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Background and objectives: Women residing in Indian slums remain at risk of developing cervical cancer because of lack of awareness and effective screening programs. This study aimed at identifying sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors for cervical cancer, its awareness, and preventive practices among reproductive age-group women in a slum of Kolkata. Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational study with cross-sectional design, was conducted among women of age group 15 - 49 years residing in a slum area. A predesigned, pretested and semi-structured schedule was employed to obtain data from the study participants. Questionaire contained domains of sociodemographic characteristics, awareness regarding cervical cancer, behavioral risk factors and preventive practices. Data was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests and association of sociodemographic characteristics with awareness was assessed using binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 215 women were enrolled in the study and 62.8% were married and majority (61.8%) had secondary school and above level of education. Nearly 77% participants did not prefer to use barrier contraceptive methods and 8% had a history of unsafe abortion. Majority (76.3%) were unaware of cervical cancer. Out of 51 (23.7%) participants who were aware of the cervical caner, only 9.8% and 17.6% of the them could correctly identify the risk factors and signs and symptoms of cervical cancer respectively. Only 2 (3.9%) and 11 (21.5%) had heard about the screening methods and vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer respectively. Conclusion: Extensive health promotion and educational campaigns are required to generate awareness against cervical cancer in under privileged community. January 2025; Vol. 19(1):006. DOI:https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.19.006 Correspondence: Mausumi Basu, Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata- 700020, India. Email: basu.mausumi544@gmail.com; © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).

Objective: To determine the prevalence of anemia among children aged 2-5 years in slum area of Multan and also to detect the associated factors of this condition. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Slum Area (Jahangirabad) of Multan. Period: February 2023 to March 2023. Methods: A total of 369 children of 2-5 years of age, not suffering from psycho-motor retardation, hormonal disorders, chronic debilitating diseases, congenital heart diseases, or acute severe illnesses were included in study using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Information was taken by using a pretested questionnaire. Results: The mean age was 3.5 and SD ±2.2. The prevalence of anemia was 55.83% (n=369). About 51.46% of anemic children had mild anemia. There was no gender variation in occurrence of anemia (p = 0.52). There was significant association between mother's education, occupation and anemia respectively (p = 0.01, 0.00). Conclusion: Anemia is a growing health issue in our new generation and government and health professional should manage this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: child malnutrition is one of the most serious and least addressed health problems in the world and in Ethiopia. The prevalence of malnutrition, underweight, and wasting was 44%, 29%, and 10% respectively. The Amhara region has the highest rates of malnutrition at 52%, 33.4%, and 9.9% for children under five. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and its associated factors among children under five living in the slum areas of Bahir Dar City. Methods: a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 680 children aged 6-59 months in slum areas of Bahir Dar Town. Study participants were selected using a mass sampling technique and data were collected from April to June 2018 using a pre-tested structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Finally, the collected data were coded, entered, cleaned, recorded, and stored, and the data were processed using EPI INFO and exported to the SPSS version 25.0 statistical package. Logistic regression analysis and interpretation were performed using bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: a total of 680 children participated. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting was 46.2% (95% CI; 42.5-49.1), 24.3% (95% CI; 21.2-27.6), and 11.3% (95% CI; CI; 9.2-13.9). Income groups included children [AOR=3.476 (95% CI, 1.959-6.167)], male children [AOR=2.586 (95% CI; 1.532-4.365)] and mother's educational level [(AOR=2.600) (1.623) - 4.164)] were significantly associated with malnutrition. Conclusion: the results of this study showed that the prevalence of malnutrition due to stunting and wasting was high among children under five years of age. The gender of the child, the educational level of the mother, and the monthly income of the family were found to be significantly related to malnutrition. Promoting the use of family planning, preventing diarrheal diseases, and vaccinating children through nutrition education programs are important activities to improve the nutritional status of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana pengembangan pariwisata yang dilakukan di sekitar kawasan Slum Area perkotaan, serta dampaknya terhadap transformasi kawasan dan komunitas lokal, dengan studi kasus kawasan pemukiman kumuh yang dihuni komunitas Nelayan di Pantai Purus Kota Padang. Hal ini menarik, karena kawasan di sekitar Pantai Purus dulunya diidentikkan dengan slum area yang dihuni oleh komunitas nelayan dengan streotipe yang negative, namun saat ini tumbuh menjadi lokasi pariwisata pantai andalan Kota Padang, bahkan nelayan menjadi bagian penting pembentuk dayatarik dan sense of place dalam pariwisata. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, dengan tipe studi kasus. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Observasi dilakukan untuk mengamati proses interaksi yang terjadi antara penduduk lokal dengan wisatawan, serta mengamati bagaimana mereka terlibat dalam berbagai aktivitas wisata. Sementara itu wawancara dilakukan dengan 22 informan, yang berasal dari berbagai kalangan, seperti pengambil kebijakan, komunitas yang tinggal di sekitar pantai, pedagang dan wisatawan untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses pengembangan pariwisata, yang berdampak pada transformasi kawasan dan komunitas yang tinggal di sekitar Pantai Purus. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan pariwisata telah mengubah kawasan ini, dari kawasan yang kumuh yang dihindari menjadi lokasi yang dikunjungi. Nelayan yang dulunya merasa menjadi kelompok yang menolak pembangunan pariwisata karena menjadi kelompok marginal, namun saat ini bertranformasi menjadi komunitas pendukung pariwisita. Pariwisata tidak hanya mengubah ruang dan fisik kawasan tetapi juga kehidupan sosial ekonomi dan budaya komunitas nelayan yang tinggal di sekitar kawasan.

Abstract Background One major factor causing food insecurity is believed to be poverty. Approximately 20 million Iranians live in slums with a vulnerable socioeconomic context. The outbreak of COVID-19, on top of the economic sanctions against Iran, has increased this vulnerability and made its inhabitants prone to food insecurity. The current study investigates food insecurity and its associated socioeconomic factors among slum residents of Shiraz, southwest Iran. Methods Random cluster sampling was used to select the participants in this cross-sectional study. The heads of the households completed the validated Household Food Insecurity Access Scale questionnaire to assess food insecurity. Univariate analysis was utilized to calculate the unadjusted associations between the study variables. Moreover, a multiple logistic regression model was employed to determine the adjusted association of each independent variable with the food insecurity risk. Results Among the 1227 households, the prevalence of food insecurity was 87.20%, with 53.87% experiencing moderate and 33.33% experiencing severe food insecurity. A significant relationship was observed between socioeconomic status and food insecurity, indicating that people with low socioeconomic status are more prone to food insecurity (P

Infrastructure upgrading projects are a key element in enhancing the livelihood of residents in slum areas. These projects face significant constructability challenges common to dense-urban construction coupled with the unique socioeconomic challenges of operating in slums. This research focuses on sanitation network upgrading projects in slum areas and proposes a novel methodology capable of (1) accounting for the unique constructability challenges for these projects, (2) accelerating the provision of sanitation services, and (3) optimizing construction decisions. The key contribution of this research to the body of knowledge is in developing a comprehensive construction planning framework capable of achieving these three objectives. The proposed framework focuses specifically on sewer lines upgrading within the larger sanitation networks upgrading projects. This framework consists of five main models that can guide planners in selecting the appropriate equipment sizes, trench system configuration, and optimal equipment routing, in addition to identifying all possible execution sequences along with the corresponding construction cost and duration of each sequence. Most notably, this framework proposes an approach to assess the serviceability of different construction plans measured by how fast sanitary services can be provided to slum dwellers. A multi-objective, genetic algorithms optimization model is developed to identify the optimal construction plans that accelerate the sanitary service provision to residents while minimizing construction costs. A real-world example is presented to demonstrate the model capabilities in optimizing construction plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Water and sanitation facilities of an area are important aspects that affect the quality of life, health and environment. Pontianak City, Indonesia is known as the "Equator City." There are 150.16 hectares of slum areas in this city. The existence of these slum areas is mostly due to the lack of basic facilities and infrastructure, and lack of public understanding about the importance of a healthy and quality environment. The government has made efforts over the past 5 years to improve the quality of water and sanitation infrastructure in slum areas in order to achieve the 2030 SDGs and to ensure the universal accessibility of water and sanitation and their sustainable management. This research was conducted to determine the priority of stakeholders in Pontianak City in improving the provision of water and sanitation infrastructure in slum areas. The methods of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used, with the approach referring to the Indonesian Minister of PUPR No. 14 of 2018 concerning Prevention and Quality Improvement of Slum Housing and Settlements. The results (CR value < 0.1) showed that the Pontianak City stakeholders prioritized 0.30 the provision of drinking water in slum areas, 0.25 solid waste management, 0.23 wastewater management, and 0.22 environmental drainage. An in-depth priority study by various relevant stakeholders is needed to improve the quality of slum areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the branding of a slum project as a social marketing initiative to transform the Jodipan slum area into a tourism village in the city of Malang. An action–evaluation research project was conducted through the combination of the marketing and planning oriented approaches by the communications department at a major public university in Indonesia between June 2016 and October 2017. The study employed a case study supported by qualitative data from primary and secondary sources, including social media text mining analysis. Moreover, an evaluation survey was conducted using proportionally random sampling from 650 slum dwellers to assess the impacts of the project in terms of the general welfare of the community. The transformation of the slum area into a new tourist destination was found to have been successfully implemented through the combined marketing and planning-oriented community social marketing project. The tourist destination produced was also observed to have a good impact on environmental sustainability and economic value for the local community. Jodipan branding project is unique as observed in its ability to transform an unhealthy settlement into a healthy settlement. Theoretically, it has contributed to new knowledge on slum upgrading in urban studies, especially with the focus on the successful improvement of the physical, social, and economic conditions of the area. This research further contributed to a new understanding and novelty of knowledge on the ability of place branding, as a social marketing strategy, to change the behavior of slum dwellers. However, this research has limitations in exploring the local government's response to the project, therefore, future studies need to clarify issues relating to local policies and official budgets for its sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Dietary diversity (DD) is a key component of diet quality, and malnutrition due to poor diet quality leads to child morbidity and mortality. However, in Bangladesh, there is a lack of information on childhood DD (for children aged 6–59 mo) amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the minimum DD and its associated factors among children aged 6–59 mo during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in 6 districts of Bangladesh. A total of 1190 respondents were included using cluster random sampling. The Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) for children was used to assess the children's DD. Factors associated with DD of children were identified using a multilevel binary logistics regression model. Results About 70% of the children aged 6–59 mo had minimum DD during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Children who belonged to slum areas [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.45; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.83], family income 12,000–15,000 Bangladeshi taka (BDT) (AOR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.06, 3.05) and >15,000 BDT (AOR: 2.59; 95% CI: 1.47, 4.57), mothers aged 26–30 y (AOR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.62) and >30 y (AOR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.85), respondents who had 2 children <5 y old (AOR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.66), and children aged 12–23 mo (AOR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.14, 3.20) were significantly associated with DD among children aged 6–59 mo. Conclusions The findings of this study highlight the need for food and nutrition-related intervention, particularly targeting mothers of younger age and with >2 children <5 y old, mothers from slum regions, and fathers who were unemployed, to improve children's DD practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the implementation of Slum Area Social Rehabilitation (RSDK) policy in Ploso Village, Tambaksari District, Surabaya City. Implementation of policy is an action taken by stakeholders to achieve the objectives of the policies outlined. The implementation of Slum Area Social Rehabilitation policies aims to improve the lives of the people by means of home improvement and community empowerment to alleviate slums and poverty problems. This study uses the theory of policy implementation which implies that a policy implementation beside influenced by policy content is also influenced by the policy context. This study uses qualitative methods to understand the implementation of the Rehabilitasi Sosial Daerah Kumuh program. The results of this study include 1) Implementation of the Slum Area Social Rehabilitation program which includes the objectives, implementation process, roles and relations of the stakeholder actors in carrying out programs in the community. 2) Implications of the implementation of the Slum Area Social Rehabilitation program, and 3) Constraints in the implementation of the Slum Area Social Rehabilitation Program in Ploso Village, Tambaksari District, Surabaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Happiness has multiple levels and determinants in different communities, cultures, and social groups. The current study aimed to investigate happiness and its main determinants in slums in south central Iran. Methods This community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of adults at least 18 years of age living in the biggest slum area in Shiraz, south central Iran. To determine levels of happiness, participants were asked to complete the Persian version of the GHQ28 questionnaire and a checklist based on the 2017 World Happiness Report. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 19. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results The mean age of the participants was 42.06 ± 16.34 years. Overall, 542 participants (45 %) were females, 257 (21.3 %) were illiterate, 678 (56.3 %) were married, and 495 (41.1 %) were unemployed and lived with their household. The happiness score, according to the Cantril ladder score, was 6.41 ± 2 (out of a total score of 10). Happiness was not correlated with gender (p = 0.37) or immigration (p = 0.06). Lower levels of happiness were seen in older adults (r=− 0.12, p

Due to the limitation of slum dweller’s residence, they use public spaces for their daily activities. One kind of them is a park. Public space used for various kinds of activities by slum dwellers is called a multifunction public space. Utilization of multifunction public space can potentially lead to spatial use conflict which interfere with its functional sustainability. The aim of this research was to identify the level of sustainability of the utilization of a multifunction public space in the slum area. This research used a quantitative approach and a questionnaires survey method. Respondents were slum dwellers using the park. The total respondents was 96 by using the Lemeshow formula. The results showed that there were differences in the level of sustainability among three parks. The highest level of sustainable utilization is Pendongkelan, the medium level is Melati Indah, and the lowest level is Taman Anggrek. There were four aspects of sustainability which were measured. Diversity and harmony were two aspects determining sustainability. For sustainability of spatial utilization of the multifunction public space in the slum area need management to take care of the size of the park, the availability of park amenities, and its accessibility.

Banjarmasin is the capital city of South Borneo province which known as city of one thousand rivers. But nowadays the expansion of riverside localities of Banjarmasin are uncontrolled and almost all of the areas are slums. Slum areas riverside commonly formed by many unorganized building that exceed the river’s borderline and the riverside localities’ behaviors such as throwing the garbage and taking a bath at the river. Our government now focused on handling program to overcome the expansion of riverside slum areas by 100-0-100 movement which means 100% for the water service, 0% for slum area expansion and 100% for sanitation accessibility. Data analysis was descriptive qualitative method with case study approach. Data were collected with observation, questionnaire and interview. Sampling technique was simple random sampling for sample in research location. Result shows that the dominant factors of slum areas at Kelayan riverside are unorganized buildings, uncontrolled garbage and waste management.

Tambora sub-district is a sub-district that has the smallest area in West Jakarta with the largest population, causing Tambora sub-district to be a densely populated area. Population density which is not matched by the carrying capacity of the environment causes a region to become slum and prone to fire disasters. This study aims to analyze the level of risk of fire disasters in Tambora Subdistrict, West Jakarta. The methodology used in this study were the Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) analysis and fire disaster risk analysis by considering the relationship between the hazard and vulnerability variables. The results of the fire disaster risk analysis showed that the most dominant level of fire risk was a moderate risk level of 65.7%, a high risk level of 27.8% and the smallest was a low risk level of 6.5%. Viewed from the size of the area included in the medium and high risk of fire, indicating that Tambora Subdistrict is a subdistrict prone to fire and has a large potential loss of both property and life.

Since December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly emerged on a global scale. Many factors have influenced the spread of COVID-19. This research studies the sociodemographic and environmental health risk factors associated with COVID-19. The study used an ecological study design with subdistricts as its unit of analysis. The total population was 44 subdistricts. Data analysis used correlation and linear regression tests. The study results showed that the average COVID-19 incident rate in Jakarta is 99.8 per 10,000 population. Risk factors for the spread of COVID-19 were associated with population's high level of education (B = 3.094, p value

The burden of geriatric mental health in India is showing a silent epidemic trend, but the knowledge on spectrum of their mental well-being dwelling in slums is very trivial. This mixed-method study aimed to estimate the proportion of depression among elderly and to find out the gender-specific circumstances, leading to depression. A total of 209 subjects selected through multistage sampling from an urban slum in a city of Maharashtra were interviewed for estimating depression, and six focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted to explore the circumstances. Overall, 42.1% of elderly people had depression with 2.8% severe depression. Major themes highlighted after FGDs were self-esteem, social role, dependence, negative experience, and disgrace among males, and among females, main themes were justifiable reason, managing mood, suppression, undesirable events, and stigma. Depression is a significant public health problem, and a diverse approach is required to understand the perception of elderlies which will highlight the core issues related to depression.

Efforts to reconstruct landscapes and living spaces occur in cities, especially in urban slums. This effort is not only carried out by the settlers but also by external actors who have the intention to improve their lives. It is interesting to see the encounter between actors, especially regarding how negotiations occur between their interests. Jodipan Village becomes one of the slums areas in Malang which make efforts to define and reconstruct the space of their living space by re-colouring the neighbourhood landscape. By the collaboration of various stakeholders such as private parties and the civil society, the village space redefined into a tourist destination that attracts tourists to visit. We gathered a set of information from six local people, one public official, and two team members of Guyspro. Nowadays, Jodipan is popularly known as Kampung Warna-Warni Jodipan or Jodipan Colorful Village (KWJ). The spatial changes which rise from the grass-root provide the opportunities and challenges for the community to negotiate the process of the urban planning implementation in Malang. As a result, the slum stigma has been alleviated and the public acknowledgements that Jodipan Village is being a tourist destination, giving a chance to the settlers to gain their right to live in Jodipan Village area. With this thematic village, the community learns to manage their assets independently by creating a management team that manages the printing of ticket passes, repainting and organising parking lots that benefit local people.

Outcomes of Health Care Reform Implementation in Slum Areas of Isfahan: a qualitative study Raeisi Ahmad Reza1, Shaarbafchizadeh Nasrin2, Aghdak Pejman3, Fouladi Zahra4* 1. Associate Professor, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2. Assistant Professor, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 3. MD, Effective Social Component of Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 4. Msc Student in Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran *Correspondence: Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Hezar Jarib Street, Isfahan, Iran Tel: 009838824304 Email: fouladizf@gmail.com Abstract: Background & Objectives: In slum areas, due to the economic, cultural and social reasons and how health services are delivered, the health status of people needs serious attention. Implementation of health reform plan in Iran led to increased attention to the health of slum area population. The present study was conducted to assess the outcomes of implementation of primary health care services reform in comprehensive health service centers at slum areas in Isfahan. Methods: This qualitative research with phenomenology approach was conducted in 2018. Study samples consisted of 21 experts of health deputy and health providers of comprehensive health services centers in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Data gathering was done by semi-structure interview. Data analysis was done using content analysis and through the 10th version of MAXQD software. Results: The outcomes of health Reform Plan implementation in primary health care services provision, at Isfahan's slum area Health Services Centers were organized and classified in 6 main themes and 51 sub-themes. Main themes were promotion of health care availability, private sector participation, management, improvement of staff education and providing resources based on the needs and establishing electronic health records with 51 sub-themes. Conclusion: Feasibility of using public-private partnership models in building, operating, transferring, needs assessing, system evaluation and monitoring of the Comprehensive Health Service Center and compiling the required human resources chart can improve the outcomes of this plan. Key­words: Milestones, Health care reform, Primary health care, Private sector, Slum area Citation: Raeisi AR, Shaarbafchizadeh N, Aghdak P, Fouladi Z. Outcomes of Health Care Reform Implementation in Slum Areas of Isfahan: a qualitative study. Journal of Health Based Research 2019; 5(1): 81-100. [In Persian]

Education is a basic right and a catalyst for economic growth and human development. Education is a powerful tool and it has impact on every walk of life. Educational aspiration of secondary school students is a vital issue in the modern education system. The family environment and the school environment play a significant role in influencing the educational aspiration of the students. The students living in the slum area belong to poor family background and possess low socio-economic status. The finding shows average level of educational aspiration among the students and there exists no significant difference between slum and non-slum secondary school students of Guwahati. Therefore, attention must be given to provide more educational facilities to create healthy environment and also for the all round development of children especially for the children of the backward places likewise slum areas of Assam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guwahati is known as the gateway of North East India and an emerging economic hub of the region. It is the biggest and quickest developing business, industrial and instructive focus in the northeastern area of India. The increasing strain of the demographic pressure is further increasing the wants of urban infrastructures and services. This very trouble is in addition compounded by means of the growing concentration of poverty, especially in slum areas. Here, lack of proper awareness and insufficient resources has become a public health burden, especially among adolescent girls. This study was conducted with the objectives to assess reproductive health problems among adolescent girls living in slum areas and to assess menstrual hygiene practices among them. Anthropometric measurements of adolescent girls were taken to know the nutritional status and the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding menstrual hygiene were studied. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Services (SPSS) version 21. Majority (66.8%) of the adolescent girls were undernourished. Friends were the first informant in 62.5%. Sanitary pads were used by 61% of girls. All the participants (100%) were having some restrictions during menstruation in the form of traditional belief. Dysmenorrhoea was common complaint among 60% of respondents. Only 17.9% of the respondents knew about the possible linkage of menstruation with anemia. 30.5% of the respondents thought of menstruation as bad blood, dirty matter. 10.5% of the participants were found to have the thinking that it's a curse of God. Inadequate hygiene maintenance, menstruation-related traditional practices, and restrictions were prevalent among the adolescent girls belonging to urban slums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Makassar City slum settlement has a complex solid waste management problem located in a coastal area, divided by canals, inhabited by middle-class people who live with limited environmental facilities, and some build semi-permanent houses on the sea. This study aims to investigate the solid waste management in coastal slum settlement including waste generation, storage, collection system also community lifestyle, and coastal settlement characteristics. The method used in this study was quantitative and qualitative. The result of the analysis shows that the volume of waste generation category was about 49.47% compost potential, 25.57% inorganic recycling potential, and 24.96% residue material. Solid waste management is not going well in this area where most of the households did not get access to the communal trash bin and collection route. Recommendations for the solid waste management model are given to overcome existing problems by onsite composting and selling waste online and offline, and small amounts of residual waste discharged to the final disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Happiness has multiple levels and determinants in different communities, cultures, and social groups. The current study aimed to investigate happiness and its main determinants in slums in south central Iran. Methods: This community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of adults at least 18 years of age living in the biggest slum area in Shiraz, south central Iran. To determine levels of happiness, participants were asked to complete the Persian version of the GHQ28 questionnaire and a checklist based on the 2017 World Happiness Report. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 19. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 42.06 ± 16.34 years. Overall, 542 participants (45 %) were females, 257 (21.3 %) were illiterate, 678 (56.3 %) were married, and 495 (41.1 %) were unemployed and lived with their household. The happiness score, according to the Cantril ladder score, was 6.41 ± 2 (out of a total score of 10). Happiness was not correlated with gender (p = 0.37) or immigration (p = 0.06). Lower levels of happiness were seen in older adults (r=− 0.12, p < 0.001), illiterates (p = 0.03), the unemployed (p < 0.001), and people separated from their spouses (p < 0.001). Job satisfaction (p < 0.001, r = 0.47), total general health (p < 0.001, r=-0.36) and hope (p < 0.001, r = 0.41) were significantly correlated with happiness. Social support (< 0.001) and sufficient income and satisfaction (p < 0.001) were related with a higher score of happiness. Conclusions: Marital status, smoking, employment and job satisfaction, social support and trust, feelings of insecurity in the neighborhood, hope for the future, facing violence, and income satisfaction were the main determinants of happiness in the Sang Siah slum area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Violence is a global issue and domestic violence is no exception. In the world about 35% women are the victims of domestic violence. Domestic violence has its serious effects on women’s overall health, which can be seen in the form of short and long-term physical, mental and reproductive health problems. In some setting, it may increase the risk of acquiring HIV. Women residing in slum are at more risk of it. Hence, this study was conducted to know the prevalence of domestic violence among married women residing in an urban slum. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out among married women in the year 2015 which included 385 married women, who were selected by systematic sampling method. Information on socio-demographic factors and domestic violence was collected through face-to-face interview using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire after obtaining written informed consent. Data was analyzed in SPSS software version 20. Frequency and percentage were used to calculate the prevalence of domestic violence. Results: In our study prevalence domestic violence was 42.1%, among them verbal abuse was found to be 88.8% followed by psychological (81.5%), financial (63.6%), physical (53.7%) and sexual (14.8%). Interpretation & Conclusions: Verbal and Psychological abuse seems to be more and sexual abuse was less among married women residing in a slum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity in women with low socioeconomic status is easily found in slum area. Low socioeconomic status can have an impact on dietary changes, such as snacking that are known to be the cause of obesity. In addition to dietary changes, lifestyle changes such as sleep deprivation can also occur due to environmental conditions and job demands. Reduced bedtime will have an impact on health. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the association of sleep duration and snacking to obesity. Methods: This research was an observational analytical with cross sectional design. The sample was 70 married women aged 20-55 years in Simolawang, Simokerto Distict, Surabaya. Selection of smaple was using multistage random sampling. The data were collected by interview method with questionnaire to collect respondent characteristics data and sleep duration. Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was conducted to determine the snacking habits. Chi square test was used in the statistical analysis (a=0.05). Results: The data showed that 54.3% of respondents rarely consumed snack and 50% of them had sleep less time. The sleep duration had a significant association with obesity (p=0.009). In addition, snacking habits and obesity also showed a significant relationship (p=0.004). Conclusions: It is necessary to reduce the consumption of snacks and improve sleep time which is 7 hours per night to prevent obesity. ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Obesitas pada wanita dengan status sosial ekonomi rendah banyak ditemui di permukiman padat. Rendahnya status sosial ekonomi dapat berdampak pada perubahan pola makan, seperti kebiasaan konsumsi camilan yang diketahui menjadi penyebab obesitas. Selain perubahan pola makan, perubahan gaya hidup seperti berkurangnya waktu tidur juga dapat terjadi karena kondisi lingkungan maupun tuntutan pekerjaan. Berkurangnya waktu tidur akan berdampak pada kesehatan. Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis hubungan kebiasaan konsumsi camilan dan durasi waktu tidur dengan obesitas pada ibu rumah tangga di permukiman padat penduduk. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Sampel penelitian adalah 70 wanita yang sudah menikah berusia 20-55 tahun di Kelurahan Simolawang Kecamatan Simokerto, Surabaya. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan multistage random sampling. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode wawancara menggunakan kuesioner untuk mendapatkan data karakteristik responden dan durasi waktu tidur. Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) dilakukan untuk mengetahui kebiasaan konsumsi camilan. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji chi square (a=0,05). Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan bahwa 54,3% responden jarang mengonsumsi camilan dan 50% responden memiliki waktu tidur yang kurang. Durasi waktu tidur memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kondisi obesitas (p=0,009). Selain itu kebiasaan konsumsi camilan dan obesitas juga menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan (p=0,004). Kesimpulan: Diperlukan adanya pembatasan konsumsi camilan dan tidur dengan durasi waktu cukup, yaitu 7 jam per malam untuk mencegah terjadinya obesitas.

One of global warming impacts is sea levels rising. Fisherman settlements on the North coastal Surabaya is one of built enviromment that is affected by the threat from sea levels rising. Addtionally, this settlements faces severeal environmental problems including slums and housing density. Yet, this paper is limited only discussed the influence of fish processing activity area with the minimum housing area. The aim of study provides an alternative solution to these problems and to achieve feasible and sustainable fisherman settlements. The descriptive qualitative is used as a research method. The field survey was used to obtain data for design concept supports. Results shows the current location has still fit as fisherman settlement, then the open building concept is proposed to redesign fisherman housings. This design concept offers two aspects, namely adaptation and flexibility. The result shows that the concept of a vertical single housing unit in which is owened by single (one) family, which is fit with the limited area, approximately 28 square meters.

Background: Domestic violence against women is a major public health problem leading to violation of women's human right. It occurs in different forms such as physical, verbal, psychological, and sexual. Domestic violence does not take place itself, there are various reason associated with men and women both. The type of domestic violence and reasons for it differ depending on the associated risk factors. Most commonly seen risk factors are low level of education of both wife and husband, poverty, harmful use of alcohol by husband,and accepting violence as male privilege etcetera. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the factors associated with domestic violence among married women of urban slums. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted among 385 married women aged between 15 and 49 years residing in slum areas. Information was collected on sociodemographic factors and types of domestic violence after obtaining written consent. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Chi-square, univariate, and multivariate analysis test was done to find the association of the factors with domestic violence. Results: Domestic violence was statistically associated with the low level of education, low socio-economic status, and employment status of the respondents. It was also associated with education level and alcohol use by their husbands. Conclusions: Women's empowerment as far as education and overall socio-economic development may reduce domestic violence.

Slum areas are the alienated areas of the city and therefore they have not been introduced as a tourism product in the past. Today, these areas are being visited by tourists as they seek different experiences. And a new tourism type is developed which is named as slum tourism. The aim of this study is to explain how the local people living in these areas define their region and their perspectives towards the visitors. In the study, qualitative research was preferred and interview technique was used for data collection. The data used in the study were obtained from 29 participants residing in Tarlabaşı, Istanbul and the data were analyzed in NVivo qualitative data analysis program. According to the results, local people defined Tarlabaşı as a region where the crime rates are high, the superstructures are inadequate and the visitors come to take pictures while the local people show positive attitude towards the visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Growth and developmental delays are common among children under the age of five years (under-five children), especially in slum areas. Early detection and intervention may give better prognoses. Objective To detect growth and developmental delays and related risk factors among under-five children living in an inner-city slum area of the Indonesian capital. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November 2018 in Tanah Tinggi, Johar Baru District, an inner-city slum area in Central Jakarta. Subjects were healthy children aged 3-60 months. Socioeconomic profile was obtained through questionnaires, anthropometric data through measurements, and developmental status through the Kuesioner Pra Skrining Perkembangan (KPSP) instrument. Development was considered to be delayed for KPSP scores <9. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test. Results Of 211 subjects, prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting were 35.1%, 28.0%, and 20.9%, respectively, meanwhile low maternal education, and low family income were 57.9% and 75%. The prevalence of developmental delay was 10%, while suspected developmental delay was 26.1%. The prevalence increased from age 21 months and peaked at 36 months. Associated risk factors were low maternal education, low family income, underweight weight-for-age, stunted height-for-age, and microcephalic head circumference-for-age. Conclusion Low education and low income were significant risk factors for growth and developmental delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marginalized urban community is a group of people who do not have access to the economic and formal infrastructure of the city. They are similar to the people who live in the slum and squatter areas. The inadequate financial capacity causes low affordability for housing. Additionally, the limited supply of land and uncertainty of housing regulation for the marginalized cause them to occupy public space. This study aimed to identify the characteristics, preferences, and behavior marginalized communities. The research was conducted in Bandung, in three locations: Cidurian riverbanks, Kiaracondong railway and the land owned by the state at Tamansari. The research method is a quantitative method to capture character and preference of the settlements. This paper explained the research result of the marginalized urban community which occupied the public space, namely the riverbank, railway, and another state-owned land. The research result shows: The characteristics of the marginalized urban communities settlement can be identified as (a) semi-permanent and permanent houses; (b) 1-2 story houses; (c) formed settlements along the river, railway, and alley. While the preferences for occupancy: (a) needed a simple dwelling on the narrow land; (b) could unite the private lives with their socio-economic activities; (c) Having a clear legal status; (d) The shape and quality of the building is not the primary constraint compared to the function; (e) Having a low price houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many cities in the world are facing a quick inhabitant growth of slum areas while the detailed information about this issue is lacking. The study aim is an identification of the spatial correlation between the quality of water and kidney disease. A sample of 94 specimens was collected for different areas of the random areas to confirm the existence of cases of kidney disease in addition to a set of environmental, social and cultural characteristics related to some aspects affecting their healthy life. The chemical characteristics of drinking water in the study area were compared with the characteristics of the World Health Organization. The correlation between some chemical properties of water and especially related diseases (kidney) assessed. The research find correlation between the value of potential of Hydrogen (pH) and kidney disease spread in the study area (R2 = 0.65; P <0.01) and we found correlation between Electrical conductivity (EC) and renal disease (R2 = 0.85; P <0.01). The highest correlation was found between Magnesium Ion (Mg2+) and kidney disease (R2 = 0.94, p <0.01). We found the relationship with Nitrate (NO3 -) has a strong direct relationship and within a strong statistical significance (R2= 0.86, p <0.01). We also found a moderately positive and statistically significant correlation between sulfateSO4 -2 and kidney disease prevalence (R2 = 0.57, P <0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Microplastic research in urban and industrial areas, including remote areas, have been conducted recently. However, there is still a lack of research about microplastic abundances in slum area. Ciwalengke River is located in Majalaya, Indonesia, which is dominated by slum and industrial areas that probably generate microplastics. This research was conducted to investigate the distribution of microplastic around the slum area for the first time. Surface water and sediment samples of the river were obtained at ten locations and grouped into six segments location based on different land use at the riverbank. Microplastic particles were identified using binocular microscope and categorized by shape and size. The average microplastic concentration were 5.85 ± 3.28 particles per liter of surface water and 3.03 ± 1.59 microplastic particles per 100 g of dry sediments. Microplastic concentration in the sediment samples were found to have significant differences in location segment (Kruskal Wallis test, p -value = 0.01165 < 0.05), but no significant differences were found in the water samples (Kruskal Wallis test; p -value = 0.654 > 0.05). In addition, microplastic distribution was dominated by fiber particle. More fiber shape might be derived from the direct clothing of residents in the river and fabric washing process in the textile industries. This was also revealed by Raman spectroscopy test of several microplastic particles indicating that the type of microplastic were polyester and nylon. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Microplastics were found in slum and industrial areas in Ciwalengke River, Indonesia. • Average 5.85 ± 3.28 microplastic particles per liter found in surface water. • 3.03 ± 1.59 microplastic particles per 100 g dry sediments found in sediments. • Dominant microplastic type were found as polyester and nylon fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kelurahan Jodipan is one of the slums in Malang City which is at downtown and river bank of Brantas. In 2014, Kelurahan Jodipan became the center of world's attention because it can change the image of its area, be a colorful residential area that became one of the must-visit tourist destinations in Malang. The concept of tourism can indicate as the application of Pro-Poor Tourism concept. Tourism in Kelurahan Jodipan requires contribution and participation of the community to continue the tourism activities. Therefore, this study aims to assess the level of social capital in alleviating poverty through Pro-Poor Tourism concepts in slums. The analytical method used in this research is the Rate of Participation (RoP) analysis and Structural Equation Modeling analysis using MPLUS to know the relationship between variables and dominant factors that influence. The result of RoP analysis is the level of community participation of RW.02 Kelurahan Jodipan belongs to the low participation class. The average community follows one institutional in Kelurahan Jodipan. The results of SEM analysis is the association between social capital and tourism proportional. That is, the better the social capital in the community, the better the management of the environmental tourism. Second, the relationship between social capital and tourism with community poverty is inversely proportional. That is, the higher the social capital and the better the tourism activity then the poverty in the region will be smaller. The last result is Pro-Poor Tourism tourism activities, in this case, can reduce the poverty level of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]