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Background: A 2021 meta-analysis of 37 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) revealed a statistically significant protective effect of the intervention (odds ratio [OR] 0·92 [95% CI 0·86 to 0·99]). Since then, six eligible RCTs have been completed, including one large trial (n=15 804). We aimed to re-examine the link between vitamin D supplementation and prevention of ARIs., Methods: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of data from RCTs of vitamin D for ARI prevention using a random effects model. Subgroup analyses were done to determine whether effects of vitamin D on risk of ARI varied according to baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration, dosing regimen, or age. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and the ClinicalTrials.gov between May 1, 2020 (end-date of search of our previous meta-analysis) and April 30, 2024. No language restrictions were imposed. Double-blind RCTs supplementing vitamin D for any duration, with placebo or lower-dose vitamin D control, were eligible if approved by a Research Ethics Committee and if ARI incidence was collected prospectively and pre-specified as an efficacy outcome. Aggregate data, stratified by baseline 25(OH)D concentration and age, were obtained from study authors. The study was registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42024527191)., Findings: We identified six new RCTs (19 337 participants). Data were obtained for 16 085 (83·2%) participants in three new RCTs and combined with data from 48 488 participants in 43 RCTs identified in our previous meta-analysis. For the primary comparison of any vitamin D versus placebo, the intervention did not statistically significantly affect overall ARI risk (OR 0·94 [95% CI 0·88-1·00], p=0·057; 40 studies; 61 589 participants; I 2 =26·4%). Pre-specified subgroup analysis did not reveal evidence of effect modification by age, baseline vitamin D status, dosing frequency, or dose size. Vitamin D did not influence the proportion of participants experiencing at least one serious adverse event (OR 0·96 [95% CI 0·90-1·04]; 38 studies; I 2 =0·0%). A funnel plot showed left-sided asymmetry (p=0·0020, Egger's test)., Interpretation: This updated meta-analysis yielded a similar point estimate for the overall effect of vitamin D supplementation on ARI risk to that obtained previously, but the 95% CI for this effect estimate now includes 1·00, indicating no statistically significant protection., Funding: None., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests ARM reports grants from the Fischer Family Trust, Pharma Nord, DSM Nutritional Products, the AIM Foundation, Cytoplan, and Thornton & Ross outside the submitted work. CG reports grants from the Health Technology Assessment Program of the UK National Institute of Health Research during conduct of the study and is supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research ARC North Thames. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Institute for Health and Care Research or the Department of Health and Social Care. WJ reports grants from Chiesi and AstraZeneca outside the submitted work. REN reports grants from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council during the conduct of the study. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Aims: This large population-based study aimed to investigate whether arterial stiffness, assessed oscillometrically, was associated with incident diabetes/prediabetes., Methods: The study sample comprised 4240 participants from the Vitamin D Assessment (ViDA) Study (mean±SD age = 66 ± 8). Arterial stiffness was assessed from 5 April 2011-6 November 2012 by way of aortic PWV (aPWV) and estimated carotid-femoral PWV (ecfPWV). Incident diabetes/prediabetes was determined by linkage to dispensed prescription and national hospital discharge registers. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the risk of diabetes/prediabetes in relation to chosen arterial stiffness measures both overall and over quartiles., Results: During a mean±SD follow-up of 10.5 ± 0.4 years, 470 participants developed diabetes/prediabetes. Following adjustment for potential confounders, aPWV (hazard ratio (HR) per SD increase, 1.40, 95 % CI, 1.19-1.64) was associated with the incidence of diabetes. The risk of incident diabetes was, compared to the first quartile, higher in the fourth quartile of aPWV (HR, 1.98, 95 %CI, 1.26-3.11)(P trend =0.01)., Conclusions: Arterial stiffness, as measured by aPWV may be a useful predictor of incident diabetes that can be utilized in clinical practice., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest None., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the association of arterial stiffness with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and retinopathy (diabetic and hypertensive)., Methods: Medline and Embase were systematically searched for observational studies of arterial stiffness and eye disease. Cohort studies were included if they estimated arterial stiffness using any measures based on the arterial waveform, with cross-sectional and case-control studies limited to measures of pulse wave velocity. We assessed the certainty of evidence using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation., Results: The systematic review of 61 studies (six for AMD, ten for glaucoma, six for RVO and 39 for retinopathy) showed that arterial stiffness overall was higher in people with eye disease than people without eye disease. Forty-four cross-sectional and case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis. Arterial stiffness estimated by way of pulse wave velocity was associated with AMD (mean difference: 0.92 m/s, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.46; 2 studies; n=381; low certainty evidence), glaucoma (mean difference: 0.97 m/s, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.64; 7 studies; n=3418; low certainty evidence), RVO (mean difference: 2.79 m/s, 95% CI 2.02 to 3.55; 5 studies; n=414; very low certainty evidence) and retinopathy (1.48 m/s, 95% CI 0.1.16 to 1.81; 22 studies; n=10 074; low certainty evidence). The 19 cohort studies identified (five for AMD, three for glaucoma, one for RVO and 10 for retinopathy) indicated overall that increased arterial stiffness was associated with the future development of eye disease., Conclusions: Higher arterial stiffness is associated with AMD, glaucoma, RVO and retinopathy PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42019129563., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

Purpose: To investigate whether arterial stiffness, assessed oscillometrically, is associated with incident glaucoma in the Vitamin D Assessment (ViDA) Study cohort, aged 50 to 84 years., Design: Prospective, population-based cohort study., Methods: Arterial stiffness was assessed in 4,713 participants without known glaucoma (mean ± SD age = 66 ± 8 years) from 5 April 2011 to 6 November 2012 by way of aortic PWV (aPWV), estimated carotid-femoral PWV (ePWV) and aortic PP (aPP). Incident glaucoma was identified through linkage to national prescription and hospital discharge registers. Relative risks of glaucoma for each arterial stiffness measure were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression, over the continuum of values and by quartiles., Results: During a mean ± SD follow-up of 10.5±0.4 years, 301 participants developed glaucoma. Arterial stiffness, as measured by aPWV (Hazard ratio (HR) per SD increase, 1.36, 95% CI 1.14-1.62) and ePWV (HR per SD increase, 1.40, 95% CI 1.14-1.71) but not aPP (HR per SD increase, 1.06, 95% CI 0.92-1.23) was associated with incident glaucoma. When arterial stiffness was analyzed as a categorical variable, the highest quartiles of aPWV (HR, 2.62, 95% CI 1.52-4.52; P trend = .007), ePWV (HR, 2.42, 95%CI 1.37-4.27; P trend = .03), and aPP (HR, 1.68, 95%CI 1.10-2.5; P trend = .02) were associated with the development of glaucoma., Conclusions: Arterial stiffness measured with a simple oscillometric device predicted the development of glaucoma and could potentially be used in clinical practice to help identify people at risk of this condition. It may also present a new therapeutic research avenue, including in respect of systemic antihypertensives., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: There are numerous cross-sectional studies showing an association between arterial stiffness and diabetes, but the temporality of the association is unclear., Objective: To investigate the temporal relationship between arterial stiffness and diabetes., Methods: We searched MEDLINE and Embase from inception to 31 August 2023, to identify cohort studies that assessed whether arterial stiffness, as measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV), was predictive of the development of diabetes and vice versa. We summarised study data, and where possible undertook meta-analysis., Results: We identified 19 studies that included people with type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. All 11 studies investigating arterial stiffness as a predictor of diabetes found a significant relationship. Six of those studies were suitable for meta-analysis. The risk of developing diabetes was greater in people with higher PWV at baseline than lower PWV (RR = 2.14, 95%CI 1.65 to 2.79, p < 0.00001) and the mean difference in baseline PWV was higher in people who developed diabetes than those who did not (mean difference: 0.77 m/s, 95%CI 0.47 to 1.06, p < 0.00001). Of 8 studies investigating diabetes as a predictor of arterial stiffness, 7 found a significant relationship., Conclusion: There is evidence of a bidirectional relationship between arterial stiffness and diabetes. Arterial stiffness may provide a causal link between diabetes and future cardiovascular disease., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Introduction: Significant kidney function may be lost before CKD is diagnosed. Arterial stiffness may be a risk factor for CKD and the relationship may be bi-directional. A systematic review of cohort studies was undertaken to ascertain the temporal relationship of arterial stiffness and CKD., Methods: MEDLINE and Embase were searched to 4 October 2023 to identify studies that investigated whether arterial stiffness, as estimated by pulse wave velocity, was predictive of the development or progression of CKD, rapid decline in kidney function, and vice versa. The characteristics and outcomes of the included studies were set out in a qualitative summary. The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019129563)., Results: Forty-two studies were included, all of which were high quality with respect to bias. Thirteen of seventeen studies that investigated arterial stiffness as a predictor of incident CKD found a positive association (p &lt; 0.05). Of the 10 studies that controlled for CKD risk factors, 6 found a positive association. Eight of seventeen studies that investigated arterial stiffness as a predictor of progression of CKD, and five out of eight studies, which investigated rapid kidney decline, found a positive association. One study of six found kidney function was able to predict future elevated arterial stiffness., Conclusion: Arterial stiffness may predict incident CKD and a rapid decline in CKD. It is uncertain if arterial stiffness is associated with CKD progression or whether reduced kidney function is predictive of increased arterial stiffness. Further longitudinal research is required., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: Evidence is uncertain about the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and health outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes., Objectives: We aimed to assess the association between vitamin D status and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes., Methods: We did a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL, and Web of Science until May 2022. We selected 1) cohort studies investigating the association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and mortality or cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes and 2) randomized trials of vitamin D supplementation in these patients. We used random-effects pairwise meta-analyses to calculate summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI)., Results: 21 cohort studies and 6 randomized trials were included. Compared with sufficient vitamin D status (≥50 nmol/L), the RR of all-cause mortality was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.23, 1.49; n = 11 studies, GRADE = moderate) for vitamin D insufficiency (25 to <50 nmol/L), and 1.58 (1.33, 1.83; n = 16, GRADE = moderate) for deficiency (<25 nmol/L). Similar findings were observed for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity but not for cancer mortality. The certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Dose-response meta-analyses indicated nonlinear associations, with the lowest risk at 25(OH)D ∼60 nmol/L for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Supplementation with vitamin D did not reduce the risk of all-cause mortality (RR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.16; risk difference per 1000 patients: 3 fewer, 95% CI: 16 fewer, 12 more; n = 6 trials with 7316 participants; GRADE = low) or the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity (very low- to low-certainty evidence)., Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are associated with a higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Vitamin D deficiency should be corrected in patients with type 2 diabetes to reach normal serum 25(OH)D concentrations, preferably 60 nmol/L., Systematic Review Registration: This systemic review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42022326429 (=https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display&#95;record.php?RecordID=326429)., (Copyright © 2023 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Context: Conventional prediction models for vitamin D deficiency have limited accuracy., Background: Using cross-sectional data, we developed models based on machine learning (ML) and compared their performance with those based on a conventional approach., Methods: Participants were 5106 community-resident adults (50-84 years; 58% male). In the randomly sampled training set (65%), we constructed 5 ML models: lasso regression, elastic net regression, random forest, gradient boosted decision tree, and dense neural network. The reference model was a logistic regression model. Outcomes were deseasonalized serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) <50 nmol/L (yes/no) and <25 nmol/L (yes/no). In the test set (the remaining 35%), we evaluated predictive performance of each model, including area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and net benefit (decision curves)., Results: Overall, 1270 (25%) and 91 (2%) had 25(OH)D <50 and <25 nmol/L, respectively. Compared with the reference model, the ML models predicted 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L with similar accuracy. However, for prediction of 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L, all ML models had higher AUC point estimates than the reference model by up to 0.14. AUC was highest for elastic net regression (0.93; 95% CI 0.90-0.96), compared with 0.81 (95% CI 0.71-0.91) for the reference model. In the decision curve analysis, ML models mostly achieved a greater net benefit across a range of thresholds., Conclusion: Compared with conventional models, ML models predicted 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L with similar accuracy but they predicted 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L with greater accuracy. The latter finding suggests a role for ML models in participant selection for vitamin D supplement trials., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of metabolic risk factors, including large waist circumference (WC). Other anthropometric parameters and visceral fat mass (VFM) predicted from these may improve MetS detection. Our aim was to assess the ability of such parameters to predict this clustering in a cross-sectional, diagnostic study., Method: Participants were 82 males and 86 females, aged 20-74 years, of Asian Indian ethnicity. VFM was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) through identification of abdominal subcutaneous fat layer boundaries. Non-anthropometric metabolic risk factors (triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and glucose) were defined using MetS criteria. We estimated the ability of anthropometry and VFM to detect ≥ 2 of these factors by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and precision-recall curves., Results: Two or more non-anthropometric metabolic risk factors were present in 45 (55%) males and 29 (34%) females. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) to predict ≥ 2 of these factors using WC was 0.67 (95% confidence interval: 0.55-0.79) in males and 0.65 (0.53-0.77) in females. Optimal WC cut-points were 92 cm for males (63% accuracy) and 79 cm for females (53% accuracy). VFM, DXA-measured sagittal diameter and suprailiac skinfold thickness yielded higher AUC point estimates (by up to 0.06), especially in females where these measures improved accuracy to 69%, 69% and 65%, respectively. Pairwise combinations that included WC further improved accuracy., Conclusion: Our findings indicate that cut-points for readily obtained measures other than WC, or in combination with WC, may provide improved detection of MetS risk factor clusters., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Improved atrial fibrillation (AF) screening methods are required. We detected AF with pulse rate variability (PRV) parameters using a blood pressure device (BP+; Uscom, Sydney, Australia) and with a Kardia Mobile Cardiac Monitor (KMCM; AliveCor, Mountain View, CA). In 421 primary care patients (mean (range) age: 72 (31-99) years), we diagnosed AF (n = 133) from 12-lead electrocardiogram recordings, and performed PRV and KMCM measurements. PRV parameters detected AF with area under curve (AUC) values of up to 0.92. Using the mean of two sequential readings increased AUC to up to 0.94 and improved positive predictive value at a given sensitivity (by up to 18%). The KMCM detected AF with 83% sensitivity and 68% specificity. 89 KMCM recordings were "unclassified" or blank, and PRV detected AF in these with AUC values of up to 0.88. When non-AF arrhythmias (n = 56) were excluded, the KMCM device had increased specificity (73%) and PRV had higher discrimination performance (maximum AUC = 0.96). In decision curve analysis, all PRV parameters consistently achieved a positive net benefit across the range of clinical thresholds. In primary care, AF can be detected by PRV accurately and by KMCM, especially in the absence of non-AF arrhythmias or when combinations of measurements are used., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: A 2017 meta-analysis of data from 25 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) revealed a protective effect of this intervention. We aimed to examine the link between vitamin D supplementation and prevention of ARIs in an updated meta-analysis., Methods: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry for studies listed from database inception to May 1, 2020. Double-blind RCTs of vitamin D 3 , vitamin D 2 , or 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) supplementation for any duration, with a placebo or low-dose vitamin D control, were eligible if they had been approved by a research ethics committee, and if ARI incidence was collected prospectively and prespecified as an efficacy outcome. Studies reporting results of long-term follow-up of primary RCTs were excluded. Aggregated study-level data, stratified by baseline 25(OH)D concentration and age, were obtained from study authors. Using the proportion of participants in each trial who had one or more ARIs, we did a random-effects meta-analysis to obtain pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs to estimate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of having one or more ARIs (primary outcome) compared with placebo. Subgroup analyses were done to estimate whether the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of ARI varied according to baseline 25(OH)D concentration (<25 nmol/L vs 25·0-49·9 nmol/L vs 50·0-74·9 nmol/L vs >75·0 nmol/L), vitamin D dose (daily equivalent of <400 international units [IU] vs 400-1000 IU vs 1001-2000 IU vs >2000 IU), dosing frequency (daily vs weekly vs once per month to once every 3 months), trial duration (≤12 months vs >12 months), age at enrolment (<1·00 years vs 1·00-15·99 years vs 16·00-64·99 years vs ≥65·00 years), and presence versus absence of airway disease (ie, asthma only, COPD only, or unrestricted). Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. The study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020190633., Findings: We identified 1528 articles, of which 46 RCTs (75 541 participants) were eligible. Data for the primary outcome were obtained for 48 488 (98·1%) of 49 419 participants (aged 0-95 years) in 43 studies. A significantly lower proportion of participants in the vitamin D supplementation group had one or more ARIs (14 332 [61·3%] of 23 364 participants) than in the placebo group (14 217 [62·3%] of 22 802 participants), with an OR of 0·92 (95% CI 0·86-0·99; 37 studies; I 2 =35·6%, p heterogeneity =0·018). No significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of having one or more ARIs was observed for any of the subgroups defined by baseline 25(OH)D concentration. However, protective effects of supplementation were observed in trials in which vitamin D was given in a daily dosing regimen (OR 0·78 [95% CI 0·65-0·94]; 19 studies; I 2 =53·5%, p heterogeneity =0·003), at daily dose equivalents of 400-1000 IU (0·70 [0·55-0·89]; ten studies; I 2 =31·2%, p heterogeneity =0·16), for a duration of 12 months or less (0·82 [0·72-0·93]; 29 studies; I 2 =38·1%, p heterogeneity =0·021), and to participants aged 1·00-15·99 years at enrolment (0·71 [0·57-0·90]; 15 studies; I 2 =46·0%, p heterogeneity =0·027). No significant interaction between allocation to the vitamin D supplementation group versus the placebo group and dose, dose frequency, study duration, or age was observed. In addition, no significant difference in the proportion of participants who had at least one serious adverse event in the vitamin supplementation group compared with the placebo group was observed (0·97 [0·86-1·07]; 36 studies; I 2 =0·0%, p heterogeneity =0·99). Risk of bias within individual studies was assessed as being low for all but three trials., Interpretation: Despite evidence of significant heterogeneity across trials, vitamin D supplementation was safe and overall reduced the risk of ARI compared with placebo, although the risk reduction was small. Protection was associated with administration of daily doses of 400-1000 IU for up to 12 months, and age at enrolment of 1·00-15·99 years. The relevance of these findings to COVID-19 is not known and requires further investigation., Funding: None., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests ARM reports grants from the Fischer Family Trust, Pharma Nord, DSM Nutritional Products, the AIM Foundation, Cytoplan, and Thornton & Ross. CG reports grants from the Health Technology Assessment Programme of the UK National Institute of Health Research. WJ reports grants from Chiesi and Astra Zeneca. REN reports grants from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. ECG became an employee of GSK Canada in November 2013, after the completion and publication of her vitamin D RCT. AMH reports grants from NHLBI and the Office of Dietary Supplements. JRR reports grants from Dartmouth College, non-financial support (provision of study pills for trial) from Pfizer Consumer Healthcare and has a patent for calcium chemoprevention of adenoma (issued to John Baron & Dartmouth College). HAB-F reports grants from DSM Nutritional Products, travel expenses from Pfizer, and speaker honoraria from Wild Pharma, Mylan, and Roche Diagnostics. All other authors declare no competing interests. DAJ and ARM are the manuscript's guarantors and they affirm that this is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported, and that no important aspects of the study have been omitted., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Scientific interest in possible extraskeletal effects of vitamin D first appeared in the 1930s soon after the structure of vitamin D was characterized, and increased in the 1980s with the development of assays of 25-hydroxyvitamin D status as a marker of vitamin D status, which in observational epidemiological studies was shown to be inversely associated with many nonskeletal diseases. This resulted in the start of seven large randomized controlled trials ( n  > 2000 participants in each) of vitamin D supplementation giving higher doses than previously used. The intervention periods in these trials collectively started in 2009 and continued to 2020. They have recruited participants, mostly of both sexes and over the age of 50 years, from many countries and have given either daily or monthly doses of vitamin D. Collectively, the trials have a wide range of outcomes with the main focus on the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and fractures, besides many other outcomes. The findings of four trials have been published, and they have shown that vitamin D supplementation does not prevent hard-disease endpoints, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, fractures, or falls, aside from a possible beneficial effect against cancer mortality. In contrast, beneficial effects were seen for intermediate outcomes such as BMD of spine and hips, arterial function, and lung function, especially in people with vitamin D deficiency. The finding of a benefit primarily in people with vitamin D deficiency, if confirmed by the other trials, would support a population approach to preventing vitamin D deficiency using fortification rather than the high-risk approach of screening for deficiency combined with supplementation. The findings on other outcomes from the three published trials, along with the findings from the four unpublished trials, are expected within the next 2 to 3 years to clarify the role of vitamin D supplementation in preventing nonskeletal disease. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research., (© 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Background: A 2017 meta-analysis of data from 25 randomised controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory infections revealed a protective effect of the intervention. Since then, 20 new RCTs have been completed., Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D for ARI prevention using a random effects model. Pre-specified sub-group analyses were done to determine whether effects of vitamin D on risk of ARI varied according to baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration or dosing regimen. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry from inception to 1st May 2020. Double-blind RCTs of supplementation with vitamin D or calcidiol, of any duration, were eligible if they were approved by a Research Ethics Committee and if ARI incidence was collected prospectively and pre-specified as an efficacy outcome. Aggregate data, stratified by baseline 25(OH)D concentration, were obtained from study authors. The study was registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42020190633)., Findings: We identified 45 eligible RCTs (total 73,384 participants). Data were obtained for 46,331 (98.0%) of 47,262 participants in 42 studies, aged 0 to 95 years. For the primary comparison of vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo, the intervention reduced risk of ARI overall (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.91, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.99; P for heterogeneity 0.01). No statistically significant effect of vitamin D was seen for any of the sub-groups defined by baseline 25(OH)D concentration. However, protective effects were seen for trials in which vitamin D was given using a daily dosing regimen (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.93); at daily dose equivalents of 400-1000 IU (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.89); and for a duration of ≤12 months (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.93). No significant interaction was seen between allocation to vitamin D vs. placebo and dose frequency, dose size, or study duration. Vitamin D did not influence the proportion of participants experiencing at least one serious adverse event (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.09). Risk of bias within individual studies was assessed as being low for all but three trials. A funnel plot showed left-sided asymmetry (P=0.008, Egger's test)., Interpretation: Vitamin D supplementation was safe and reduced risk of ARI, despite evidence of significant heterogeneity across trials. Protection was associated with administration of daily doses of 400-1000 IU vitamin D for up to 12 months. The relevance of these findings to COVID-19 is not known and requires investigation., Funding: None.

The relationship between vitamin D status or supplementation and cancer outcomes has been examined in several meta-analyses. To address remaining knowledge gaps, we conducted a systematic overview and critical appraisal of pertinent meta-analyses. For meta-analyses of trials, we assessed their quality using AMSTAR-2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews), strength of associations using umbrella review methodology and credibility of evidence using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) criteria. Meta-analyses of observational studies reported inverse associations of 25OHD with risk of cancer incidence and cancer mortality and, particularly for colorectal cancer, fulfilled some of Bradford-Hill's causation criteria. In meta-analyses of trials, vitamin D supplementation did not affect cancer incidence. However, we found credible evidence that vitamin D supplementation reduced total cancer mortality risk, with five out of six meta-analyses reporting a relative risk (RR) reduction of up to 16%: RR, 0.84 (95% CI, 0.74-0.95). The strength of the association, however, was classified as weak. This was true among meta-analyses of high, moderate, and lower quality (AMSTAR-2-rated). Trials did not include large numbers of vitamin D-deficient participants; many tested relatively low doses and lacked sufficiently powered data on site-specific cancers. In conclusion, meta-analyses show that, although observational evidence indicates that low vitamin D status is associated with a higher risk of cancer outcomes, randomized trials show that vitamin D supplementation reduces total cancer mortality, but not cancer incidence. However, trials with larger proportions of vitamin D-insufficient participants and longer durations of follow-up, plus adequately powered data on site-specific common cancers, would provide further insight into the evidence base. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research., (© 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.)

Purpose: This study aims to develop a model for predicting vitamin D deficiency in New Zealand adults using easily accessible clinical characteristics., Methods: Data were derived from the Vitamin D Assessment (ViDA) study dataset. Included participants in the main analysis were aged 50-84 years and resided in Auckland, New Zealand. The dataset was split into a discovery dataset in which the prediction model was developed (n = 2036) and a validation dataset in which it was tested (n = 2037). The prediction model was developed using clinical characteristics in a logistic regression analysis with deseasonalised serum 25OHD (DS-25OHD) as the dependent variable., Results: DS-25OHD < 40 nmol/L was found in 8.2% of European participants, 18.8% of Māori participants, 23.1% of Pacific participants and 52.2% of South Asian participants. Predictors for DS-25OHD < 40 nmol/L in the European sub-cohort included increasing age, female sex, higher body mass index, current smoking, no alcohol intake, lower self-reported general health status, lower physical activity hours, lower outdoor hours and no use of vitamin D-containing supplementation. The area under the curve in the discovery dataset was 0.73, and in the validation dataset was 0.71. Of those with a prediction score ≥ 10 (total risk score range 0-21.5), the sensitivity and specificity for predicting vitamin D deficiency was 0.90 and 0.41, respectively., Conclusion: Non-European ethnicity is an important risk factor for vitamin D deficiency. Our vitamin D deficiency prediction model performed well and demonstrates its potential as a tool that can be integrated into clinical practice for the prediction of vitamin D deficiency.

The increasing use of vitamin D supplements has stimulated interest in identifying factors that may modify the effect of supplementation on circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. Such information is of potential interest to researchers, clinicians and patients when deciding on bolus dose of vitamin D supplementation. We carried out a large randomized controlled trial of 5110 adults aged 50-84 years, of European/Other (84%), Polynesian (11%) and Asian (5%) ethnicity, to whom we gave a standard dose of vitamin D 3 supplements (200,000 IU initially, then 100,000 IU monthly) which was taken with high adherence. All participants provided a baseline blood sample, and follow-up blood samples were collected at 6 months and annually for 3 years in a random sample of 441 participants, and also at 2 years in 413 participants enrolled in a bone density sub-study. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by LC/MSMS. Mixed model analyses were carried out on all 854 participants providing follow-up blood samples in multivariable models that included age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index (kg/m 2 ), tobacco smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, sun exposure, season, medical prescription of high-dose vitamin D 3 (Cal.D.Forte tablets), asthma/COPD and the study treatment (vitamin D or placebo). The adjusted mean difference in 25(OH)D in the follow-up points between vitamin D supplementation and placebo groups was inversely related (all p for interaction <0.05) to baseline 25(OH)D, BMI, and hours of sun exposure, and higher in females, elders, and those with high frequency of alcohol, medical prescription of vitamin D, and asthma/COPD. The mean difference was not significantly related to ethnicity (p = 0.12), tobacco (p = 0.34), and vigorous activity (p = 0.33). In summary, these data show that vitamin D status, BMI, sun exposure hours, sex and asthma/COPD modify the 25(OH)D response to vitamin D supplementation. By contrast, ethnicity, tobacco smoking, and vigorous activity do not., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Clustering of arterial blood pressure (BP) waveform parameters could summarize complex information into distinct elements, which could be used to investigate cumulative (nonredundant) associations. We investigated this hypothesis in a large, adult population-based study (ViDA trial [Vitamin D Assessment] trial). To interpret the clusters and evaluate their usefulness, we examined their predictors and associations with cardiovascular events. In 4253 adults (mean age 65 years; 55% male) without a prior cardiovascular event, suprasystolic oscillometry was performed, yielding aortic pressure waveforms and several hemodynamic parameters. Participants were followed up for 4.6 years (median), accruing 300 cardiovascular events. Principal component analysis reduced 14 arterial waveform parameters to 3 uncorrelated factors that together explained 90% of the variability of the original data. Factors 1, 2, and 3 appeared to represent BP pulsatility, mean BP, and wave reflection, respectively. Across 6 antihypertensive drug classes, there were no differences in brachial systolic ( P =0.23) and diastolic ( P =0.13) BP; but there were significant variations in factor 3 ( P <0.0001), especially for β-blocker use. The first and third factors were positively associated with cardiovascular events (multivariable-adjusted standardized hazard ratio [95% CI]=1.33 [1.18-1.50] and 1.15 [1.02-1.30], respectively), whereas the second factor had a J-shaped relationship, with a nadir corresponding to a brachial diastolic BP of ≈75 mm Hg. In conclusion, BP pulsatility, mean BP, and wave reflection are prognostically meaningful, distinct aspects of arterial function that can be used to summarize physiological variations in multiple arterial waveform parameters and identify truly cumulative associations when used as cardiovascular risk outcomes.

Chronic pain is a major contributor to the global burden of disability. Prior studies on the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and chronic pain have yielded mixed results. The Vitamin D Assessment study, a large randomized controlled trial from New Zealand, offered the opportunity to examine this association in data collected at baseline in all participants, and among those with arthritis or depression. A total of 5110 participants aged 50-84 years were recruited from community general practices. Chronic pain (lasting ≥6 months) and other baseline characteristics were collected at baseline interview. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between 25(OH)D levels and chronic pain were explored using multivariable log-binomial regression to estimate relative risks (RRs). Out of 5049 participants with complete data, 871 (17%) reported having this clinical outcome, and 1254 (25%) had a 25(OH)D concentration <50 nmol/L. There was no significant association between 25(OH)D and chronic pain, with vitamin D status categorized in four groups: <25.0, 25.0-49.9, 50.0-74.9, and ≥75.0 nmol/L (the highest group as reference). The unadjusted RRs were 1.09, 1.10, and 1.08, respectively (P trend  = 0.24). Adjustment for demographics, lifestyle, BMI, medical history, prescription of analgesics and vitamin D supplements did not change this finding. Similar non-significant results were observed in participants with arthritis (n = 1732) or depression (n = 528). In this multi-ethnic, community-selected sample of older adults in New Zealand, serum 25(OH)D levels were not associated with chronic pain. These results do not support a role for low vitamin D status in the prevalence of chronic pain in older adults., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Long-term (day-to-day or visit-to-visit) blood pressure variability (BPV) predicts elevated risk of cardiovascular events but represents just one BPV type. We examined whether 10-s BPV predicts cardiovascular events., Methods: In 4999 adults (58% men; aged 50-84 years; 670 with a prior cardiovascular event), we performed suprasystolic brachial pressure measurements over ∼10 s, yielding aortic pressure waveforms. BPV was calculated by average real variability (ARV), root mean square of successive differences, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation and relative range. Participants were followed up for 4.6 years (median), accruing 310 first and 187 recurrent cardiovascular events, respectively., Results: In multivariable-adjusted analyses, all central SBPV parameters were associated with first cardiovascular events: the standardized hazard ratio for each ranged from 1.25 to 1.29. The hazard ratio between the lowest and highest sextile ranged from 1.92 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31-2.80] for coefficient of variation to 2.19 (95% CI 1.38-3.46) for ARV. All central SBPV parameters also were associated with higher risk of recurrent cardiovascular events: adjusted standardized hazard ratio ranged from 1.16 to 1.21. Because of fewer recurrent events, these low-versus-high comparisons were based on tertiles; hazard ratios between the lowest and highest tertiles ranged from 1.50 (95% CI 1.02-2.23) for ARV to 1.76 (95% CI 1.20-2.60) for SD. The highest categorical net reclassification improvement for 5-year risk of first cardiovascular events was 13% (95% CI 7-18%) and substantially higher among those with intermediate (10-20%) risk: 39% (95% CI 26-52%)., Conclusion: Ten-second central SBPV parameters predict first and recurrent cardiovascular events.

Background: Many patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) present with stroke as their first clinical manifestation and since improved AF screening methods are thus required, we investigated whether pulse rate variability parameters predict future AF and cerebrovascular events., Methods: In an observational cohort study of 5000 community-resident adults (58% male; 50-84 years), the beat-to-beat variability of suprasystolic brachial blood pressure waveforms was measured with root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and irregularity index (IrrIx). Based on outcome-oriented and previously validated thresholds for detecting AF, RMSSD and IrrIx were dichotomised at 100 ms and 7.7%, respectively. Participants were followed up for 4.6 years (median), accruing 249 AF and 120 cerebrovascular events in the total sample (n = 5000), and 133 AF and 90 cerebrovascular events among those without prior AF diagnosis (n = 4296)., Results: In multivariable-adjusted analyses, an elevated RMSSD (>100 ms) or IrrIx (>7.7%) was strongly associated with a higher risk of AF (hazard ratios (HRs) = 2.00-2.95) and cerebrovascular events (HRs = 1.91-2.28), even among people without prior AF diagnosis: HRs for AF = 1.70-2.05 and cerebrovascular events = 2.00-2.28. These associations were strongest in the highest RMSSD tertile >100 ms or IrrIx tertile >7.7%: HRs for AF = 2.32-4.47 and cerebrovascular events = 2.43-3.69. Among those without prior AF diagnosis, the highest categorical net reclassification improvement for 5-year cerebrovascular risk was 14% (95% confidence interval: 7-21%)., Conclusions: Elevated RMSSD or IrrIx values indicative of the presence of AF predict future AF and cerebrovascular events; more so with increasing pulse irregularity and even among those without prior AF diagnosis., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Although observational studies suggest positive vitamin D-lung function associations, randomized trials are inconsistent. We examined effects of vitamin D supplementation on lung function. We recruited 442 adults (50-84 years, 58% male) into a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Participants received, for 1.1 years (median; range = 0.9-1.5 years), either (1) vitamin D₃ 200,000 IU, followed by monthly 100,000 IU doses ( n = 226); or (2) placebo monthly ( n = 216). At baseline and follow-up, spirometry yielded forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1; primary outcome). Mean (standard deviation) 25-hydroxyvitamin D increased from 61 (24) nmol/L at baseline to 119 (45) nmol/L at follow-up in the vitamin D group, but was unchanged in the placebo group. There were no significant lung function improvements (vitamin D versus placebo) in the total sample, vitamin D-deficient participants or asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) participants. However, among ever-smokers ( n = 217), the mean (95% confidence interval) FEV1 increase in the vitamin D versus placebo was 57 (4, 109) mL ( p = 0.03). FEV1 increases were larger among vitamin D-deficient ever-smokers ( n = 54): 122 (8, 236) mL ( p = 0.04). FEV1 improvements were largest among ever-smokers with asthma/COPD ( n = 60): 160 (53, 268) mL ( p = 0.004). Thus, vitamin D supplementation did not improve lung function among everyone, but benefited ever-smokers, especially those with vitamin D deficiency or asthma/COPD., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: The relationships of many factors with cardiovascular autonomic function (CVAF) outcome parameters may not be uniform across the entire distribution of the outcome. We examined how demographic and clinical factors varied with different subgroups of CVAF parameters., Methods: Quantile regression was applied to a cross-sectional analysis of 4,167 adults (56% male; age range, 50-84 years) from 4 ethnic groups (3,419 New Zealand European, 303 Pacific, 227 Maori, and 218 South Asian) and without diagnosed cardiac arrhythmia. Pulse rate variability (root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and SD of pulse intervals) and baroreflex sensitivity were response variables. Independent variables were age, sex, ethnicity, brachial and aortic blood pressure (BP) variables, body mass index (BMI), and diabetes., Results: Ordinary linear regression showed that age, sex, Pacific and Maori ethnicity, BP variables, BMI, and diabetes were associated with CVAF parameters. But quantile regression revealed that, across CVAF percentiles, the slopes for these relationships: (i) varied by more than 10-fold in several cases and sometimes changed direction and (ii) noticeably differed in magnitude often (by >3-fold in several cases) compared to ordinary linear regression coefficients. For instance, age was inversely associated with RMSSD at the 10th percentile of this parameter (β = -0.12 ms/year, 95% confidence interval = -0.18 to -0.09 ms/year) but had a positive relationship at the 90th percentile (β = 3.17 ms/year, 95% confidence interval = 2.50 to 4.04 ms/year)., Conclusions: The relationships of demographic and clinical factors with CVAF parameters are, in many cases, not uniform. Quantile regression provides an improved assessment of these associations., (© American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd 2017. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com)

Background: The effects of monthly, high-dose, long-term (≥1-year) vitamin D supplementation on central blood pressure (BP) parameters are unknown., Methods and Results: A total of 517 adults (58% male, aged 50-84 years) were recruited into a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial substudy and randomized to receive, for 1.1 years (median; range: 0.9-1.5 years), either (1) vitamin D 3 200 000 IU (initial dose) followed 1 month later by monthly 100 000-IU doses (n=256) or (2) placebo monthly (n=261). At baseline (n=517) and follow-up (n=380), suprasystolic oscillometry was undertaken, yielding aortic BP waveforms and hemodynamic parameters. Mean deseasonalized 25-hydroxyvitamin D increased from 66 nmol/L (SD: 24) at baseline to 122 nmol/L (SD: 42) at follow-up in the vitamin D group, with no change in the placebo group. Despite small, nonsignificant changes in hemodynamic parameters in the total sample (primary outcome), we observed consistently favorable changes among the 150 participants with vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) at baseline. In this subgroup, mean changes in the vitamin D group (n=71) versus placebo group (n=79) were -5.3 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], -11.8 to 1.3) for brachial systolic BP ( P =0.11), -2.8 mm Hg (95% CI, -6.2 to 0.7) for brachial diastolic BP ( P =0.12), -7.5 mm Hg (95% CI, -14.4 to -0.6) for aortic systolic BP ( P =0.03), -5.7 mm Hg (95% CI, -10.8 to -0.6) for augmentation index ( P =0.03), -0.3 m/s (95% CI, -0.6 to -0.1) for pulse wave velocity ( P =0.02), -8.6 mm Hg (95% CI, -15.4 to -1.9) for peak reservoir pressure ( P =0.01), and -3.6 mm Hg (95% CI, -6.3 to -0.8) for backward pressure amplitude ( P =0.01)., Conclusions: Monthly, high-dose, 1-year vitamin D supplementation lowered central BP parameters among adults with vitamin D deficiency but not in the total sample., Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://www.anzctr.org.au. Unique identifier: ACTRN12611000402943., (© 2017 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.)

Randomized trials suggest that statin treatment may lower blood pressure and influence cardiovascular autonomic function (CVAF), but the impact of duration of usage, discontinuation, and adherence to this therapy is unknown. We examined these issues with regard to blood pressure (BP)-related variables in a large, population-based study. Participants were 4942 adults (58% male; aged 50-84 years): 2179 on statin treatment and 2763 untreated. Days of utilization, adherence (proportion of days covered ≥0.8), and discontinuation (non-use for ≥30 days immediately prior to BP measurement) of three statins (atorvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin) over a period of up to 2 years was monitored retrospectively from electronic databases. Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), augmentation index, excess pressure, reservoir pressure, and CVAF (pulse rate and BP variability) parameters were calculated from aortic pressure waveforms derived from suprasystolic brachial measurement. Days of statin treatment had inverse relationships with pulse rate variability parameters in cardiac arrhythmic participants (20-25% lower than in statin non-users) and with most arterial function parameters in everyone. For example, compared to untreated participants, those treated for ≥659 days had 3.0 mmHg lower aortic SBP ( P  < 0.01). Discontinuation was associated with higher brachial DBP and aortic DBP (for both, β  = 2.0 mmHg, P  = 0.008). Compared to non-adherent statin users, adherent users had lower levels of brachial SBP, brachial DBP, aortic DBP, aortic SBP, and peak reservoir pressure ( β  = -1.4 to -2.6 mmHg). In conclusion, in a real-world setting, statin-therapy duration, non-discontinuation and adherence associate inversely with BP variables and, in cardiac arrhythmias, CVAF parameters.

Background: Comparing the relationships of antihypertensive medications with brachial blood pressure (BP) and aortic waveform parameters may help clinicians to predict the effect on the latter in brachial BP-based antihypertensive therapy. We aimed to make such comparisons with new waveform measures and a wider range of antihypertensive regimens than examined previously., Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 2933 adults (61% male; aged 50-84years): 1637 on antihypertensive treatment and 1296 untreated hypertensives. Sixteen medicine regimens of up to 4 combinations of drugs from 6 antihypertensive classes were analysed. Aortic systolic BP, augmentation index (AIx), excess pressure integral (EPI), backward pressure amplitude (Pb), reflection index (RI) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were calculated from aortic pressure waveforms derived from suprasystolic brachial measurement., Results: Forest plots of single-drug class comparisons across regimens with the same number of drugs (for between 1- and 3-drug regimens) revealed that AIx, Pb, RI and/or loge(EPI) were higher (maximum difference=5.6%, 2.2mmHg, 0.0192 and 0.13 loge(mmHg⋅s), respectively) with the use of a beta-blocker compared with vasodilators and diuretics, despite no brachial systolic and diastolic BP differences. These differences were reduced (by 34-57%) or eliminated after adjustment for heart rate, and similar effects occurred when controlling for systolic ejection period or diastolic duration., Conclusions: Beta-blocker effects on brachial BP may overestimate effects on aortic waveform parameters. Compared to other antihypertensives, beta-blockers have weaker associations with wave reflection measures and EPI; this is predominantly due to influences on heart rate., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The magnitude of the relationship between lifestyle risk factors for obesity and adiposity is not clear. The aim of this study was to clarify this in order to determine the level of importance of lifestyle factors in obesity aetiology., Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was carried out on data on youth who were not trying to change weight (n = 5714), aged 12 to 22 years and from 8 ethnic groups living in New Zealand, Australia, Fiji and Tonga. Demographic and lifestyle data were measured by questionnaires. Fatness was measured by body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score and bioimpedance analysis, which was used to estimate percent body fat and total fat mass (TFM). Associations between lifestyle and body composition variables were examined using linear regression and forest plots., Results: TV watching was positively related to fatness in a dose-dependent manner. Strong, dose-dependent associations were observed between fatness and soft drink consumption (positive relationship), breakfast consumption (inverse relationship) and after-school physical activity (inverse relationship). Breakfast consumption-fatness associations varied in size across ethnic groups. Lifestyle risk factors for obesity were associated with percentage differences in body composition variables that were greatest for TFM and smallest for BMI., Conclusions: Lifestyle factors were most strongly related to TFM, which suggests that studies that use BMI alone to quantify fatness underestimate the full effect of lifestyle on adiposity. This study clarifies the size of lifestyle-fatness relationships observed in previous studies.

Abstract Objective. Previous studies show that body mass index (BMI) does not fully explain differences in percent body fat (%BF) between ethnic groups and few studies have investigated this in adolescents. We sought to compare %BF for a given BMI between adolescents from four ethnic groups and to explain ethnic differences in this relationship. Methods. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured in 202 boys and 197 girls (age range 12-19 years; 129 Pacific Island, 91 European, 90 Maori and 89 Asian Indian). Fat mass, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), leg length, bone mineral content (BMC), and fat distribution measures were derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results. For the same BMI and age, compared with European boys, %BF in Maori, Pacific Island and Asian Indian boys was 2.8% lower (P=0.017), 5.2% lower (P<0.0001), and 3.5% higher (P=0.0025), respectively. Compared with European girls, %BF, adjusted for BMI, for Maori, Pacific Island and Asian Indian girls was 1.9% lower (P=0.024), 4.1% lower (P<0.0001) and 3.6% higher (P<0.0001), respectively. Adjustment for ASMM, BMC and fat distribution variables, in particular, significantly reduced the differences between ethnic groups. In boys, readily measured variables, conicity index and waist circumference/height, had notable effects on ethnic differences in %BF. Conclusions. Our results show that BMI is not an equivalent measure of %BF between adolescent Europeans, Maori, Pacific Islanders and Asian Indians. Differences in muscularity, bone mass, relative leg length, fat distribution and body shape contribute to this disparity.

Objective: To compare dietary intakes of European, Māori, Pacific Island and Asian adolescents living in Auckland., Methods: A self-administered food frequency questionnaire was used to assess daily nutrient intakes of 2,549 14- to 21-year-old high-school students in Auckland (1,422 male and 1,127 female) in a cross-sectional survey carried out between 1997 and 1998., Results: Compared with Europeans, Māori and Pacific Islanders consumed more energy per day. Carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes were higher in Māori and Pacific Islanders than in Europeans. Cholesterol intakes were lowest in Europeans and alcohol intakes were highest in Europeans and Māori. When nutrient intakes were expressed as their percentage contribution to total energy, many ethnic differences in nutrient intakes between Europeans and Māori or Pacific Islanders were eliminated. After adjustment for energy intake and age, Europeans ate the fewest eggs, and Pacific Islanders and Asians ate more servings of chicken and fish, and fewer servings of milk and cereal than Europeans. Compared to Europeans, Pacific Islanders consumed larger portion sizes for nearly every food item., Conclusion: There were marked differences in nutrient intakes between Pacific, Māori, Asian and European adolescents. Ethnic differences in food selections, frequency of food servings and portion sizes contribute to the differences in nutrient intakes between these ethnic groups. These differences generally matched those of other studies in children and adults from these ethnic groups., Implications: Interventions that reduce frequency of food consumption and serving sizes and promote less-fatty food choices in Māori and Pacific adolescents are needed., (© 2010 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2010 Public Health Association of Australia.)

The objective of this study was to validate an 8-electrode bioimpedance analysis (BIA(8)) device (BC-418; Tanita, Tokyo, Japan) for use in populations of European, Maori, Pacific Island, and Asian adolescents. Healthy adolescents (215 M, 216 F; 129 Pacific Island, 120 Asian, 91 Maori, and 91 European; age range 12-19 years) were recruited by purposive sampling of high schools in Auckland, New Zealand. Weight, height, sitting height, leg length, waist circumference, and whole-body impedance were measured. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) derived from the BIA(8) manufacturer's equations were compared with measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA-measured FFM was used as the reference to develop prediction equations based on impedance. A double cross-validation technique was applied. BIA(8) underestimated FM by 2.06 kg (P < 0.0001) and percent body fat (%BF) by 2.84% (P < 0.0001), on average. However, BIA(8) tended to overestimate FM and %BF in lean and underestimate FM and %BF in fat individuals. Sex-specific equations developed showed acceptable accuracy on cross-validation. In the total sample, the best prediction equations were, for boys: FFM (kg) = 0.607 height (cm)(2)/impedance ( ohm) + 1.542 age (y) + 0.220 height (cm) + 0.096 weight (kg) + 1.836 ethnicity (0 = European or Asian, 1 = Maori or Pacific) - 47.547, R(2) = 0.93, standard error of estimate (SEE) = 3.09 kg; and, for girls: FFM (kg) = 0.531 height (cm)(2)/impedance ( ohm) + 0.182 height (cm) + 0.096 weight (kg) + 1.562 ethnicity (0 = non-Pacific, 1 = Pacific) - 15.782, R(2) = 0.91, SEE = 2.19 kg. In conclusion, equations for fatness estimation using BIA(8) developed for our sample perform better than reliance on the manufacturer's estimates. The relationship between BIA and body composition in adolescents is ethnicity dependent.