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2. Infection–nutrition feedbacks: fat supports pathogen clearance but pathogens reduce fat in a wild mammal.

Author

Smiley, Rachel A., Wagler, Brittany L., Edwards, William H., Jennings-Gaines, Jessica, Luukkonen, Katie, Robbins, Kara, Johnson, Marguerite, Courtemanch, Alyson B., Mong, Tony W., Lutz, Daryl, McWhirter, Doug, Malmberg, Jennifer L., Lowrey, Blake, and Monteith, Kevin L.

Subjects
*BIGHORN sheep, *POPULATION dynamics, *RESPIRATORY infections, *FAT, *MYCOPLASMA
Abstract

Though far less obvious than direct effects (clinical disease or mortality), the indirect influences of pathogens are difficult to estimate but may hold fitness consequences. Here, we disentangle the directional relationships between infection and energetic reserves, evaluating the hypotheses that energetic reserves influence infection status of the host and that infection elicits costs to energetic reserves. Using repeated measures of fat reserves and infection status in individual bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, we documented that fat influenced ability to clear pathogens (Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae) and infection with respiratory pathogens was costly to fat reserves. Costs of infection approached, and in some instances exceeded, costs of rearing offspring to independence in terms of reductions to fat reserves. Fat influenced probability of clearing pathogens, pregnancy and over-winter survival; from an energetic perspective, an animal could survive for up to 23 days on the amount of fat that was lost to high levels of infection. Cost of pathogens may amplify trade-offs between reproduction and survival. In the absence of an active outbreak, the influence of resident pathogens often is overlooked. Nevertheless, the energetic burden of pathogens likely has consequences for fitness and population dynamics, especially when food resources are insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. PATHOLOGY OF CHRONIC MYCOPLASMA OVIPNEUMONIAE CARRIERS IN A DECLINING BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS) POPULATION.

Author

Malmberg, Jennifer L., Allen, Samantha E., Jennings-Gaines, Jessica E., Johnson, Marguerite, Luukkonen, Katie L., Robbins, Kara M., Cornish, Todd E., Smiley, Rachel A., Wagler, Brittany L., Gregory, Zach, Lutz, Daryl, Hnilicka, Pat, Monteith, Kevin L., and Edwards, William H.

Abstract

Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) across North America commonly experience population-limiting epizootics of respiratory disease. Although many cases of bighorn sheep pneumonia are polymicrobial, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is most frequently associated with all-age mortality events followed by years of low recruitment. Chronic carriage of M. ovipneumoniae by adult females serves as a source of exposure of naïve juveniles; relatively few ewes may be responsible for maintenance of infection within a herd. Test-and-remove strategies focused on removal of adult females with evidence of persistent or intermittent shedding (hereafter chronic carriers) may reduce prevalence and mitigate mortality. Postmortem confirmation of pneumonia in chronic carriers has been inadequately reported and the pathology has not been thoroughly characterized, limiting our understanding of important processes shaping the epidemiology of pneumonia in bighorn sheep. Here we document postmortem findings and characterize the lesions of seven ewes removed from a declining bighorn sheep population in Wyoming, USA, following at least two antemortem detections of M. ovipneumoniae within a 14-mo period. We confirmed that 6/7 (85.7%) had variable degrees of chronic pneumonia. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae was detected in the lung of 4/7 (57.1%) animals postmortem. Four (57.1%) had paranasal sinus masses, all of which were classified as inflammatory, hyperplastic lesions. Pasteurella multocida was detected in all seven (100%) animals, while Trueperella pyogenes was detected in 5/7 (71.4%). Our findings indicate that not all chronic carriers have pneumonia, nor do all have detectable M. ovipneumoniae in the lung. Further, paranasal sinus masses are a common but inconsistent finding, and whether sinus lesions predispose to persistence or result from chronic carriage remains unclear. Our findings indicate that disease is variable in chronic M. ovipneumoniae carriers, underscoring the need for further efforts to characterize pathologic processes and underlying mechanisms in this system to inform management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

Author

Tucker, Marlee A., primary, Schipper, Aafke M., additional, Adams, Tempe S. F., additional, Attias, Nina, additional, Avgar, Tal, additional, Babic, Natarsha L., additional, Barker, Kristin J., additional, Bastille-Rousseau, Guillaume, additional, Behr, Dominik M., additional, Belant, Jerrold L., additional, Beyer, Dean E., additional, Blaum, Niels, additional, Blount, J. David, additional, Bockmühl, Dirk, additional, Pires Boulhosa, Ricardo Luiz, additional, Brown, Michael B., additional, Buuveibaatar, Bayarbaatar, additional, Cagnacci, Francesca, additional, Calabrese, Justin M., additional, Černe, Rok, additional, Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon, additional, Chan, Aung Nyein, additional, Chase, Michael J., additional, Chaval, Yannick, additional, Chenaux-Ibrahim, Yvette, additional, Cherry, Seth G., additional, Ćirović, Duško, additional, Çoban, Emrah, additional, Cole, Eric K., additional, Conlee, Laura, additional, Courtemanch, Alyson, additional, Cozzi, Gabriele, additional, Davidson, Sarah C., additional, DeBloois, Darren, additional, Dejid, Nandintsetseg, additional, DeNicola, Vickie, additional, Desbiez, Arnaud L. J., additional, Douglas-Hamilton, Iain, additional, Drake, David, additional, Egan, Michael, additional, Eikelboom, Jasper A.J., additional, Fagan, William F., additional, Farmer, Morgan J., additional, Fennessy, Julian, additional, Finnegan, Shannon P., additional, Fleming, Christen H., additional, Fournier, Bonnie, additional, Fowler, Nicholas L., additional, Gantchoff, Mariela G., additional, Garnier, Alexandre, additional, Gehr, Benedikt, additional, Geremia, Chris, additional, Goheen, Jacob R., additional, Hauptfleisch, Morgan L., additional, Hebblewhite, Mark, additional, Heim, Morten, additional, Hertel, Anne G., additional, Heurich, Marco, additional, Hewison, A. J. Mark, additional, Hodson, James, additional, Hoffman, Nicholas, additional, Hopcraft, J. Grant C., additional, Huber, Djuro, additional, Isaac, Edmund J., additional, Janik, Karolina, additional, Ježek, Miloš, additional, Johansson, Örjan, additional, Jordan, Neil R., additional, Kaczensky, Petra, additional, Kamaru, Douglas N., additional, Kauffman, Matthew J., additional, Kautz, Todd M., additional, Kays, Roland, additional, Kelly, Allicia P., additional, Kindberg, Jonas, additional, Krofel, Miha, additional, Kusak, Josip, additional, Lamb, Clayton T., additional, LaSharr, Tayler N., additional, Leimgruber, Peter, additional, Leitner, Horst, additional, Lierz, Michael, additional, Linnell, John D.C., additional, Lkhagvaja, Purevjav, additional, Long, Ryan A., additional, López-Bao, José Vicente, additional, Loretto, Matthias-Claudio, additional, Marchand, Pascal, additional, Martin, Hans, additional, Martinez, Lindsay A., additional, McBride, Roy T., additional, McLaren, Ashley A.D., additional, Meisingset, Erling, additional, Melzheimer, Joerg, additional, Merrill, Evelyn H., additional, Middleton, Arthur D., additional, Monteith, Kevin L., additional, Moore, Seth A., additional, Van Moorter, Bram, additional, Morellet, Nicolas, additional, Morrison, Thomas, additional, Müller, Rebekka, additional, Mysterud, Atle, additional, Noonan, Michael J, additional, O’Connor, David, additional, Olson, Daniel, additional, Olson, Kirk A., additional, Ortega, Anna C., additional, Ossi, Federico, additional, Panzacchi, Manuela, additional, Patchett, Robert, additional, Patterson, Brent R., additional, de Paula, Rogerio Cunha, additional, Payne, John, additional, Peters, Wibke, additional, Petroelje, Tyler R., additional, Pitcher, Benjamin J., additional, Pokorny, Boštjan, additional, Poole, Kim, additional, Potočnik, Hubert, additional, Poulin, Marie-Pier, additional, Pringle, Robert M., additional, Prins, Herbert H.T., additional, Ranc, Nathan, additional, Reljić, Slaven, additional, Robb, Benjamin, additional, Röder, Ralf, additional, Rolandsen, Christer M., additional, Rutz, Christian, additional, Salemgareyev, Albert R., additional, Samelius, Gustaf, additional, Sayine-Crawford, Heather, additional, Schooler, Sarah, additional, Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., additional, Selva, Nuria, additional, Semenzato, Paola, additional, Sergiel, Agnieszka, additional, Sharma, Koustubh, additional, Shawler, Avery L., additional, Signer, Johannes, additional, Silovský, Václav, additional, Silva, João Paulo, additional, Simon, Richard, additional, Smiley, Rachel A., additional, Smith, Douglas W., additional, Solberg, Erling J., additional, Ellis-Soto, Diego, additional, Spiegel, Orr, additional, Stabach, Jared, additional, Stacy-Dawes, Jenna, additional, Stahler, Daniel R., additional, Stephenson, John, additional, Stewart, Cheyenne, additional, Strand, Olav, additional, Sunde, Peter, additional, Svoboda, Nathan J., additional, Swart, Jonathan, additional, Thompson, Jeffrey J., additional, Toal, Katrina L., additional, Uiseb, Kenneth, additional, VanAcker, Meredith C., additional, Velilla, Marianela, additional, Verzuh, Tana L., additional, Wachter, Bettina, additional, Wagler, Brittany L., additional, Whittington, Jesse, additional, Wikelski, Martin, additional, Wilmers, Christopher C., additional, Wittemyer, George, additional, Young, Julie K., additional, Zięba, Filip, additional, Zwijacz-Kozica, Tomasz, additional, Huijbregts, Mark A. J., additional, and Mueller, Thomas, additional

Published
2023
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6. Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns

Author

Tucker, Marlee A., Schipper, Aafke M., Adams, Tempe S. F., Attias, Nina, Avgar, Tal, Babic, Natarsha L., Barker, Kristin J., Bastille-Rousseau, Guillaume, Behr, Dominik M., Belant, Jerrold L., Beyer, Dean E., Blaum, Niels, Blount, J. David, Bockmühl, Dirk, Pires Boulhosa, Ricardo Luiz, Brown, Michael B., Buuveibaatar, Bayarbaatar, Cagnacci, Francesca, Calabrese, Justin M., Černe, Rok, Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon, Chan, Aung Nyein, Chase, Michael J., Chaval, Yannick, Chenaux-Ibrahim, Yvette, Cherry, Seth G., Ćirović, Duško, Çoban, Emrah, Cole, Eric K., Conlee, Laura, Courtemanch, Alyson, Cozzi, Gabriele, Davidson, Sarah C., DeBloois, Darren, Dejid, Nandintsetseg, DeNicola, Vickie, Desbiez, Arnaud L. J., Douglas-Hamilton, Iain, Drake, David, Egan, Michael, Eikelboom, Jasper A.J., Fagan, William F., Farmer, Morgan J., Fennessy, Julian, Finnegan, Shannon P., Fleming, Christen H., Fournier, Bonnie, Fowler, Nicholas L., Gantchoff, Mariela G., Garnier, Alexandre, Gehr, Benedikt, Geremia, Chris, Goheen, Jacob R., Hauptfleisch, Morgan L., Hebblewhite, Mark, Heim, Morten, Hertel, Anne G., Heurich, Marco, Hewison, A. J. Mark, Hodson, James, Hoffman, Nicholas, Hopcraft, J. Grant C., Huber, Djuro, Isaac, Edmund J., Janik, Karolina, Ježek, Miloš, Johansson, Örjan, Jordan, Neil R., Kaczensky, Petra, Kamaru, Douglas N., Kauffman, Matthew J., Kautz, Todd M., Kays, Roland, Kelly, Allicia P., Kindberg, Jonas, Krofel, Miha, Kusak, Josip, Lamb, Clayton T., LaSharr, Tayler N., Leimgruber, Peter, Leitner, Horst, Lierz, Michael, Linnell, John D.C., Lkhagvaja, Purevjav, Long, Ryan A., López-Bao, José Vicente, Loretto, Matthias-Claudio, Marchand, Pascal, Martin, Hans, Martinez, Lindsay A., McBride, Roy T., McLaren, Ashley A.D., Meisingset, Erling, Melzheimer, Joerg, Merrill, Evelyn H., Middleton, Arthur D., Monteith, Kevin L., Moore, Seth A., Van Moorter, Bram, Morellet, Nicolas, Morrison, Thomas, Müller, Rebekka, Mysterud, Atle, Noonan, Michael J, O’Connor, David, Olson, Daniel, Olson, Kirk A., Ortega, Anna C., Ossi, Federico, Panzacchi, Manuela, Patchett, Robert, Patterson, Brent R., de Paula, Rogerio Cunha, Payne, John, Peters, Wibke, Petroelje, Tyler R., Pitcher, Benjamin J., Pokorny, Boštjan, Poole, Kim, Potočnik, Hubert, Poulin, Marie-Pier, Pringle, Robert M., Prins, Herbert H.T., Ranc, Nathan, Reljić, Slaven, Robb, Benjamin, Röder, Ralf, Rolandsen, Christer M., Rutz, Christian, Salemgareyev, Albert R., Samelius, Gustaf, Sayine-Crawford, Heather, Schooler, Sarah, Şekercioğlu, Çağan H., Selva, Nuria, Semenzato, Paola, Sergiel, Agnieszka, Sharma, Koustubh, Shawler, Avery L., Signer, Johannes, Silovský, Václav, Silva, João Paulo, Simon, Richard, Smiley, Rachel A., Smith, Douglas W., Solberg, Erling J., Ellis-Soto, Diego, Spiegel, Orr, Stabach, Jared, Stacy-Dawes, Jenna, Stahler, Daniel R., Stephenson, John, Stewart, Cheyenne, Strand, Olav, Sunde, Peter, Svoboda, Nathan J., Swart, Jonathan, Thompson, Jeffrey J., Toal, Katrina L., Uiseb, Kenneth, VanAcker, Meredith C., Velilla, Marianela, Verzuh, Tana L., Wachter, Bettina, Wagler, Brittany L., Whittington, Jesse, Wikelski, Martin, Wilmers, Christopher C., Wittemyer, George, Young, Julie K., Zięba, Filip, Zwijacz-Kozica, Tomasz, Huijbregts, Mark A. J., Mueller, Thomas, National Geographic Society, University of St Andrews. School of Biology, University of St Andrews. Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, and University of St Andrews. Centre for Social Learning & Cognitive Evolution

Subjects
MCC, QL, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, DAS, QL Zoology, AC
Abstract

Funding: This article is a contribution of the COVID-19 Bio-Logging Initiative, which is funded in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF9881) and the National Geographic Society (NGS-82515R-20) (both grants to C.R.). COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals’ 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12% and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide. Postprint

Published
2023

7. Implications of forage quality for population recovery of bighorn sheep following a pneumonia epizootic.

Author

Wagler, Brittany L., Smiley, Rachel A., Courtemanch, Alyson B., Lutz, Daryl, McWhirter, Doug, Brimeyer, Doug, Hnilicka, Patrick, Robinson, Timothy J., and Monteith, Kevin L.

Subjects
*BIGHORN sheep, *POPULATION dynamics, *PNEUMONIA, *SPECIES diversity, *NUTRITIONAL status, *HABITATS, *FORAGE plants
Abstract

Animals are inherently tied to nutritional resources of the landscape. Added cost of coping with environmental stressors, like disease, can exacerbate nutritional limitations. Pneumonia, a respiratory disease caused primarily by bacterial pathogens, has caused massive declines in populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) throughout western North America. Nevertheless, population dynamics following a pneumonia epizootic vary across populations, which has spawned the idea that ecological conditions may play a role in regulating populations after a die‐off. We used 2 bighorn sheep populations with contrasting dynamics to test the hypothesis that habitat quality on summer range affects population dynamics following a pneumonia epizootic. We sampled over 700 vegetation transects and quantified nutrient content of 2,093 forage samples of 127 genera on summer ranges to compare habitat quality (macro‐ and micronutrients in forage, biomass, plant cover, and species diversity) between the ranges. The population exhibiting growth, higher recruitment, and better nutritional condition had over double the herbaceous biomass in their core foraging areas in summer than the population exhibiting decline, lower recruitment, and poorer nutritional status. The population experiencing growth also had more macro‐ and micronutrients available on their summer range as a function of higher biomass along with higher species diversity. Although winter range often is considered the nutritional bottleneck for ungulates, we demonstrate that the conditions of summer range can have consequences for population dynamics. Habitat quality should be incorporated when considering management objectives and population recovery of large herbivores in the presence of disease; interactions between habitat quality and population dynamics still apply and likely are amplified with additional stressors like disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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8. Heterogeneity in risk‐sensitive allocation of somatic reserves in a long‐lived mammal

Author

Smiley, Rachel A., primary, Wagler, Brittany L., additional, LaSharr, Tayler N., additional, Denryter, Kristin A., additional, Stephenson, Thomas R., additional, Courtemanch, Alyson B., additional, Mong, Tony W., additional, Lutz, Daryl, additional, McWhirter, Doug, additional, Brimeyer, Doug, additional, Hnilicka, Patrick, additional, Lowrey, Blake, additional, and Monteith, Kevin L., additional

Published
2022
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9. Biomarkers of Animal Nutrition: From Seasonal to Lifetime Indicators of Environmental Conditions

Author

Smiley, Rachel A., primary, LaSharr, Tayler N., additional, Abernathy, Heather N., additional, Shakeri, Yasaman N., additional, Levine, Rebecca L., additional, Rankins, Seth T., additional, Jakopak, Rhiannon P., additional, Rafferty, Rebekah T., additional, Kolek, Jaron T., additional, Wagler, Brittany L., additional, Dwinnell, Samantha P. H., additional, Robinson, Timothy J., additional, Randall, Jill E., additional, Kaiser, Rusty C., additional, Thonhoff, Mark, additional, Scurlock, Brandon, additional, Fieseler, Troy, additional, Fralick, Gary L., additional, and Monteith, Kevin L., additional

Published
2022
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10. Effects of helicopter net‐gunning on survival of bighorn sheep

Author

Wagler, Brittany L., primary, Smiley, Rachel A., additional, Courtemanch, Alyson B., additional, Anderson, Gregory, additional, Lutz, Daryl, additional, McWhirter, Doug, additional, Brimeyer, Doug, additional, Hnilicka, Patrick, additional, Massing, Cody P., additional, German, David W., additional, Stephenson, Thomas R., additional, and Monteith, Kevin L., additional

Published
2022
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11. EXTENDING BODY CONDITION SCORING BEYOND MEASUREABLE RUMP FAT TO ESTIMATE FULL RANGE OF NUTRITIONAL CONDITION FOR MOOSE.

Author

Levine, Rebecca L., Smiley, Rachel A., Jesmer, Brett R., Oates, Brendan A., Goheen, Jacob R., Stephenson, Thomas R., Kauffman, Matthew J., Fralick, Gary L., and Monteith, Kevin L.

Subjects
*MOOSE, *FAT, *VITAL statistics, *UNGULATES, *LEANNESS
Abstract

Moose (Alces alces) populations along the southern extent of their range are largely declining, and there is growing evidence that nutritional condition -- which influences several vital rates - is a contributing factor. Moose body condition can presently be estimated only when there is measurable subcutaneous rump fat, which equates to animals with >6% ingesta-free body fat (IFBFat). There is need for a technique to allow body fat estimation of animals in poorer body condition (i.e., <6% body fat). We advance current methods for moose, following those used and validated with other ungulate species, by establishing a moose-specific body condition score (BCS) that can be used to estimate IFBFat in the lower range of condition. Our modified BCS was related strongly (r² = 0.89) to IFBFat estimates based on measurable rump fat. By extending the predicted relationship to individuals without measurable fat, the BCS equated severe emaciation with 0.67% IFBFat, supporting the accuracy of the method. The lower end of nutritional condition is important for identifying relationships involving life-history characteristics because most state-dependent changes occur at lower levels of condition. Therefore, until the BCS can be validated with moose carcasses, we believe our method to estimate body fat across the full range of condition should yield better understanding of the drivers underlying declining moose populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022

12. ADVERTISING AVOIDANCE AND DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDERS.

Author

Smiley, Rachel and McClung, Steven

Subjects
SURVEYS, TELEVISION advertising, DIGITAL video recorders, TELEVISION programs, COMMERCIAL broadcasting
Abstract

The article reports on a survey conducted at Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida to study the use of Digital Video Recorders (DVR) by students to avoid television advertising. It is inferred that the use of DVR will cause a problem to advertising industry as people who own DVRs will record programs and then avoid advertisements when they appear. It was found that most participants consider advertising a necessary part of economy.

Published
2006

13. Grey Lit Tutorials.

Author

Smiley, Rachel, Davis, Sarah, and Rabina, Debbie

Subjects
*GREY literature, *INFORMATION science, *LIBRARY science
Published
2014

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