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Becker nevus, first described by Samuel William Becker in 1949, is a focal epidermal hypermelanotic disorder. It commonly presents as a unilateral hyperpigmented patch that is predominantly distributed on the upper trunk and proximal extremities and frequently associated with hypertrichosis. There have been few reports in the literature of Becker nevus with bilateral involvement; multiple Becker nevi is also unusual. Herein, we report a young man with two bilateral symmetrical giant Becker nevi, one on the trunk with extension to both arms and the second on the abdomen.

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive real-time imaging technique that has been widely used for the diagnosis of skin cancer. More recently, it has been reported as a useful tool for the diagnosis and management of several inflammatory and infectious skin disorders. This article provides an overview of the current available applications of RCM use in cutaneous infections and infestations. PubMed was used to search the following terms in various combinations: reflectance confocal microscopy, skin, hair, nail, infection, parasitosis, mycosis, virus, bacteria. All papers were accordingly reviewed. In most cutaneous infections or infestations, the main alterations are found in the epidermis and upper dermis, where the accuracy of confocal microscopy is nearly similar to that of histopathology. The high resolution of this technique allows the visualization of most skin parasites, fungi, and a few bacteria. Although viruses cannot be identified because of their small size, viral cytopathic effects can be observed on keratinocytes. In addition, RCM can be used to monitor the response to treatment, thereby reducing unnecessary treatments.

Dermatofibromas are common and asymptomatic benign histiocytic tumors. The occurrence in a small number (up to 5 lesions) is frequent. However, the expression "multiple eruptive dermatofibromas" is reserved for the appearance of more than 5 lesions in less than four months. Multiple eruptive dermatofibromas are rare and usually associated with an underlying systemic condition, the most common being autoimmune diseases or HIV infection. Herein we report multiple eruptive dermatofibromas developing in an otherwise healthy pregnant woman. Although the pathogenesis of this condition remains unknown, it is believed to be related to immunological alterations, given the strong association with states of immunosuppression or, in the case of pregnancy, with a state of immunotolerance.

Kindler syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive genodermatosis, caused by mutations in the FERMT1 gene. It is thought to be primarily a skin disease, but other organs may also be involved. We report a case of a novel mutation of FERMT1 gene in a patient with a probable new phenotype of Kindler syndrome, including colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. A 42-year-old man, born to first cousin parents, was referred to our outpatient dermatology clinic with an unknown dermatosis since birth. He presented with neonatal blistering and developed photosensitivity and changes in skin pigmentation during childhood. Since the age of 20, he has had regular follow-up in the gastroenterology clinic, owing to esophageal stenosis, ulcerative colitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Clinical examination revealed jaundice, poikiloderma, diffuse cigarette paper-like atrophy on dorsal surfaces of the hands, and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. Skin biopsy showed epidermal atrophy covered by orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. DNA molecular analysis revealed FERMT1 homozygous mutation c.1179G>A, p.W393X, which has not been reported before. The intestinal phenotype of Kindler syndrome has already been defined previously. However, to the best of our knowledge, no other case of primary sclerosing cholangitis in a patient with Kindler syndrome has been reported.

Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are high-incidence, non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). The success of immune-targeted therapies in advanced NMSCs led us to anticipate that NMSCs harbored significant populations of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with potential anti-tumor activity. The main aim of this study was to characterize T cells infiltrating NMSCs. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry were used to assess, respectively, the proportions and densities of T cell subpopulations in BCCs (n = 118), SCCs (n = 33), and normal skin (NS, n = 30). CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cell subsets, namely, Th1, Th2, Th17, Th9, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD8+ and CD4+ memory T cells, and γδ T cells were compared between NMSCs and NS samples. Remarkably, both BCCs and SCCs featured a significantly higher Th1/Th2 ratio (~four-fold) and an enrichment for Th17 cells. NMSCs also showed a significant enrichment for IFN-γ-producing CD8+T cells, and a depletion of γδ T cells. Using immunohistochemistry, NMSCs featured denser T cell infiltrates (CD4+, CD8+, and Tregs) than NS. Overall, these data favor a Th1-predominant response in BCCs and SCCs, providing support for immune-based treatments in NMSCs. Th17-mediated inflammation may play a role in the progression of NMSCs and thus become a potential therapeutic target in NMSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis affects one-third of the world’s population. The incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis including cutaneous and skeletal manifestations has increased in the last decades. The authors report a clinical case of concomitant metastatic cutaneous abscesses and Pott disease in an immunocompetent patient, a rare presentation of tuberculosis.

A 35-year-old man with Fitzpatrick skin type IV, born in Brazil, presented to the dermatology clinic with a growth on his left hip. The physical examination revealed a pedunculated erythematous–violaceous nodule with a hyperkeratotic surface. Histopathological examination confirmed a diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a low-grade angioproliferative tumor associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). The patient was found to be HIV-positive and underwent treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which resulted in a positive response and no disease relapse after one year. This case highlights the importance of recognizing the clinical and histological features of KS and the role of HHV-8 in its pathogenesis. [Extracted from the article]

Nodular hidradenoma is an infrequent benign tumor originating from the proximal portion of the sweat glands, most commonly associated with the apocrine glands. Owing to its variable clinical presentation, correctly diagnosing nodular hidradenoma can be challenging, with several potential conditions in the differential diagnosis to consider. This article presents a healthy 52-year-old woman with an atypical location of nodular hidradenoma, highlighting the critical role of integrating clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathological characteristics for an accurate diagnosis. We discuss the clinical features, dermoscopic findings, histological examination, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for nodular hidradenoma, emphasizing the importance of surgical intervention in preventing potential malignant transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the case of a 44-year-old man who presented with recurrent crops of tender subcutaneous nodules. The patient had a history of fever, night sweats, weight loss, and other symptoms. After examination and testing, the diagnosis was determined to be erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) complicating borderline lepromatous leprosy. The article provides information on leprosy, its classification, and the treatment options for ENL. The authors emphasize the importance of raising awareness about leprosy to avoid misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. [Extracted from the article]

Byline: Rita. Bouceiro-Mendes, Maria. Mendonça-Sanches, Luís. Soares-de-Almeida Sir, An 82-year-old man was seen in our outpatient clinic with a two-week history of skin nodules along with weight loss (10 kg [...]

The article discusses a case of generalized hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules and papules in a 49-year-old woman. The patient had these skin lesions since her twenties and mentioned that her family members also had similar lesions. The physical examination revealed oval hyperpigmented macules and papules, some with a hyperkeratotic surface, along with hypopigmented macules. Histopathological examination showed characteristic features of Dowling-Degos disease (DDD), a rare genodermatosis. The article provides information on the clinical presentation, histological findings, genetic analysis, and differential diagnosis of DDD. Treatment options for DDD are also discussed. [Extracted from the article]

Dermatomyositis (DM) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by proximal myopathy and dermatological findings. Approximately 15-30% of DM cases emerge as a paraneoplastic syndrome caused by a concomitant malignancy. Although more rare, in cancer patients DM has also been reported as a possible result of toxicity of some antineoplastic agents, such as taxanes and monoclonal antibodies. Herein, we report a 35-yearold woman with metastatic breast cancer who presented with skin lesions after initiation of paclitaxel and anti-HER2 agents. Clinical, laboratory, and histological findings were consistent with the diagnosis of DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]