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This bachelor thesis proposes a specific technical solution of an automated system for organic poultry farming. After the analysis of the problematics, breeding conditions and obtaining the main parameters that must be met, a modular system was designed. The system takes into account the basic requirements in the form of parameters that condition effective breeding. It is mainly the management of safety, microclimate, food and the final production. Although a key feature of the control system is its autonomous mode, it is supplemented by a mobile application that allows monitoring of the current status and manual control of actuators in particular. The proposed system should help breeders to reduce the cost and time of small-scale poultry farming in mobile hen houses.

It is noted that the opportunities of the small-scale agricultural sector are not being used in full force. There are signicant diculties in starting and further developing small farming in lending, risk insurance, logistics, innovative modernization and especially in the segment of sales of products. The increment of scientic knowledge carries in itself the precise denition of small agrarian forms of farming, as well as the economic mechanism of the process of regulating the development of small-scale economic entities. Particular attention is paid to the procedure of independent and transparent receipt of subsidies for increasing the investment activity in the development of small forms of farming.

Climate and social changes are deeply affecting current agro-food systems. Unsustainable agricultural practices and the low profitability of small farmers are challenging the agricultural development of rural areas. This study aims to develop a novel, modular and low-cost vertical hydroponic farm system through reviews of the patented literature, research literature and variants of commercial products. After a detailed conceptualization process, a prototype was fabricated and tested at my university to validate its technology readiness level (TRL). The outcomes supported the usability and performance of the present utility model but highlighted several changes that are necessary before it can pass to the next TRL. This study shows that the prototype has the potential to not only solve food sovereignty but also to benefit society by advancing the innovations in food production and improving quality of life, The author acknowledges the support given by the teachers, Felipe Pérez and Ángela Angulo, for the implementation of the experiment, and the university spin-off, Bo True Activities, for providing the vertical modules

The editorial comments on the trends of Agriculture 4.0 and highlights how the theme relates to the scenario of small farmers. There is a growing debate in the media, in the market, and in the universities and research bodies, dealing with the possibilities generated by the application of the products and services coming from Agriculture 4.0 for agricultural activities. Therefore, the purpose of this editorial is to demystify some questions and discuss the nuances of these possibilities in a feasible way with the context of the small farmers. Este editorial comenta acerca de las tendencias de la Agricultura 4.0 y destaca cómo el tema se relaciona con el escenario de los pequeños productores rurales. Se observa un debate creciente en los medios, en el mercado, y en las universidades y órganos de investigación, tratando sobre las posibilidades generadas con la aplicación de los productos y servicios provenientes de la Agricultura 4.0 para actividades agrícolas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este editorial es desmitificar algunas cuestiones y discurrir sobre los matices de esas posibilidades de forma factible con el contexto del pequeño productor. O editorial comenta sobre as tendências da Agricultura 4.0 e destaca como o tema se relaciona com o cenário dos pequenos produtores rurais. Observa-se um debate crescentena mídia, no mercado, e nas universidades e órgãos de pesquisa, tratandosobre as possibilidades geradas com a aplicação dos produtos e serviços provindos da Agricultura 4.0 para atividades agrícolas. Portanto, o objetivo deste editorial é desmistificar algumas questões ediscorrer sobre as nuances dessas possibilidadesde forma factível com o contexto do pequeno produtor.

Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) is a growing worldwide phenomenon and brings a range of benefits, such as ensuring food and nutrition security, income generation and the possibility of on-farm biodiversity conservation. In Brazil, many towns still have rural characteristics, such as unoccupied interstitial spaces, allowing former residents of rural areas to maintain their habit of planting. The objective of this study was to describe the urban agriculture practiced in vacant lots in two cities in the interior of Sao Paulo - Charqueada (CH) and Santa Gertrudes (SG). In this sense, we addressed the following aspects: i) socioeconomic characterization of the interviewees; ii) characterization of lots in terms of ownership, cultivation time and agricultural management; iii) inventory of plants and cultivated varieties - with emphasis on roots and tubers - in order to assess the potential for agrobiodiversity conservation in these spaces. All cultivated plots in the urban area were georeferenced, for the establishment of a general sample (77 in CH and 43 in SG) for the characterization of the population regarding socioeconomic and agricultural aspects. Afterwards, a sub-sample (30 in CH and 20 in SG) was selected for the inventory of cultivated plants. The surveys were conducted through structured and semi-structured interviews, using the guided tour in the lots for the plant survey. Farmers are mostly men (more than 80%) over 50 (70%), with low formal education and income; there is no effective participation of young people. Immigrants from other states are present, mostly northeasterners in CH and mineiros (from the state of Minas Gerais) in SG. One hundred and two ethnospecies of cultivated plants, mainly food, were recorded, being the most frequent (> 40% of the lots in both cities) manioc, papaya and okra. A number of crops presented ethnovarieties, but farmers' knowledge about them is not very thorough. The agrobiodiversity found shows the potential of urban agriculture for on-farm conservation, but the lack of interest of the young people and the urban pressures for land occupation may make it difficult to continue. There is a need to raise awareness of the population in general about the role and importance of conservation of agricultural diversity as well as pu, A agricultura urbana e periurbana (AUP) é um fenômeno mundial crescente e traz uma gama de benefícios, como a busca da segurança alimentar e nutricional, geração de renda e a possibilidade de conservação de agrobiodiversidade on farm. No Brasil, cidades de pequeno porte e zonas periféricas de metrópoles ainda apresentam características rurais, como espaços intersticiais desocupados, possibilitando a ex-moradores das zonas rurais a manutenção do hábito de plantar. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a agricultura urbana praticada nos lotes vagos em duas cidades do interior do estado de São Paulo, Charqueada (CH) e Santa Gertrudes (SG), abordando os seguintes aspectos: caracterização socioeconômica dos entrevistados; caracterização dos lotes quanto a posse, tempo de cultivo e manejo agrícola; e registro das plantas e variedades cultivadas, com ênfase nas raízes e tubérculos, com vistas a avaliar o potencial para a conservação de agrobiodiversidade on farm nesses espaços. Todos os lotes cultivados na malha urbana foram georreferenciados, para o estabelecimento de uma amostra geral (77 em CH e 43 em SG) para a caracterização da população quanto a aspectos socioeconômicos e relativos à agricultura praticada. Posteriormente, selecionou-se uma subamostra (30 em CH e 20 em SG), para inventário das plantas cultivadas. Os levantamentos foram realizados por meio de entrevistas estruturadas e semi-estruturadas, utilizando-se a turnê guiada nos lotes para o levantamento das plantas. Os agricultores são na grande maioria homens acima de 50 anos de idade, de baixa renda e baixa escolaridade; não há participação efetiva dos jovens. Há uma presença importante de migrantes de outros estados, nordestinos em CH e mineiros em SG. Levantaram-se 102 etnoespécies de plantas cultivadas, principalmente alimentares, sendo as mais frequentes (>40% dos lotes em ambas as cidades) mandioca, mamão e quiabo. Vários cultivos apresentaram etnovariedades, mas o conhecimento dos agricultores sobre as mesmas não é muito aprofundado. A agrobiodiversidade levantada atesta o potencial da agricultura urbana para conservação on farm, porém o desinteresse dos mais jovens e as pressões de ocupação imobiliária do solo urbano podem dificultar sua continuidade. Há necessidade de políticas públicas que ordenem a atividade e garantam um mínimo de estabilidade, bem como da conscientização da população em geral sobre o papel e a importância da conservação da diversidade agrícola.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-18T15:56:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-01Bitstream added on 2015-03-18T16:28:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000339989900001.pdf: 614110 bytes, checksum: f2c6e46a0e535382a989dfebeb2bd5c0 (MD5) FFEM (Fonds Francais pour l'Environnement Mondial) Small-scale farmers in the Brazilian Amazon collectively hold tenure over more than 12 million ha of permanent forest reserves, as required by the Forest Code. The trade-off between forest conservation and other land uses entails opportunity costs for them and for the country, which have not been sufficiently studied. We assessed the potential income generated by multiple use forest management for farmers and compared it to the income potentially derived from six other agricultural land uses. Income from the forest was from (i) logging, carried out by a logging company in partnership with farmers' associations; and (ii) harvesting the seeds of Carapa guianensis (local name andiroba) for the production of oil. We then compared the income generated by multiple-use forest management with the income from different types of agrarian systems. According to our calculations in this study, the mean annual economic benefits from multiple forest use are the same as the least productive agrarian system, but only 25% of the annual income generated by the most productive system. Although the income generated by logging may be considered low when calculated on an annual basis and compared to incomes generated by agriculture, the one-time payment after logging is significant (US$5,800 to US$33,508) and could be used to implement more intensive and productive cropping systems such as planting black pepper. The income from forest management could also be used to establish permanent fields in deforested areas for highly productive annual crops using conservation agriculture techniques. These techniques are alternatives to the traditional land use based on periodic clearing of the forest. Nevertheless, the shift in current practices towards adoption of more sustainable conservation agriculture techniques will also require the technical and legal support of the State to help small farmers apply these alternatives, which aim to integrate forest management in sustainable agricultural production systems. Cirad Ctr Int Cooperat Rech Agron Dev, UR B&SEF Biens & Serv Ecosyst Forestiers Trop, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France Gret, BR-66055050 Belem, Para, Brazil UNESP, Fac Ciencas Agr, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil EMBRAPA, Amazonia Oriental, BR-66095100 Belem, Para, Brazil Serv Florestal Brasileiro MMA SFB, BR-68010200 Santarem, Para, Brazil UNESP, Fac Ciencas Agr, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil

O Código Florestal Brasileiro de 1965 conceitua e regulamenta as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) e Reserva Legal (RL). Para regulamentar a adequação das propriedades agrícolas ao código florestal, o estado do Paraná instituiu o SISLEG - Sistema de Manutenção, Recuperação e Proteção da Reserva Legal e Áreas de Preservação Permanente. Neste estudo foram quantificadas, com auxílio do sistema de posicionamento global (GPS) e programas de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG), as APPs e RLs de 147 propriedades em oito municípios das regiões centro-oriental e sudeste do Paraná, visando analisá-las frente ao Código Florestal vigente. Observou-se expressiva cobertura florestal formada por fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista; as superfícies disponíveis para definição de RL apresentam valores superiores àqueles requeridos pela legislação. Há necessidade de recomposição das APPs em 67% das propriedades; 26% das propriedades estão de acordo com as exigências do Código Florestal. A quantificação da cobertura florestal necessária e remanescente, tal como a pequena demanda de área para readequação de APP (5% da área total) permitem inferir que esses quesitos não são entraves para a regularização ambiental da agricultura familiar, nas propriedades analisadas.The Brazilian Forest Code of 1965 has defined and regulated the concepts of Permanent Preservation Areas (APP) and the Legal Reserve (RL). To regulate rural properties' compliance to the forest code, the State of Paraná introduced the SISLEG- Maintenance, Rehabilitation and Protection of Legal Reserve and Permanent Preservation Areas System. This study quantified, with the help of global positioning system (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the APPs and RLs of 147 properties in eight cities in East-central and Southeastern Paraná, aiming to analyze the environmental compliance of family-based rural properties to the Forest Code. A significant amount of forest cover was mapped, mainly as fragments of Araucaria Forest. The amount of forest cover is higher than the minimum required by law. Concerning the APPs about 67% of farms required some restoration while 26% of them are in accordance with the Code. The quantification of existing forest cover and that required by law, as well as the relatively small area necessary for the adjustment of the APPs (5% of total area) allows inferring that these questions are not barriers for the environmental regulation of the family-based surveyed farms.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, This paper tries to clarify the impact of structural and gender analysis to explain the nature of small farming in the contemporary Caribbean. First, I query the validity of the past and the latest classifications on world agricultural regions, which cannot address the nature of small farming in the Caribbean. Second, I examine the notion of “Internal Marketing Systems,” proposed by Sideny Mintz in the late 1950s, from the perspective of gender. The purpose of reconsidering the notion of “Internal Marketing Systems” is to know how Mintz had found a way to articulate two different modes of production in the Caribbean before the development of dependency theory on economy in the Third World and to examine what escaped Mintz's notice due to the lack of gender analysis. Third, I reexamine information about women's work in agriculture and local markets presented in Mintz, Horowitz, De l'orme and Ishizuka's respective papers between 1960 to 2003, in order to complement Mintz's notion. What needs to be emphasized is that women play a major economic role in agriculture in the Caribbean as farm workers, farmers, farm l\ aborers, heads of farm households and marketers of agricultural produce. Women are primarily self-employed subsistence farmers and producers/traders. They almost completely dominate the distribution and retailing of local grown food crops. Finally, based on the theory of continuing original accumulation proposed by Claudia von Werlhof, I conclude that the work of women as producers/traders in local markets allows articulation of the production of small farming with global economy in the Caribbean.

For a variety of reasons, including the demands of buyers and insurance companies, food safety has become a major concern in farming operations. Federal regulations governing food safety on the farm are still developing, but even in their absence, all growers should be aware of and employ practices that minimize the risk of food-borne contamination. This unit introduces the concept of food safety, and the steps involved in the developmnent of a food safety plan based on “good agricultural practices” (GAPS). The first lecture discusses some of the reasons behind recent food safety concerns, reviews the categories of microbes and the pathogens most involved in food contamination, and discusses the need for a food safety plan and the current status of the federal Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). Lecture 2 discusses potential sources of pathogens, practices that minimize risks of microbial contamination, and the use of logs, checklists, and standard operating procedures in implementing and tracking good agricultural practices. The concepts of conservation and biodiversity on the farm as they relate to food safety are also introduced, along with third party audits and sources for help in developing a food safety plan.

The present article discusses the development of agricultural policies between the 1970s and the two periods of government of President Alvaro Uribe-Vélez. The agricultural policies are analyzed in their wider framework of relevant, general aspects of the economy in Colombia. It is argued that the challenges of agricultural policies are constant and repetitive since the beginning of the analyzed period: debate about production structure - large scale production versus small farming, production for industrial use and food production; levels of protection of national market versus integration into the international market; competitiveness versus lack of technological development and general infrastructure. RESUMEN En el presente artículo se discute el desarrollo de las políticas agrarias en Colombia entre los años 1970 y los dos períodos de gobierno del presidente Álvaro Uribe-Vélez. Las políticas agrarias se analizan dentro de un marco más amplio de los aspectos relevantes de la economía colombiana. Se argumenta que los desafíos de las políticas agrarias son constantes y repetitivos desde el inicio de la época estudiada: debate sobre estructura de producción - producción en grandes escalas versus pequeños productores, producción para uso industrial versus producción de alimentos; grado de protección del mercado nacional versus integración al mercado internacional; competitividad versus falta de desarrollo tecnológico y de infraestructura general.

In this study dairy farming activities in Turkey are employed to prove that small-scale agricultural production is disappearing rapidly due to costly investment and mechanization needs. For that purpose the cost structure and the investment needs in starting a dairy farm are analyzed. The results show that the capital requirements of building a dairy farm with optimal capacity are hard to reach for small farmers unless a system of marketing and production agricultural cooperatives and/or institutions are organized.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-11-29T17:41:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Emerson Dalla Chieza.pdf: 3379954 bytes, checksum: 59d75d0f24fddc7d958c8e981de2274a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-29T17:41:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Emerson Dalla Chieza.pdf: 3379954 bytes, checksum: 59d75d0f24fddc7d958c8e981de2274a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-25 The objective of this study was to establish an organic management form of corn and Crotalaria juncea intercropping, which allows to optimize production "in situ" by fabaceae plant biomass with nitrogen input to the system, without the competition that presence of green manure can to exercise, follow to compromise the performance of cereal. Three experiments were conducted in the experimental field of Embrapa Agrobiology in Serop?dica - RJ, between of November 2010 to March 2012. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications (Experiments 1 and 3) or three replicates (experiment 2). The first experiment took place between November 2010 and March 2011 and had the following treatments: T1 - C. juncea seeded seven days before corn crop and managed at 33 days after emergence (33 DAE), T2 ? C. juncea seeded at the same date of corn sowing (29 DAE), T3 - C. juncea seeded 14 days after corn sown (102 DAE), T4 - C. juncea seeded 28 days after corn sown (88 DAE), T5 and T6 - corn cropping alone. Experiment 2: T1 - C. juncea seeds seven days before the corn (43 DAE), T2 - C. juncea seeded at the same date of corn sowing (37 DAE), T3 - C. juncea seeded seven days after corn sown (74 DAE), T4 - C. juncea seeded 14 days after corn sown (67 DAE), T5 and T6 - corn cropping alone. To first and second experiments, T3, T4 and T6 had been received 70 kg ha-1 of nitrogen by castor bean pie. Treatments of the third experiment consisted: T1 and T2 - C. juncea seeded at the same date of corn sowing (30 DAE) at the single row, T3 and T4 ? corn cropping alone at the single row, T5 and T6 - C. juncea seeded at the same date of corn sowing (30 DAE) at the double rows. For T2 and T6 treatments the green manure was managed and removed from the area, and had been added castor bean pie (70 kg of N ha-1). Also T4 received castor bean pie as a N source for corn. Also in the first experiment, for T1 and T2 trataments proceeded up studies of decomposition and release of nutrients from waste C. juncea by litter bags with 8 intervals collections. For the third test is conducted studies agronomic performance of corn and nitrogen losses through ammonia volatilization to waste C. juncea, castor bean pie and cattle manure through static cameras semi open. When corn sown simultaneously, regardless of the time of sowing, C. juncea did not affect the yield of cereal, promoted the addition of nitrogen to the system able of promoting positive balances for this nutrient. When the green manure was sown 7 days before or 14 days after sowing corn in the summer period, exerted a negative influence on growth and yield of maize. The waste C. juncea showed high rates of decomposition and nutrient release, with half-life for N less than 14 days. Were found discrepant emission rates for ammonia and castor bean pie residue C. juncea, with accumulated losses of about 46 and 14 %, respectively. The arrangement in double rows corn planting did not influence the yield of cereal. The results post the consortium in corn and C. juncea sown simultaneously as a promising culture system, capable of producing corn grain above the average yield of Rio of Janeiro state. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma forma de manejo org?nico do cons?rcio entre as culturas de milho e Crotalaria juncea, que possibilite otimizar a produ??o ?In situ? de biomassa vegetal pela fabaceae, com aporte de nitrog?nio ao sistema, sem que a presen?a do adubo verde exer?a competi??o capaz de comprometer o rendimento do cereal. Foram conduzidos tr?s experimentos no campo experimental da Embrapa Agrobiologia em Serop?dica ? RJ, entre os meses de novembro de 2010 e mar?o de 2012. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repeti??es (experimentos 1 e 3) ou tr?s repeti??es (experimento 2). O primeiro experimento ocorreu entre novembro de 2010 e mar?o de 2011 e teve os seguintes tratamentos: T1?C. juncea semeada sete dias antes da cultura do milho e manejada aos 33 dias ap?s emerg?ncia (33 DAE); T2?C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho (manejo aos 29 DAE); T3?C. juncea semeada 14 dias ap?s o milho (manejo aos 102 DAE) + 70 kg N ha-1; T4?C. juncea semeada 28 dias ap?s o milho (manejo aos 88 DAE) + 70 kg N ha-1; T5-milho em monocultivo e T6-milho em monocultivo + 70 kg N ha-1. Experimento 2 (abril a setembro de 2011): T1?C. juncea semeada sete dias antes da cultura do milho (manejo aos 43 DAE); T2?C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho (manejo aos 37 DAE); T3?C. juncea semeada sete dias ap?s o milho (manejo aos 74 DAE) + 70 kg N ha-1; T4?C. juncea semeada 14 dias ap?s o milho (manejo aos 67 DAE) + 70 kg N ha-1; T5- milho em monocultivo e T6?milho em monocultivo+ 70 kg N ha-1. Os tratamentos do 3? Experimento (novembro de 2011 a mar?o de 2012) consistiram em: T1-C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho em fila simples com manejo aos 30 DAE e a biomassa da C. juncea mantida na ?rea; T2?C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho em fila simples com manejo aos 30 DAE com remo??o da parte a?rea de C. juncea e aplica??o de 70 kg N ha-1 via torta de mamona; T3- milho monocultivo em fila simples; T4 ?milho monocultivo em fila simples + 70 kg N ha-1; T5- C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho em fila dupla com manejo aos 30 DAE e a biomassa da C. juncea mantida na ?rea; T6 ? C. juncea semeada simult?nea ao milho em fila dupla com remo??o da parte a?rea de C. juncea e aplica??o de 70 kg N ha-1. Para todos os experimentos, o nitrog?nio aplicado em cobertura teve como fonte a torta de mamona. Nos dois primeiros ensaios foram realizados estudos morfofisiol?gicos dos cultivos a partir da an?lise funcional do crescimento de plantas, al?m do balan?o monet?rio e balan?o aparente de nitrog?nio. Tamb?m no experimento I, para T1 e T2, procederam-se estudos de decomposi??o e libera??o de nutrientes dos res?duos de C. juncea via sacolas de decomposi??o, com 8 intervalos de coletas. Para o terceiro ensaio procederam-se estudos de desempenho agron?mico do milho, an?lise econ?mica e balan?o de nitrog?nio. Tamb?m foram feitos estudos das perdas de nitrog?nio via volatiliza??o de am?nia para res?duos de C. juncea, torta de mamona e esterco bovino, atrav?s de c?meras est?ticas semi abertas em oito intervalos de coleta. Quando semeada simultaneamente ao milho, independente da ?poca de semeadura, a C. juncea n?o comprometeu o rendimento do cereal, promoveu a adi??o de nitrog?nio ao sistema capaz de promover balan?os positivos para este nutriente. Quando o adubo verde foi semeado 7 dias antes ou 14 dias ap?s a semeadura do milho, no per?odo de ver?o, esse exerceu influ?ncia negativa no crescimento e na produ??o de gr?os do milho. Os res?duos de C. juncea apresentaram elevadas taxas de decomposi??o e libera??o de nutrientes, com tempo de meia vida para N de menos de 14 dias. Foram encontradas discrepantes taxas de emiss?o de am?nia para torta de mamona e res?duos de C. juncea, com perdas acumuladas de cerca de 46 e 14%, respectivamente. O arranjo em fileiras duplas de plantio de milho n?o influenciou no rendimento do cereal. Os resultados encontrados postam o cons?rcio em milho e C. juncea semeados simultaneamente como um promissor sistema de cultivo, capaz de proporcionar produ??o de gr?os de milho acima da m?dia produtiva do estado do Rio de Janeiro.

O Código Florestal Brasileiro de 1965 conceitua e regulamenta as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) e Reserva Legal (RL). Para regulamentar a adequação das propriedades agrícolas ao código florestal, o estado do Paraná instituiu o SISLEG - Sistema de Manutenção, Recuperação e Proteção da Reserva Legal e Áreas de Preservação Permanente. Neste estudo foram quantificadas, com auxílio do sistema de posicionamento global (GPS) e programas de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG), as APPs e RLs de 147 propriedades em oito municípios das regiões centro-oriental e sudeste do Paraná, visando analisá-las frente ao Código Florestal vigente. Observou-se expressiva cobertura florestal formada por fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista; as superfícies disponíveis para definição de RL apresentam valores superiores àqueles requeridos pela legislação. Há necessidade de recomposição das APPs em 67% das propriedades; 26% das propriedades estão de acordo com as exigências do Código Florestal. A quantificação da cobertura florestal necessária e remanescente, tal como a pequena demanda de área para readequação de APP (5% da área total) permitem inferir que esses quesitos não são entraves para a regularização ambiental da agricultura familiar, nas propriedades analisadas. The Brazilian Forest Code of 1965 has defined and regulated the concepts of Permanent Preservation Areas (APP) and the Legal Reserve (RL). To regulate rural properties' compliance to the forest code, the State of Paraná introduced the SISLEG- Maintenance, Rehabilitation and Protection of Legal Reserve and Permanent Preservation Areas System. This study quantified, with the help of global positioning system (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the APPs and RLs of 147 properties in eight cities in East-central and Southeastern Paraná, aiming to analyze the environmental compliance of family-based rural properties to the Forest Code. A significant amount of forest cover was mapped, mainly as fragments of Araucaria Forest. The amount of forest cover is higher than the minimum required by law. Concerning the APPs about 67% of farms required some restoration while 26% of them are in accordance with the Code. The quantification of existing forest cover and that required by law, as well as the relatively small area necessary for the adjustment of the APPs (5% of total area) allows inferring that these questions are not barriers for the environmental regulation of the family-based surveyed farms.

While most Latin American countries followed outward-looking policies of agrarian development, since the 1990s Cuba shifted towards food self-provisioning, internal liberalisation and sustainable small farming to face the harsh crisis that followed the Socialist demise of the late 1980s. Although it was an indispensable response to the worst crisis in Cuban history, Cuba is today one of the few countries experimenting with alternative development on a national scale. By considering the current context of globalisation where free trade agreements and progressive agrarian liberalisation have created asymmetrical trade relations, increasing import dependency and vulnerability for small farmers in less developed countries, this paper aims at answering the following questions: (1) What were the policies implemented under inward-looking agrarian development in Cuba (1990-2008)? (2) How did the policies transform Cuba’s agrarian production patterns and land structures? (3) How have the inward-looking policies generated new spaces for small farmers in Cuba?

After the expansion of agricultural frontier occurred in the southern brazilian region, which brought native forest substitution, new management and alternatives practices were introduced in order to preserve and stimulate new plantings of the parana pine (Araucaria angustifolia ). Alongside, in the last years, silviculturists have been promoting activities of forest development, in special with Pinus, Eucalyptus, Grevillea and bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella) species to face wood depletion of native forest species. At the same time, new legal procedures also contributed to reduce new plantings of parana pine because it tried to enforce simple preservation with high demands and tough inspection measures. Thus, representing 85 % of land structure in the State of Paraná, discouraged - small farmers were looking for to erradicate this species due to legal over regulation. Therefore, to vercome this situation, mechanisms were offered to the silviculture management of Brazilian pine which were based in two central points tupgrading the existing laws and to incentive new plantations, specially in the areas set aside for environmental protection called of "Reserva Legal". In this way, the Extension Service (Emater) tried to help this situation with the following prescription: technology diffusion; rewards to stimulate forest producers in the municipality; and formation of farmers groups to collect, select and to sell pine seeds. Em substituição às florestas nativas, pela abertura de fronteira agrícola, práticas agropecuárias alternativas foram introduzidas nas propriedades rurais com pinheiro-do-paraná (Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kunt). Porém, nos últimos anos, a silvicultura tem promovido o desenvolvimento de atividades ligadas às madeiras de pínus, eucalipto, grevílea e bracatinga frente à exaustão de madeira oriunda de espécies florestais nativas, na geração de recursos no meio rural. Ao mesmo tempo, os instrumentos legais estabelecidos inviabilizam o plantio do pinheiro por buscarem a simples preservação com medidas fiscais exacerbadas. Representando 85 % da estrutura fundiária paranaense, as pequenas propriedades buscam erradicar a espécie pelos prejuízos decorrentes. Os mecanismos propostos para manejo silvicultural dos remanescentes baseiam-se em dois pontoscentrais - alteração dos normativos legais vigentes por serem impeditivos ao plantio, aliado ao incremento do fomento para plantio, especialmente nas áreas de Reserva Legal. Nesse sentido, dentre as experiências conduzidas pela EMATER, para estímulo ao manejo do pinheiro, destacam-se as unidades metodológicas para difusão detecnologia, a premiação de produtores de destaque municipal, a utilização de mecanismos de apoio para novos plantios, a formação de grupos de produtores para coleta, padronização e comercialização do pinhão em parceria industrial.

Niche market cropping can be a source of economic development to economically depressed rural areas. The thesis takes place in the four counties of Wise, Russell, Scott and Dickenson and this study region is used to develop the ideas of limited regional competition, and product diversity for niche cropping enterprises. These ideas create an identity for the region that reflects upon the farms and the products they produce. This thesis is intended to be a tool for county extension agents and economic development professionals to use in the pursuit of guiding small farmers and land-owners into successful niche cropping enterprises. Case studies within Wise County demonstrate the income potentials of these enterprises. Master of Landscape Architecture

RESUMO A busca por sistemas produtivos mais sustentáveis é um desafio necessário. Avaliaram-se formas de manejo do consórcio entre milho e Crotalaria juncea L., que possibilitem otimizar a produção “in situ” de massa vegetal, sem comprometer o potencial produtivo do cereal. Realizaram-se experimentos em épocas distintas: primavera-verão (experimento 1) e outono-inverno (experimento 2), em Seropédica -RJ, no período de 11/2010 a 09/2011. Os tratamentos para o experimento 1 foram: C. juncea, semeada: sete dias antes, simultaneamente com, aos 14 e aos 28 dias após a cultura do milho, respectivamente, para T1, T2, T3 e T4. Além desses, T5-milho em monocultivo e T6-milho em monocultivo + N. Os tratamentos para o experimento 2 foram: C. juncea semeada: sete dias antes, simultaneamente com, aos sete e aos 14 dias após a cultura do milho, respectivamente para TA, TB, TC e TD. Além desses, TE-milho em monocultivo e TF-milho em monocultivo + N. Para T1, T2, TA e TB a C. juncea foi roçada aproximadamente 30 dias após a emergência e sua palhada utilizada como fonte de N para o milho; já para T3, T4, T6, TC, TD e TF foi utilizada a torta de mamona como fonte de N. Na primavera-verão, em T2, a produção de grãos do cereal não diferiu da produção do monocultivo com adubação nitrogenada, com reflexo positivo no balanço econômico. No outono-inverno, a presença do adubo verde semeado 14 dias após o milho resultou em benefícios ao sistema. A C. juncea, quando cultivada na primavera-verão, apresentou potencial para fornecer N ao milho como alternativa à adubação nitrogenada de cobertura. ABSTRACT The search for more sustainable production systems is a necessary challenge. We evaluated different modes of corn and Crotalaria juncea L. intercropping management that enables to optimize the in situ biomass production, without compromising the cereal productive potential. Experiments were carried out at different times: spring/summer (experiment 1) and autumn/winter (experiment 2), in Seropédica - RJ, Brazil. The treatments for experiment 1 were: C. juncea sown seven days before, simultaneously, and 14, and 28 days after corn sowing, respectively for T1, T2, T3, and T4, besides T5-corn monoculture and T6-corn monoculture + nitrogen. The treatments for experiment 2 were: C. juncea sown seven days before, simultaneously, and seven and 14 days after corn sowing, respectively for TA, TB, TC, and TD, in addition to TE-corn in monoculture and TF-corn in monoculture + N. For T1, T2, TA, and TB, C. juncea was mowed approximately 30 days after emergence and its straw was used as nitrogen source for corn; for T3, T4, T6, TC, TD, and TF, castor bean pie was used as nitrogen source. In the spring/summer crop, in T2, the cereal grain production did not differ from monoculture with nitrogen fertilization, with a positive effect on the economic balance. In the autumn/winter crop, the presence of green manure sowed 14 days after corn resulted in benefits to the system. Crotalaria juncea cultivated in the summer presented potential to supply Nitrogen to corn as an alternative for nitrogen fertilization.

In this study dairy farming activities in Turkey are employed to prove that small-scale agricultural production is disappearing rapidly due to costly investment and mechanization needs. For that purpose the cost structure and the investment needs in starting a dairy farm are analyzed. The results show that the capital requirements of building a dairy farm with optimal capacity are hard to reach for small farmers unless a system of marketing and production agricultural cooperatives and/or institutions are organized.