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Background Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of ischemic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, approximately 20%–40% of cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients aged 18 years who met the universal definition of AMI but excluded those with missing medical records or coronary angiograms. Results In total, 2624 patients with AMI (aged 18–85 years) were included in the study and divided into two groups based on age: ≤45 (n = 1286) and >45 years (n = 1338). Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in patients aged ≤45 years (5.6 ± 2.1 and 3.2 ± 2.1 mmol/L, respectively, P < 0.007) than in those aged >45 years (6.3 ± 1.8 and 3.1 ± 2.0 mmol/L, respectively, P < 0.001). Overall, 1745 and 879 patients were unvaccinated and fully vaccinated, respectively; severe and critical COVID-19 infections were more common among unvaccinated patients in both age groups. Conclusions Younger patients with AMI were more likely to be smokers with no hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or previous AMI. In contrast, they were more likely to have hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, single-vessel disease, Type C lesions, and a history of drug-eluting stent use.

Deep sea is a vast, dark, and difficult-to-access terrain and is now looked upon as a unique niche harboring diverse microorganism. We used a metataxonomic approach to decipher the microbial diversity present in the water column (surface to near bottom), water overlaying the sediments, and the deep-sea sediments (up to 35 cm) from the Indian Contract Region (ICR) in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB). Samples were collected from #IRZ (Impact Reference Zone), #PRZ (Potential Reference Zone), and #BC20 (Control site, outside potential mining area) with an average water depth of 5,200 m. 16S rRNA (V3–V4 region) amplicon sequencing on the MiSeq platform resulted in 942,851 ASVs across 65 water and sediment samples. Higher prokaryotic diversity was observed below 200 m in the water column to the seafloor. Proteobacteria was the most dominant bacterial phylum among all the water samples while Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and, Bacteroidota dominated the sediments. Sediment (below 10 cm) was co-dominated by Firmicutes. Thermoplasmata was the dominant archaeal group in the water column while Crenarchaeota was in the sediments. BC20 was less diverse than IRZ and PRZ. Deep Sea microorganisms could play a vital role in the mineralization processes, nutrient cycling, and also different biogeochemical cycles.

Introduction: Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes, which regulate proinflammatory cytokines, Interleukin-18 (IL-18), and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) that are associated with periodontal breakdown. This study investigated the expression of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) and NOD-like receptor family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) inflammasomes in different periodontal diseases in humans and their potential association with IL-18 release in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Materials and Methods: A total of 45 participants (21 males and 24 females) divided into four groups; periodontally healthy (H), gingivitis (G), chronic periodontitis (CP), and aggressive periodontitis (AgP) based on periodontal examination. NLRC4 and NLRP3 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry in gingival tissue samples for all groups. Expression percentage (%) and staining intensity distribution score (SID) were calculated for both NLRC4 and NLRP3. IL-18 was measured in GCF via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Positive immunoreactivity was seen for NLRC4 and NLRP3 across groups. No differences were found for NLRC4 expression %, but SID scores were slightly higher in G and AgP compared to other groups (P > 0.05). Results showed a significant increase of NRLP3 expression % in group CP compared to group H (P < 0.05) without affecting SID scores (P > 0.05). IL-18 levels were significantly higher in AgP and CP groups compared to H and G groups (P < 0.05). IL-18 significantly and positively correlated with clinical attachment levels across groups. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this preliminary study, we suggest that the NLRC4 platform may have a protective role contrary to the NLRP3 platform influencing IL-18 release and associated periodontal tissue breakdown.