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9. Effect of sublethal concentrations of the bioinsecticide spinosyn treatment of Trichoplusia ni eggs on the caterpillar and its parasitoid, Trichogramma brassicae.

Author

Smith, Ryan J, Chen, Yinting, Lafleur, Christine Isabelle, Kaur, Diljot, and Bede, Jacqueline C

Subjects
PLASMODIOPHORA brassicae, INSECTICIDES, TRICHOGRAMMA, INTEGRATED pest control, EGGS, CATERPILLARS, AGRICULTURAL pests
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) seeks to combine multiple management strategies for optimal pest control. One method that is successfully employed in IPM is the use of beneficial organisms. However, in severe circumstances when pest insects exceed threshold limits, insecticides may still need to be implemented. Thus, understanding the effects of insecticides on biocontrol agents, such as parasitoid wasps, is paramount to ensure sustainable agroecosystems. Sublethal effects of the bioinsecticide spinosyn, a mixture of the bacterial Saccharopolyspora spinosa (Mertz and Yao) fermentation products spinosyn A and D, on eggs of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), a cruciferous crop pest, and its egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) was investigated. RESULTS: The LC50 for spinosyn A and D (dissolved in ethanol) on T. ni eggs is 54 ng mL−1. Transcriptomics on caterpillars (1st and 3rd instars) that hatched from eggs treated with sublethal concentrations of spinosyn identified the upregulation of several genes encoding proteins that may be involved in insecticide resistance including detoxification enzymes, such as cytochrome P450s, glutathione S‐transferases and esterases. Sublethal T. ni egg treatments did not affect parasitoid emergence, however, there was a marked increase in the size of T. brassicae hind tibia and wings that emerged from spinosyn‐treated eggs. CONCLUSIONS: For the caterpillar, treatment of eggs with sublethal concentrations of spinosyn may induce insecticide resistance mechanisms. For the parasitoids, their increased size when reared in spinosyn‐treated eggs suggests that the emerged wasps may have higher performance. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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17. Case Report: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as a Single Agent in the Treatment of Metastatic Cervical Cancer

Author

Anipindi, Manasa, Smith, Ryan J., and Gilani, Madiha

Subjects
Cancer Research, Oncology
Abstract

The incidence of cervical cancer has decreased in recent years due to widespread vaccination and routine screenings. It can be treated successfully, and the prognosis is also excellent if detected early. However, the 5-year survival rate for patients with stage IV cervical cancer is only 17% even with aggressive systemic chemotherapy. With the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s approval of immunotherapy, the prognosis has improved. We present a patient with stage IV cervical cancer who could not tolerate platinum-based chemotherapy and bevacizumab, so she was started on an immune checkpoint inhibitor, as her tumor was 100% programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) positive. She survived more than 2 years since the diagnosis of stage IV cervical cancer without any significant side effects. Based on our patient’s response, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors as a single agent needs further research and probably can be considered in patients with stage 4 cervical cancer who cannot tolerate standard chemotherapy.

Published
2022

18. Comparison of Outcomes Following Glaucoma Drainage Tube Surgery Between Primary and Secondary Glaucomas, and Between Phakic and Pseudophakic eyes

Author

Dawson, Emily F., primary, Culpepper, Brady E., additional, Bolch, Charlotte A., additional, Nguyen, Phuong T., additional, Meyer, Alissa M., additional, Rodgers, Cooper D., additional, Wilson, Mary Kate, additional, Smith, Ryan J., additional, Rosenberg, Nicole C., additional, Blake, C. Richard, additional, and Sherwood, Mark B., additional

Published
2021
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22. Comparison of Outcomes of Glaucoma Drainage Implant Surgery With or Without Prior Failed Trabeculectomy

Author

Dawson, Emily F., primary, Rosenberg, Nicole C., additional, Meyer, Alissa M., additional, Culpepper, Brady E., additional, Bolch, Charlotte A., additional, Wilson, Mary K., additional, Nguyen, Phuong T., additional, Rodgers, Cooper D., additional, Smith, Ryan J., additional, Blake, Charles R., additional, and Sherwood, Mark B., additional

Published
2021
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31. Radionuclide Therapies: An Overview of Applications.

Author

Smith, Ryan J. and Burpee, David

Subjects
RADIOISOTOPE therapy, THYROID diseases, RADIOEMBOLIZATION, CONTINUING education units, BONE metastasis, NUCLEAR medicine, HEPATOCELLULAR carcinoma, PROSTATE tumors
Abstract

Radionuclide therapies have shown to be an effective treatment for certain types of cancer and other disorders. When determining the appropriate course of treatment, various factors are considered. This article discusses indications and procedures for certain radionuclide therapies including radioiodine for thyroid disorders, radioimmunotherapy, theranostics, and radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021

32. US of the Portal Vein

Author

Al-Turaihi, Zahraa, Simon, Matthew, Smith, Ryan J., and Horrow, Mindy M.

Abstract

Evaluation of the portal vein requires use of gray-scale, color, and spectral Doppler US to document velocity and flow direction, detect features indicative of portal hypertension or bland and tumor thrombus, and monitor transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt functionality.

Published
2024
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40. Synthesis, structure, and function of internally functionalized dendrimers

Author

Smith, Ryan J., Gorman, Christopher, and Menegatti, Stefano

Abstract

The past three decades have witnessed an exponential increase in the structural diversity and applications of dendrimers, spanning across drug delivery and diagnostics, protein, and enzyme mimicry, solubility enhancement, coatings, light harvesting, and catalysis. The dendrimer community has recently focused on internally functionalized dendrimers (IFDs) owing to their advanced design and functionality. The synthesis of IFDs relies on advanced orthogonal chemistries and/or (de)protection schemes, as well as careful purification to minimize polydispersity of composition and molecular weight. The studies published on IFDs, however, lay scattered across the chemical literature, and a comprehensive presentation of structural rationale, synthetic procedures, and technologically relevant applications is missing. To address this need, this review presents a comprehensive collection and discussion of all available studies on IFDs, detailing their methods of synthesis and their structure–function correlations. The wide variety of internal functionalities, including hydroxyl, amine, carboxylic acid, allyl, alkyne, and imidazole groups, enables myriad applications in biochemistry, chemical and biomedical engineering, and material science. Particular focus is given to IFDs that are amenable to modular synthetic strategies, which promote higher synthetic yield and scalability, and therefore possess stronger translational and commercial potential. As such, this review guides research groups pursuing the difficult task of IFD rational design and synthesis providing them a concise roadmap to their mission. Internally functionalized dendrimers (IFDs) represent an exiguous, yet highly advanced and fecund class of dendrimer chemistry. A comprehensive presentation of structural rationale, synthetic procedures, and technologically relevant applications of IFDs is currently missing in literature. To address this need, this review presents a collection and discussion of all available studies on IFDs, detailing the methods of synthesis and, when available, structure–function correlations. The wide variety of internal functionalities enables myriad applications in biochemistry, chemistry, engineering, and material science.

Published
2021
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47. Environmentally Benign Halloysite Nanotube Multilayer Assembly Significantly Reduces Polyurethane Flammability.

Author

Smith, Ryan J., Holder, Kevin M., Ruiz, Sofia, Hahn, Wyatt, Song, Yixuan, Lvov, Yuri M., and Grunlan, Jaime C.

Subjects
*HALLOYSITE, *NANOTUBES, *MOLECULAR self-assembly, *POLYURETHANES, *CHEMICAL reduction
Abstract

Abstract: In an effort to develop a more environmentally benign flame retardant for polyurethane foam (PUF), layers of halloysite clay nanotubes (HNT) stabilized by branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) are deposited from aqueous suspensions to create multilayered nanocomposite coatings. PUF is very flammable and widely used in upholstered furniture throughout the world. Foam treated with five BPEI‐HNT/PAA‐HNT bilayers, deposited using layer‐by‐layer assembly, is rendered self‐extinguishing in open flame testing. Cone calorimetry reveals that this coating reduces the peak heat release rate (pkHRR) by 62%. Due to the tubular morphology of HNT, small volatile gasses given off during combustion are trapped, so total smoke release (TSR) is reduced by 60%. Infrared spectroscopy suggests this multilayer film survives during combustion, forming an HNT‐rich barrier that prevents mass and energy transfer during open flame testing and calorimetry. The significant reductions in pkHRR and TSR, along with the self‐extinguishing behavior, indicate that these halloysite‐based multilayer films have the potential to greatly improve PUF fire safety. The low cost and natural abundance of HNT makes this technology especially amenable to widespread use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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