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Managing forests and forest products has substantial potential to help mitigate climate change but the cost has not been extensively examined in Canada. We estimated the cost of seven forest-related mitigation strategies in Canada's 230 million hectares of managed forest, divided into 32 spatial units. For each strategy and spatial unit, we determined forest sector mitigation cost per tonne (t) using estimated impacts on forest sector greenhouse gas emissions and removals and net revenue. National cost curves showed that mitigation averaged 11.0 Mt C[O.sub.2]e x [year.sup.-1] in 2015-2050 at costs below $50 x t C[O.sub.2]e x [year.sup.-1] for a strategy of increased recovery of harvested biomass, increased salvage, extraction of harvest residues for bioenergy, and increased production of longer lived products. We also examined national portfolios in which the strategy selected for each spatial unit (from among the seven examined) was chosen to maximize mitigation or minimize costs. At low levels of mitigation, portfolios chosen to minimize costs were much cheaper than those that maximized mitigation, but overall, they yielded less than half the total mitigation of the latter portfolios. Choosing strategies to maximize mitigation in 2015-2050 yielded an average of 16.5 Mt-year-1 at costs below $50 x t C[O.sub.2]e x [year.sup.-1]. Our analysis suggests that forest-related strategies may be cost-effective choices to help achieve long-term emission reductions in Canada. Key words: Canada, cost, climate change mitigation, forest management, harvested wood products. L'amenagement des forets et les produits forestiers ont un potentiel considerable pour attenuer les changements climatiques, mais au Canada peu d'etudes ont examine les couts associes a ces mesures. Nous avons estime le cout de sept strategies d'attenuation en milieu forestier dans les 230 millions d'hectares de forets amenagees du Canada divisees en 32 unites spatiales. Pour chaque strategie et chaque unite spatiale, nous avons determine le cout par tonne (t) de l'attenuation due au secteur forestier en ayant recours a l'estimation des impacts sur l'emission et l'absorption de gaz a effet de serre et sur le revenu net associes au secteur forestier. Selon les courbes de cout nationales, le niveau d'attenuation atteindrait en moyenne 11,0 Mt eq. C[O.sub.2] x [an.sup.-1] de 2015 a 2050 a un cout de moins de 50 $-t eq. [C[O.sub.2].sup.-1] pour une strategie qui inclut la recuperation accrue de la biomasse recoltee, une plus grande recuperation, la recolte des residus forestiers pour la bioenergie et une augmentation de la production de produits qui ont une plus longue duree de vie. Nous avons aussi evalue les portefeuilles nationaux dans lesquels la strategie selectionnee pour chaque unite spatiale (parmi les sept strategies etudiees) a ete choisie pour maximiser l'attenuation et minimiser les couts. Pour des niveaux d'attenuation faibles, les portefeuilles qui ont ete retenus pour minimiser les couts etaient beaucoup moins dispendieux que ceux qui maximisaient l'attenuation, mais globalement ils ont produit moins de la moitie de l'attenuation totale. Choisir des strategies qui maximisent l'attenuation de 2015 a 2050 entrainerait une reduction moyenne des emissions de 16,5 Mt x [an.sup.-1] a un cout de moins de 50 $-t eq. [C[O.sub.2].sup.-1]. Notre analyse indique que les strategies en lien avec le secteur forestier peuvent etre des choix rentables pour atteindre les objectifs a long terme de reduction des emissions au Canada. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: Canada, cout, attenuation des changements climatiques, amenagement forestier, recolte de produits forestiers., 1. Introduction Management of forests and forest products has substantial global potential to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or increasing carbon sequestration (Barker et al. 2007; [...]

Managing forests to increase carbon sequestration or reduce carbon emissions and using wood products and bioenergy to store carbon and substitute for other emission-intensive products and fossil fuel energy have been considered effective ways to tackle climate change in many countries and regions. The objective of this study is to examine the climate change mitigation potential of the forest sector by developing and assessing potential mitigation strategies and portfolios with various goals in British Columbia (BC), Canada. From a systems perspective, mitigation potentials of five individual strategies and their combinations were examined with regionally differentiated implementations of changes. We also calculated cost curves for the strategies and explored socio-economic impacts using an input-output model. Our results showed a wide range of mitigation potentials and that both the magnitude and the timing of mitigation varied across strategies. The greatest mitigation potential was achieved by improving the harvest utilization, shifting the commodity mix to longer-lived wood products, and using harvest residues for bioenergy. The highest cumulative mitigation of 421 MtCOe for BC was estimated when employing the strategy portfolio that maximized domestic mitigation during 2017-2050, and this would contribute 35% of BC's greenhouse gas emission reduction target by 2050 at less than $100/tCOe and provide additional socio-economic benefits. This case study demonstrated the application of an integrated systems approach that tracks carbon stock changes and emissions in forest ecosystems, harvested wood products (HWPs), and the avoidance of emissions through the use of HWPs and is therefore applicable to other countries and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to estimate past and future dynamics of forest carbon pools in South Korea, as classified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance (GPG) and to test the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector 3 (CBM-CFS3). Inventory data required in CBM-CFS3 were extracted from Korea's 3rd Forest Type Map. The site index in the inventory data was estimated through regression models developed using 5th National Forest Inventory (NFI) data with 4000 plots. Necessary yield tables to a stand age of over 100 years, stratified by species, were prepared through the estimation of volume per ha with tree species, site index and stand age. We considered thinning and cutting regulations for sustainable forest management announced by the Korean Forest Service and that the forest area was constant over from 1992 to 2092. We estimated the carbon stocks and their changes of aboveground (AGB) and belowground (BGB) biomass, litter (L), dead wood (DW), and soil organic matter (SOM). Validation was conducted based on the 5th NFI and statistical data. Our results showed that the carbon content of the total forest area increased from 509.7 Tg C to 1007.3 Tg C at a rate of 11.8 Tg C yr-1 during 1992-2034. Results also showed that AGB, BGB, DW, L and SOM changed from 54.6, 30.2, 15.9, 43.6, and 373.9 Tg C in 1992 to 455.6, 100.77, 32.89, 65.46, and 369.2 Tg C in 2034, respectively. However, the amount of forest carbon was projected to decrease due to large increases in harvest rates as most of the forest reaches the legislated cutting age during 2035-2045. Our simulation estimated that by 2045 AGB, BGB, and SOM decreased to 347.8, 78.2, and 368.9 Tg C, respectively, while DW and L increased to 46.8 and 89.1 Tg C, respectively. The carbon content of the total forested area starts to stabilize after 2045 as the annual stand growth gradually decreases. Finally in 2092, the carbon content of AGB, BGB, DW, L, and SOM was estimated as 422.3, 93.9, 31.2, 63.0, and 365.1 Tg C, respectively. Through harvesting, over the 100 year period more than 200 Tg C were transferred from South Korea's forests to meet demands for timber, fiber and energy. Good agreement between model results, NFI data and independent studies, demonstrates the applicability of CBM-CFS3 for estimating past and future forest carbon budgets in South Korean forests and for exploring forest management activity impacts in managed forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]