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Simple Summary: This study of the gastric mucosa biopsies of 41 dogs highlighted the endoscopic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings of gastric lymphofollicular hyperplasia (GLFH), emphasizing its frequent occurrence in young French Bulldogs (75.06%). GLFH was associated with glandular atrophy, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, fibrosis, and varying degrees of Helicobacter-like organisms (HLOs) colonization. Immunohistochemistry showed positive Bcl6 and Pax5 B lymphocytes within the germinative center of large follicles, surrounded by CD3+ T lymphocytes, consistent with hyperplastic changes. A significant correlation was observed between the follicle diameter and HLO colonization (p = 0.049) and follicular hyperplasia severity (p < 0.001). These findings contribute to the pathogenesis of GLFH in dogs and underscore the need for further studies on its potential progression to cancer. Gastric lymphofollicular hyperplasia (GLFH) is characterized by large lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria. Its etiology and immunohistochemical characteristics are poorly understood. This study analyzed 41 canine GLFH cases, including clinical, endoscopic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical evaluations. Young French Bulldogs (75.06%) were the most affected. Endoscopically, lymphoid nodules were identified in both the antrum and gastric body. Lymphoid follicle diameters were similar in the gastric body (mean 295.587 μm) and antrum (mean 294.641 μm). Associated lesions included glandular atrophy, lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, and fibrosis. Minimal, moderate, and severe colonization with Helicobacter-like organisms (HLOs) were observed in 20, 6, and 3 cases, respectively. B-cell lymphocytes positive for Bcl6 and Pax5 were localized centrally in large follicles, surrounded by CD3+ T lymphocytes. Small follicles lacked germinal centers and showed mixed T and B lymphocytes. A positive correlation was found between the follicle diameter and both HLOs colonization (p = 0.049) and follicular hyperplasia (p < 0.001). A regression analysis indicated that HLOs colonization and hyperplasia accounted for 42.3% of follicle diameter variance (R2 = 0.423, p < 0.001). Additional studies are required to investigate potential correlations between GLFH and HLOs, as well as to assess the role of this lesion in the progression to neoplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature in this field cites various ubiquitous fungal and bacterial microorganisms as etiologic agents in severely stressed captive alligators and crocodiles. This study reports two cases of Alligator mississippiensis with bacterial and fungal disease. Two adult American alligators have been submitted for post-mortem investigations. Necropsy, cytology (MGG), and histopathology investigations (HE, HEA, PAS, Gram, Giemsa, Ziehl Neelsen) were carried out. Pleural and pericardial swabs were subjected to microbiological examination. The main lesions detected involved the lower respiratory system and were characterized by thoracic serosanguineous effusions, pleural and pulmonary nodules (1 – 80 mm), accompanied by edema. Similar nodules observed also in the liver, spleen and myocardium, suggested a systemic disease. Additionally, cutaneous, gingival and gastrointestinal erosions and ulcers were found. Cytoarchitecture findings in the major organs revealed lymphoid depletion, multifocal to coalescing necrotic areas with coccoid aggregates and rod shaped bacteria intermixing fungal structures, boarded by heterogeneous inflammatory infiltrates, composed by epithelioid macrophages, lymphocytes and heterophils. The microbiological examination revealed the presence of Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, Serratia marcescens, Pantoea agglomerans, Proteus vulgaris, haemolitic and non-haemolitic E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, Rhizopus/Absidia from pleural and pericardial cavities, concluding that death occurred following a bacterial and fungal pneumonia, with secondary spreading of microorganisms. Along with the low immune response, severe stress was the main possible cause, as a result of environmental temperature changes during the winter, as well as other husbandry issues.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has emerged as a promising therapeutic intervention for age-related disorders, including type 2 diabetes. In this study, we confirmed the previously observed effects of NMN treatment on glucose uptake and investigated its underlying mechanisms in various tissues and cell lines. Through the most comprehensive proteomic analysis to date, we discovered a series of novel organ-specific effects responsible for glucose uptake as measured by the IPGTT: adipose tissue growing (suggested by increased protein synthesis and degradation and mTOR proliferation signaling upregulation). Notably, we observed the upregulation of thermogenic UCP1, promoting enhanced glucose conversion to heat in intermuscular adipose tissue while showing a surprising repressive effect on mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle and the brain. Additionally, liver and muscle cells displayed a unique response, characterized by spliceosome downregulation and concurrent upregulation of chaperones, proteasomes, and ribosomes, leading to mildly impaired and energy-inefficient protein synthesis machinery. Furthermore, our findings revealed remarkable metabolic rewiring in the brain. This involved increased production of ketone bodies, downregulation of mitochondrial OXPHOS and TCA cycle components, as well as the induction of well-known fasting-associated effects. Collectively, our data elucidate the multifaceted nature of NMN action, highlighting its organ-specific effects and their role in improving glucose uptake. These findings deepen our understanding of NMN's therapeutic potential and pave the way for novel strategies in managing metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their superior mechanical and chemical properties, titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been widely used as orthopedic implantable devices. However, their bioinertness represents a limitation, which can be overcome by employing various surface modifications, such as TiO2 nanotube (TNT) fabrication via electrochemical anodization. Anodic TNTs present tunable dimensions and unique structures, turning them into feasible drug delivery platforms. In the present work, TNTs were loaded with icariin (Ica) through an adhesive intermediate layer of polydopamine (DP), and their in vitro and in vivo biological performance was evaluated. The successful fabrication of the modified surfaces was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and contact angle measurements (CA), while the in vitro release of Ica was evaluated via UV-VIS spectrophotometry. In terms of in vitro behaviour, comparative studies on RAW 264.7 macrophages demonstrated that the TNT substrates, especially TNT-DP-Ica, elicited a lower inflammatory response compared to the Ti support. Moreover, the in vivo implantation studies evinced generation of a reduced fibrotic capsule around this implant and increased thickness of the newly formed bone tissue at 1 month and 3 months post-implantation, respectively. Overall, our results indicate that the controlled release of Ica from TNT surfaces could result in an improved osseointegration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxicity tests are mandatory preclinical regulatory studies for the authorization of a medicinal product. The testing protocol include a complete analysis of the possible toxic action of the tested product. The most complex and defining analysis is post-mortem histological analysis. Depending on the place of action of the tested product and to avoid the interference of euthanasia methods with the results of analyzes, different euthanasia methods may be chosen. In a study of toxicity in rats for a substance with action on the nervous system, two methods of euthanasia were chosen, namely anesthetic overdose and euthanasia by decapitation with deep sedation of animals. Histological evaluation of the main organs revealed congestion in the analyzed organs regardless of the euthanasia method used in most animals. Diffuse hemorrhage, perivascular edema and pulmonary edema have also been observed. Lesions were identified in both test and control groups, male and female. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the two methods, euthanasia by overdose of anesthetic producing more lesions than decapitation, the latter being considered more appropriate for this type of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) represents a rare type of malignant disease, characterized by neoplastic proliferation of interstitial dendritic cells (iDCs). In rabbits, there are only two previous reports of HS with pulmonary and cutaneous primary localizations. A 2-year-old, male, European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with a clinical history of chronic respiratory distress and progressive weight loss was necropsied. Postmortem examination revealed a gray-white, well-demarcated ovoid mass that deformed the ventral region of the larynx. Similar nodules were identified in both lungs. Histologically, the laryngeal mass and pulmonary nodules were composed of dense sheets of neoplastic histiocytes with marked atypia and multinucleated neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were intensely positive for Iba1, CD1a, and vimentin, occasionally for E-cadherin, and negative for multi-cytokeratin. A diagnosis of laryngeal HS with multiple pulmonary metastases was made. To the authors' knowledge, laryngeal histiocytic tumor has not been previously reported in rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present case study was represented by a captive, adult, female Spheniscus humboldti penguin submitted for post mortem investigations at the Pathological Anatomy Department, from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest. The diagnostic methods included necropsy, microbiology, cytology, histopathology and PCR examination. Necropsy revealed poor body condition and obvious thickened air sacs along with multifocal, coalescing, yellow nodules in multiple organs. Cytology revealed necrotic and inflammatory cells, detritus, bacteria and fungal hyphae and microbiologic examination isolated Aeromonas hydrophila and Candida krusei. Histopathology revealed old and developing multifocal granulomas with a central oxyphilic material and circular disposition surrounded at the periphery by multinucleated giant cells and cellular reactivity. Other lesions identified were interstitial nephritis with glomerulosclerosis, lymphohistiocytic hepatitis. and splenic lymphocyte depletion. Also, protozoan cysts (50-80μ in diameter) were identified in all major tissues, but PCR examination was negative for Toxoplasma gondii. The case of the Humboldt penguin presented multifocal granulomatous inflammations, associated with emaciation, immunosuppression and parasitism and the cause of the death was respiratory insufficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological interface between the host tissue and the medical device used may influence clinical outcomes. Expected effects include osteoinduction, osseointegration, increased vascularity, and mechanical stability. The aim of the study was to evaluate the process of bone regeneration and potential local effects as results of insert implants treated with innovative biomaterials in the intercondylar rat femur. Two groups of rats, Wistar, were created to which titanium implants were applied to the femoral bone. In one of the groups, the titanium implant coated with Poly (3-hydroxybutyric acid-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) polymer microspheres enriched with fibroblast growth factor 2, vascular endothelial growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (VGF2) was inserted and in the other group, the implant was untreated. After 6 weeks of clinical monitoring, rats were euthanized, and the implanted femur was harvested for histological analysis. In this study the data obtained showed that VGF2-treated implants contributed to faster bone regeneration, with favorable local effects, compared to untreated implants in which signs of persistent inflammation were. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the current concerns regarding orthopedic surgery is represented by the associated infections. Studies show that in 80% of human cases, the primary bacterial agent that causes osteomyelitis is Staphylococcus aureus. On the other hand, the epidemiological data claims that coagulase-negative staphylococcus, especially Staphylococcus epidermidis, have emerged as the predominant pathogens of the associated infection due to their ability to develop biofilm. The goal of the study was to induce osteomyelitis in rabbits using bacterial strains isolated from human patients and to optimize the concentration of the two species of staphylococcus capable of reproducing bone infection. The evaluation of the disease installation and the clinical evolution was completed by hematological and histological examinations. Comparing the results, it can be concluded that the MRSA strain is more pathogenic compared to MRSE. In both cases, the rabbit has been shown to be a good experimental model for the reproduction of osteomyelitis that can be used for the development of new treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosis in captivity bird pathology requires, in most cases, gross postmortem examination and is a valuable tool regarding potential zoonosis, improving husbandry conditions or establishing the cause of disease, which, sometimes cannot be completed in live birds by the clinician. The present paper is a study of 35 captivity bird cases, belonging to different species, submitted to postmortem diagnosis at the Department of Pathologic Anatomy, from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest. Results showed that different instruments and multiple approaches for examination and evisceration are required depending on the size of the bird, from ophthalmologic scissors and blades to instruments used in mammal necropsy. Regarding necropsy technique, feather examination showed stress bars for two cases and eight cases of self-mutilation, marking the importance of husbandry conditions. In addition, changes in the air sacs, internal organ topography and modified organ size were revealed in seven cases. Autolysis was present in 10 cases, due to improper or long conservation, compromising diagnosis or histopathologic examination. In conclusion, necropsies of birds kept in captivity require special care and knowledge, both in preparation and during the examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guinea pigs are rodents still used for scientific purposes in experimental models for tuberculosis, diphtheria, vitamin C deficiency, etc. One of the tests to which the guinea pig is widely used is the in vivo test of antigenicity. In this test, the substances are inoculated intravenously onto a previously sensitized guinea pig and analyzed whether the products tested cause anaphylactic shock. Intravenous inoculation is done, according to procedures, 2 times at 7 days in the intravenous penile vein, therefore only males are used. The purpose of the study was to evaluate intravenous inoculation methodology and welfare of guinea pigs by assessing the reaction produced after 3-way intravenous injection, penile vein, auricular vein and safenous vein, in the antigenicity test. The article describes the intravenous inoculation methodology for each route, the clinical health status assessment and the histological evaluation of the inoculated veins. The results obtained show that the safenous vein represents a safe way of intravenous inoculation, both as a technique and as side effects and histopathological lesions, and can be an alternative to the current method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raw dried salamis with noble mould are among Romania's most popular meat food products. The assumption that there might be an unknown side to the structural integrity of the ingredients in such products has developed over time. A physico-chemical analysis was carried out on six salami samples of various brands of the raw dried salamis known as "Salam de Sibiu" and "Salam de Hateg", both available on the retail market. The following parameters were measured: humidity percentage, nitrites content, NaCl content, easily hydrolysable nitrogen, percentage of fat and amount of protein. All samples underwent the histopathologic examination routine procedure with paraffin and HE (haematoxylin and eosin) stain. The values of the integrity parameters comply with the applicable legislation, but vary significantly from a producer to another. The histopathologic examination indicated the presence of animal tissue and plant structures. We consider this examination to be useful in identifying structural non-compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital pericardial diseases are rare in dogs and cats and most part of them were reported as incidental findings on radiography or necropsy examinations. In this case report, a definitive diagnosis of congenital peritoneo-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH) in a three year old male mixed breed dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is described. The dog was referred in relatively shock status with a history of anorexia, dyspnea, cough, abdominal distension, progressive weight loss, but died after conservative treatment was applied. At necropsy examination, a cranial displacement of abdominal viscera (portion of right hepatic lobe) into the pericardial sac was observed, while the pleural space was intact. Supplementary, another dog from the same nest/littermates (3-year-old female), which died in identical conditions was submitted for postmortem investigations and showed no congenital abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exotic bird pathology comprises diseases, both infectious and non-infectious, incompletely studied so far as pathogenetic mechanisms, lesions identified and measures of management. The present study comprises a number of 33 cases of birds kept in captivity belonging to Corvidae, Fringillidae, Psittaculidae, Columbidae, Phasianidae and Apodidae families that were submitted to diagnosis after death of the birds. Out of these, 16 cases presented inflammatory lesions affecting different body organs and tissues. Results revealed frequent gross lesions of the lungs, liver and digestive tract. Histologic examination marked mainly lesions of fibrinous and necrotic pneumonia, necrotic hepatitis and catarrhal enteritis. Three cases were affected by chronic lesions of granulomatous inflammation located mainly in the coelomic cavity and digestive tract. Bacteriologic investigations revealed mostly Gram negative bacteria isolated from the lesions. Most frequent pathogens causing disease in the cases taken into study belonged to Salmonella, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus genera. In conclusion, results of inflammatory lesions revealed by gross and microscopic examination in correlation with microbiologic results represent a further step in evaluation of avian patients and risk of cross-contamination. Frequent affected regions in the body were the lower respiratory tract, liver and intestinal tract, suggestive for the type of contamination with the bacterial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine cutaneous histiocytic proliferative disorders are increasingly seen in general practice and they pose as both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for veterinary clinicians. This study aims to evaluate and describe the epidemiology and morphological features of the histiocytic proliferative disorders in dogs as well as to emphasize the importance of the cytological examination in the diagnostic approach. The study was conducted over a period of 5 years (2008-2012) in the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Bucharest and comprises a total of 130 cases of dogs with cutaneous lesions that had been diagnosed with cutaneous histiocytic proliferative disorders. The cytologically examined samples were obtained by fine needle technique (78%), either with or without aspiration, and by surgical biopsy (22%). The slides were obtained by sliding, imprinting or squeezing and either classical or quick May-Grünwald Giemsa (MGG) staining techniques were used. 26 cases were both cytologically and histologically examined. During this period a number of 3855 dogs were specifically examined out of which 1381 (35.8%) had cutaneous lesions. Of the 1381 dogs presenting cutaneous lesions, 130 (9.4%) were diagnosed with different histiocytic lesions. Of the 130 cases evaluated in this study, 80 (61.5%) were males and 50 (38.5%) were females, indicating that males are more prone to developing this type of lesions. The most frequently affected body regions were the trunk (37%) and the limbs (37%). 9.2% of the total number of cases had multicentric lesions. After cytological examination and according to the latest classification of the histiocytic diseases in dogs, the following lesions were diagnosed: canine cutaneous histiocytoma (54%), histiocytic sarcoma (29%), malignant histiocytosis (6.2%), reactive histiocytosis (5.4%) and atipical histiocytoma (5.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytology is one of the methods of diagnosing various neoplastic processes. If cytology is not sufficient to provide a certain diagnosis, only by directing the practitioner to a suspicion, it is recommended to use the additional examination (histopathology, immunohistochemistry). Differentiation of benign and malignant tumors can sometimes be performed depending on the morphological aspects, but mostly requires cytological exam. To identify a neoplastic process as malignant, it is necessary to identify, at least, three nuclear criteria for malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigations have been made following a surveillance study of the health status of fish and shellfish in the Dâmbovița river, study motivated by an important subject: „The stability of aquatic ecosystem, an important role in maintaining and development of its fauna and flora, the limited capacity of selfcleaning, especially in the intervention of the human factor”. Psorospermiun haeckeli was first described by Haeckel in 1957. From a taxonomic point of view, its place is uncertain, being considered a protozoa, a branch of the animal reign still unknown. It was reported in Europe in the wild crab, as well as the grown one, the present study representing, from the authors knowledge, the first case described in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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