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The delimitation of landscape units can be helpful in the preparation of studies related to landscape protection and landscaping. The aim of this article is to propose the modification of the method of local landscape delimitation developed for the landscape audit for the needs of protected areas. The comparison of two methods of delimitation indicates that the same area can be assigned to different landscape types and subtypes. The proposed modification of the method of landscape unit delimitation allows a more detailed reflection of the landscape and its links to the administrative boundaries of administrative communities.

Mountain societies are strongly linked to natural resources and their rational management. The growing population has led to the management of mountain areas according to emerging human needs. The study was conducted in the Urej River catchment (The Fann Mountains, Tajikistan). This paper aims to present changes in land use in 1988–2023 resulting from environmental conditions and land reform. Pasturelands predominate in the study area (93.8%), while built-up with kitchen garden and irrigated areas cover 1.8% and 4.0% of the area, respectively. Kitchen gardens and irrigated areas provide food for the residents. Significant land-use changes were observed along the Uroz River, where the irrigation system was developed in areas that have not yet been used for plant cultivation. This is typical of many areas in Tajikistan, where it is impossible to obtain crops without irrigation due to climatic conditions. Until 1988, the study area was not as intensively cultivated as it is today. Under the ongoing lease system based on the Dehkan Farm Act, grazing land is still owned by the state, but inhabitants have access to it. The leased land does little to improve the economic situation of households but contributes to preventing ecosystem degradation on the slopes caused by humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A land use regime undergoes much change over time depending on the growth in the importance of various interest groups. Spatial conflicts repeatedly accompany this growth. The aim of the article is to determine the relationship between spatial conflicts and landscape changes. On the basis of the Silesian and Żywiec Beskid mountain ranges, it has been proven that conflicts arising between mountain grazing, agriculture, forest management, contemporary building and tourism development have significant impacts on the landscape. To this end, archive and contemporary cartographic materials, historical scientific works and archive photographs were used. The conflicts between mountain grazing and other types of human activity in the study area were analysed. Subsequently, their influence on the landscape was determined. As a result of the study, the primary sources of conflicts were indicated and correlated with historical periods and the predominant landscape use regime. The imprints of historical space conflicts and the rivalry for land use between different entities for their own purposes are still visible in the landscape. The historical conflicts have arisen between entities seeking ways to use different environmental resources occurring in the same area. Contemporary conflicts arise between entities seeking ways to use environmental resources (tourism) and between entities conscious of the hazards of the landscape sustainability resulting from the utilization of environmental resources (nature conservation services). Both historical and contemporary conflicts usually have a violent course resulting from the lack, or deficiency of, legislation concerning land management.

Contemporary rural landscapes in Poland are being changed intensively and adversely. These changes lead to landscape disharmony, spatial disorder, the blurring of individual and specific features and disruption to the ecological equilibrium. This article aims to present general rules for the optimization of rural landscapes. It discusses the causes and consequences of unfavourable changes within Poland’s rural landscapes which constitute a threat to their sustainable development. The authors attempt to identify the major factors to be considered in taking steps aimed at landscape optimization. Landscape equilibrium may be assessed through the sustainable development dimensions: ethical, ecological, social, economic, technical, political and legal. Landscape optimization consists in maintaining the balance within these dimensions.

Copyright of Dissertations of Cultural Landscape Commission / Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego is the property of Polish Geographical Society (Cultural Landscape Commission) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Mesh1 class of hydrolases found in bacteria, metazoans and humans was discovered as able to cleave an intact pyrophosphate residue esterified on the 3′hydroxyl of (p)ppGpp in a Mn2+ dependent reaction. Here, thin layer chromatography (TLC) qualitative evidence is presented indicating the substrate specificity of Mesh1 from Drosophila melanogaster and human MESH1 also extends to the (p)ppApp purine analogs. More importantly, we developed real time enzymatic assays, coupling ppNpp hydrolysis to NADH oxidation and pppNpp hydrolysis to NADP+ reduction, which facilitate estimation of kinetic constants. Furthermore, by using this assay technique we confirmed TLC observations and also revealed that purified small alarmone hydrolase (SAHMex) from Methylobacterium extorquens displays a strong hydrolase activity toward (p)ppApp but only negligible activity toward (p)ppGpp. In contrast, the substrate specificity of the hydrolase present in catalytically active N-terminal domain of the RSH protein from Streptococcus equisimilis (RelSeq) includes (p)ppGpp but not (p)ppApp. It is noteworthy that the RSH protein from M. extorquens (RSHMex) has been recently shown to synthesize both (p)ppApp and (p)ppGpp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dissertations of Cultural Landscape Commission / Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego is the property of Polish Geographical Society (Cultural Landscape Commission) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Mesh1 class of hydrolases found in bacteria, metazoans and humans was discovered as able to cleave an intact pyrophosphate residue esterified on the 3'hydroxyl of (p)ppGpp in a Mn 2+ dependent reaction. Here, thin layer chromatography (TLC) qualitative evidence is presented indicating the substrate specificity of Mesh1 from Drosophila melanogaster and human MESH1 also extends to the (p)ppApp purine analogs. More importantly, we developed real time enzymatic assays, coupling ppNpp hydrolysis to NADH oxidation and pppNpp hydrolysis to NADP + reduction, which facilitate estimation of kinetic constants. Furthermore, by using this assay technique we confirmed TLC observations and also revealed that purified small alarmone hydrolase (SAH Mex ) from Methylobacterium extorquens displays a strong hydrolase activity toward (p)ppApp but only negligible activity toward (p)ppGpp. In contrast, the substrate specificity of the hydrolase present in catalytically active N-terminal domain of the RSH protein from Streptococcus equisimilis (Rel Seq ) includes (p)ppGpp but not (p)ppApp. It is noteworthy that the RSH protein from M. extorquens (RSH Mex ) has been recently shown to synthesize both (p)ppApp and (p)ppGpp., (Copyright © 2020 Potrykus, Thomas, Bruhn-Olszewska, Sobala, Dylewski, James and Cashel.)

About 50 years ago, "magic spots" - mediators of the bacterial stringent response, were discovered and were later identified as guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphate (ppGpp and pppGpp, jointly referred to as (p)ppGpp). At first, it seemed that stringent response is associated only with bacterial response to amino acid starvation, however, it soon turned out that (p)ppGpp is synthesized in response to other stresses as well. The mentioned alarmones are found to exist in all known bacterial species, as well as in plants. In recent years, a significant progress has been made in research on (p)ppGpp metabolism. It is also known that the stringent response affects many cellular processes, among which its effect on transcription is the best characterized. Moreover, (p)ppGpp is involved in the DNA repair pathway associated with transcription. In addition, the stringent response inhibits cell division, mainly by hindering DNA replication. (p)ppGpp is also of significant medical importance - it is necessary for virulence of many bacterial species and for turning them into persisters, i.e. cells which have elevated tolerance to many antibiotics.