE, INVERTEBRE, RIPISYLVE, COURS D'EAU, WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, MODELE PRESSION IMPACT, STREAMS, SLOVAQUIE, AGRICULTURAL IMPACT, PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES REGRESSION, URBANISATION, IMPACT SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT, ESTONIE
Abstract

The study of large-scale pressure-impact relationships involves questions of hierarchy and scales. Answers to these questions will help managers define priorities for action to achieve the good ecological status' required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD). The main objectives of our study were 1) to establish the relative impact of pressures that degrade ecological status, especially those caused by agriculture and urbanization, 2) to identify regional patterns in these pressure-impact relationships and 3) to evaluate the relative weight of the pressures acting at the basin and riparian corridor scales, and the possible buffering effect of riparian areas. We developed large-scale models linking invertebrate indices of ecological quality to river basin and riparian land cover in France, Slovakia, Estonia and UK. Invertebrate indices, transformed to Ecological Quality Ratios (EQR), were taken from national monitoring networks. We based the models on Partial Least Squares (PLS) regressions at national and a hydro-ecoregion (HER) scales. The HERs provided a framework for grouping data in terms of natural river features and human activities. The different national methods provided consistent results that indicated the hierarchy of pressures impacting river invertebrates at the European scale. The most salient result was that artificial land cover (e.g. urban and industrial sites) in the river basin represented the pressure with the most negative impact on invertebrate indices, in all countries and regions. The impact of agricultural land cover was more variable. Arable land had a smaller impact than urban areas, and it was even insignificant in some models. The impact of vineyards depended on the natural geographical context. The effect of pastures seemed to be related to the intensity of the livestock they carried. These results supported the concept of regional pathologies for river ecosystems, as land use and anthropogenic influences are closely linked to physical landscape features. The proportion of arable land in the river basin appeared to be a weak predictor of agricultural impacts by itself; the type of cultivation and intensity as well as the proximity to the river must be taken into account. At the riparian corridor scale, the negative impact of artificial areas or arable land and the positive effects of forests and pastures were demonstrated in many regions. The protective effect of riparian forests against mixed agricultural and urban pressures was demonstrated in three regions in France. Riparian corridors appear to be manageable areas, and these results strongly support the idea of including their restoration in priority actions for achieving good ecological status.

Published
2010

6. European scale application of atmospheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes

Author

Sonja Vidic, M. Ferm, Y.S. Tang, Ulrich Dämmgen, María José Sanz, P. Sanz, Marta Mitosinkova, Vesna Djuricic, T. H. Uggerud, Eiko Nemitz, Ivan Simmons, C. Di Marco, C. Perrino, Mark A. Sutton, D. Borovecki, Z. Gliha, Christophe Flechard, K. Gilke, N. van Dijk, J.-E. Hanssen, Y. Fauvel, J.V. Chorda, Edinburgh Research Station, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Institute of Agricultural Climate Research, Johann Heinrich von Thunen Institut, Research and Development Division, Meteorological and Hydrological Service of Croatia, Department of Air Quality, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Parque Tecnológico, Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterraneo, Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (IIA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL)

Subjects
INFERENTIAL MODELLING, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Reactive nitrogen, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], NITRIC ACID, Air pollution, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, ammonia, nitrogen, Atmosphere, DRY DEPOSITION, Flux (metallurgy), medicine, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, azote, Ecology, settling, AEROSOL, DENUDER, Nitrogen, ammoniac, Aerosol, déposition, atmosphère, Deposition (aerosol physics), chemistry, 13. Climate action, Animal Science and Zoology, Spatial variability, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

Cet article fait suite au 1. NitroEurope Open Science Conference on Reactive Nitrogen and the European Greenhouse Gas Balance (2008-02-20-2008-02-21), Ghent (BEL) / Conférence; A European scale network was established in 2006 as part of the NitroEurope integrated Project to infer reactive nitrogen (Nr) dry deposition fluxes, based on low-cost sampling of gaseous and aerosol species and inferential modelling. The network provides monthly measurements of NH(3), NH(4)(+), HNO(3) and NO(3)(-), as well as SO(2), SO(4)(2-), HCl, Cl(-) and base cations at 58 sites. Measurements are made with an established low-cost denuder methodology (DELTA) as a basis to: (1) examine temporal trends and spatial patterns across Europe, (2) improve and calibrate inferential modelling techniques to estimate exchange of Nr species, (3) provide best estimates of atmospheric dry N deposition, and (4) permit an analysis of net GHG exchange in relation to atmospheric and agricultural N inputs at the European scale. Responsibility for measurements is shared among seven European laboratories. An inter-comparison of the DELTA implementation by 6 laboratories at 4 test sites (Montelibretti, Italy; Braunschweig, Germany; Paterna, Spain and Auchencorth, UK) from July to October 2006 provided training for the laboratories and showed that good agreement was achieved in different climatic conditions (87% of laboratory site-means within 20% of the inter-laboratory median). Results obtained from the first year of measurements show substantial spatial variability in atmospheric Nr concentrations, illustrating the major local (NH(3)) and regional (HNO(3), NO(3)(-), and NH(4)(+)) differences in Nr concentrations. These results provide the basis to develop future estimates of site-based Nr dry deposition fluxes across Europe, and highlight the role of NH3, largely of agricultural origin, which was

Published
2009

7. Semi-Lagrangian advection scheme with controlled damping: An alternative to nonlinear horizontal diffusion in a numerical weather prediction model

Author

Pierre Bénard, Yann Seity, Filip Váňa, André Simon, Jean-François Geleyn, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Scheme (programming language), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Advection, [MATH.MATH-CV]Mathematics [math]/Complex Variables [math.CV], [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Numerical weather prediction, 01 natural sciences, Stability (probability), Interpolation, Nonlinear system, Flow (mathematics), Calculus, Applied mathematics, Diffusion (business), Numerical diffusion, computer, Aladin, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Mathematics, computer.programming_language
Abstract

International audience; This paper proposes a nonlinear horizontal diffusion scheme for models using semi-Lagrangian formulations. The scheme is made flow dependent and not entirely linked to the model levels. As an extension, the implementation of the scheme to the model Aladin is given. The damping abilities of interpolation are used for the diffusion filtering. The aim is to provide a horizontal diffusion scheme of similar stability and computational efficiency as the existing linear spectral diffusion scheme in Aladin. Preserving such qualities, the new scheme brings beneficial new skills to the model. The differences between the performances of the two diffusion schemes are examined and discussed. Finally, some interesting case-studies simulated with both horizontal diffusion schemes are presented.Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society

Published
2008

8. Stability of Leap-Frog Constant-Coefficients Semi-Implicit Schemes for the Fully Elastic System of Euler Equations. Case with Orography

Author

J. Mašek, Pierre Bénard, Petra Smolíková, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Constant coefficients, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Independent equation, Semi-implicit Euler method, 0207 environmental engineering, semi-implicit, Geometry, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric model, Action-angle coordinates, Euler equations, stability analysis, 01 natural sciences, Stability (probability), symbols.namesake, Primitive equations, symbols, Applied mathematics, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Mathematics
Abstract

The stability of constant-coefficients semi-implicit schemes for the hydrostatic primitive equations and the fully elastic Euler equations in the presence of explicitly treated thermal residuals has been theoretically examined in the earlier literature, but only for the case of a flat terrain. This paper extends these analyses to a case in which an orography is present, in the shape of a uniform slope. It is shown, with mass-based coordinates, that for the Euler equations, the presence of a slope reduces furthermore the set of the prognostic variables that can be used in the vertical momentum equation to maintain the robustness of the scheme, compared to the case of a flat terrain. The situation appears to be similar for systems cast in mass-based and height-based vertical coordinates. Still for mass-based vertical coordinates, an optimal prognostic variable is proposed and is shown to result in a robustness similar to the one observed for the hydrostatic primitive equations system. The prognostic variables that lead to robust semi-implicit schemes share the property of having cumbersome evolution equations, and an alternative time treatment of some terms is then required to keep the evolution equation reasonably simple. This treatment is shown not to modify substantially the stability of the time scheme. This study finally indicates that with a pertinent choice for the prognostic variables, mass-based vertical coordinates are equally suitable as height-based coordinates for efficiently solving the compressible Euler equations system.

Published
2004

9. Stability of leap-frog constant-coefficientssemi-implicit schemes for the fully elastic systemof Euler equations. Flat-terrain case

Author

Bénard, Pierre, Laprise, René, Vivoda, Jozef, Smolikova, Petra, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Numerical schemes, semi-implicit, stability, Euler equations
Abstract

Accepted in Monthly Weather Review (2003/11/20); The aim of this paper is to investigate the response of this system/scheme in terms of stabilityin presence of explicitly treated residual terms,as it inevitably occurs in the reality of NWP.This sudy is restricted to the impact of thermaland baric residual terms (metric residual termslinked to the orography are not considered here).It is shown that conversely to what occurs with Hydrostatic Primitive Equations, the choice of the prognostic variables used to solve the system in time is of primary importancefor the robustness with Euler Equations. For an optimal choice of prognosticvariables, unconditionnally stable schemes can be obtained(with respect to the length of the time-step),but only for a smaller range of reference states thanin the case of Hydrostatic Primitive Equations.This study also indicates that: (i) vertical coordinatesbased on geometrical height and on mass behave similarly in termsof stability for the problems examined here, and (ii)hybrid coordinates induce an intrinsic instability, thepractical importance of which is however not completelyelucidated in the theoretical context of this paper.

Published
2003

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