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CT has recently sparked a lot of research in a variety of disciplines. Many researchers have attempted to define CT and published articles on the subject and its model. The developed models show a dependency of dimensions. As a result, a review of 14 computational thinking models has been completed for this article. The goal is to combine the many elements and therefore contribute to a common understanding of words. The authors identified the most often used terms in CT definitions and scope, culminating it in the CT dimensions category. The results of this study may be beneficial not only in the investigation of CT research subjects and the identification of CT in the literature but also in present and future attempts to apply CT in diverse settings and aims.

Many aid organizations have historically relied on conventional methods of fundraising. The technology evaluation has enabled online funding which recently has gained popularity especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article's major discussion will focus on the evaluation of iDo, a mobile app for online fundraising. The evaluation processes were thoroughly covered, and the findings demonstrated that this application is usable and effective. This finding indicates that donations made via the internet are accepted, and the features used in this mobile application can serve as a model for other similar applications.

People with communication disabilities like Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Stroke survivors, Apraxia, Cerebral Palsy, Down Syndrome, and others have problems in speech. It is hard for them to explain their thoughts or release their mood. The disability causes them limited or no opportunity to converse smoothly with others. In response, this paper introduces an application named EzComm as assistance for people with communication disabilities; by doing only one simple act, they can communicate with their family and friends. For example, the users tap the image or word buttons, and the system will read them aloud, besides adding them to a sentence that can also be read. A pilot study shows that EzComm enables them to communicate and increases their chances of making friends. Through the application, we hope that communication for communication disabilities problem could be improved.

Nowadays, transportation is a major need for people in managing their daily activities such as going to work, school and vacation. Current technology has brought changes in transportation service in many countries. Online transportation services through web and mobile applications are able to attract people’s interest. They can rent or grab a car easily with their fingertips anywhere. However, in Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), students faced problems booking and using the existing service. Because UUM is located quite far from the centre and this can cause high cost. Realising this problem, SenangCar, a transportation service application was developed for bringing convenience to the UUM students to book a car service in the UUM area. Agile methodology was adopted to develop the application. This methodology consists of six phases which are requirements, designing, developing, testing, deployment and review. This paper discusses feedback from user evaluation on SenangCar app among UUM students. The findings reveal that this application was easy to understand, easy to use and very satisfied the students. Majority of participants strongly agree that the SenangCar application is convenient, saves time, is user friendly and meets their expectations and requirements.

Students in university are experiencing increased stress levels due to their daily routines. Students can self-manage their everyday stress with the self-therapy application before it causes other problems requiring professional assistance. This study aimed to determine whether VRT-stressNOmore, an image-based virtual reality with a few realistic University Utara Malaysia environments, can reduce student stress. However, the evidence for image-based virtual reality as a self-therapy is still in the leakage phase. Therefore, the objectives are determining the features that support self-therapy, confirming the features through expert review, designing and developing, and conducting therapeutic test. Implementation of pre-production-post methodology to achieve the goals and objectives. During the week of final exams, 47 healthy undergraduates and 29 healthy postgraduates consented to participate in this study. The T-test result indicates the different values before and after experiencing VRT-stressNOmore, demonstrating the beneficial effect of reducing stress. However, additional research is necessary to confirm the potential and efficacy of VRT-stressNOmore as a self-therapy application for university students.

Literature reviews suggested that the teachers should try to incorporate digital teaching method such as game-based learning to improve the students’ mathematics skills. In order to investigate and further enhance the suggestion to incorporate game-based learning into the teaching and learning process, a mobile game-based learning application named Rory's Math Adventure (ROMAAD) was designed and developed based on the Year 4 mathematics syllabus. ROMAAD is expected to help reinforce computational thinking skills as well as to motivate students to do more mathematical practices at anytime and anywhere. The mobile game-based learning application’s usability was evaluated prior to the implementation to the real environment. This article presents the results of the usability evaluation of the developed application. A total of 37 Year 4 children from a national primary school participated in this usability evaluation. A questionnaire, adapted from Lund’s (2011) USE questionnaire and Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction (QUIS) (1987) was employed as the instrument in this usability evaluation. The usability evaluation was carried out based on 5 constructs; ease of use, ease of learning, consistency, information structure, and design and satisfaction. Overall, the outcomes of this study revealed that the majority of respondents found the ROMAAD to be simple to use and learn, and that they were delighted to engage it to enhance their problem-solving computational thinking skills. ROMAAD is thought to be highly useful in reinforcing skills, and it is intended to inspire learners to practice mathematical problem-solving at any time and any place.

UNSTRUCTURED Mobile health apps, for example, the Tät, have been shown to be potentially effective in improving pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) among women, but their effectiveness in pregnant women was limited. Adherence to daily PFMT will improve pelvic floor muscle strength leading to urinary incontinence (UI) improvement during the pregnancy. This study aims to document the validation process in developing the Kegel Exercise Pregnancy Training app, which was designed to improve the PFMT adherence among pregnant women. We utilized an intervention mapping approach incorporated within the mobile health development and evaluation framework. The framework involved the following steps: (1) conceptualization, (2) formative research, (3) pretesting, (4) pilot testing, (5) randomized controlled trial, and (6) qualitative research. The user-centered design-11 checklist was used to evaluate the user-centeredness properties of the app. A cross-sectional study was conducted to better understand PFMT and UI among 440 pregnant women. The study reported a UI prevalence of 40.9% (180/440), with less than half having good PFMT practice despite their good knowledge. Five focus group discussions were conducted to understand the app design preferred by pregnant women. They agreed a more straightforward design should be used for better app usability. From these findings, a prototype was designed and developed accordingly, and the process conformed to the user-centered design–11 (UCD-11) checklist. A PFMT app was developed based on the mHealth development and evaluation framework model, emphasizing higher user involvement in the application design and development. The application was expected to improve its usability, acceptability, and ease of use. The Kegel Exercise Pregnancy Training app was validated using a thorough design and development process to ensure its effectiveness in evaluating the usability of the final prototype in our future randomized control trial study.

BACKGROUND Mobile health apps, for example, the Tät, have been shown to be potentially effective in improving pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) among women, but their effectiveness in pregnant women was limited. Adherence to daily PFMT will improve pelvic floor muscle strength leading to urinary incontinence (UI) improvement during the pregnancy. OBJECTIVE This study aims to document the validation process in developing the Kegel Exercise Pregnancy Training app, which was designed to improve the PFMT adherence among pregnant women. METHODS We utilized an intervention mapping approach incorporated within the mobile health development and evaluation framework. The framework involved the following steps: (1) conceptualization, (2) formative research, (3) pretesting, (4) pilot testing, (5) randomized controlled trial, and (6) qualitative research. The user-centered design-11 checklist was used to evaluate the user-centeredness properties of the app. RESULTS A cross-sectional study was conducted to better understand PFMT and UI among 440 pregnant women. The study reported a UI prevalence of 40.9% (180/440), with less than half having good PFMT practice despite their good knowledge. Five focus group discussions were conducted to understand the app design preferred by pregnant women. They agreed a more straightforward design should be used for better app usability. From these findings, a prototype was designed and developed accordingly, and the process conformed to the user-centered design–11 (UCD-11) checklist. A PFMT app was developed based on the mHealth development and evaluation framework model, emphasizing higher user involvement in the application design and development. The application was expected to improve its usability, acceptability, and ease of use. CONCLUSIONS The Kegel Exercise Pregnancy Training app was validated using a thorough design and development process to ensure its effectiveness in evaluating the usability of the final prototype in our future randomized control trial study. CLINICALTRIAL

Undergraduate students, who are digital native, are keen on using emoji (smileys and ideograms) frequently to express themselves emotionally in their digital communication such as WhatsApp Messenger. Nevertheless, sometimes, they got into misunderstanding due to the different emoji's interpretation between the sender and the recipient. Research investigating emoji is still relatively new and this study discusses the diverse interpretations of WhatsApp emoji specifically the smileys among Malaysian undergraduates in a public university. This study attempted to investigate 210 undergraduates' interpretations of 75 smiley (face-like) meanings in WhatsApp Messenger. The respondents were asked to give feedback in self-administrated survey questionnaire to gather information on their interpretation of the smileys used in WhatsApp. A descriptive analysis was conducted on the students' interpretations and the findings disclosed that although the students interpreted a few smileys correctly, they did not know the intended meaning of most of the smileys correctly. The results of this study suggested that the students should know the meaning of the smiley/ emoji used in their digital conversation to able to understand its intended use and to avoid miscommunication in their digital communication. For WhatsApp users, the findings will be beneficial to emphasize the need to understand the emoji's intended meaning for future tolerant and wiser use. Keywords: WhatsApp, emoji, smiley, interpretation, undergraduate.

This research paper presents the preliminary investigation on the use of an interactive multimedia courseware named MAFPro, to facilitate C Programming lessons for novice learners. The courseware utilizes the elements of multimedia that focus on enhancing learners’ programming comprehension. Among the aspects that were examined were the students’ programming comprehension and their perceived motivation of MAFPro. This study was carried out in a survey design method with the participation of 30 undergraduates who are novice learners. The data analysis indicates that the multimedia courseware, MAFPro that has been used in the C programming classroom has a significant difference on the undergraduates’ programming comprehension. The students also perceived MAFPro as motivating and engaging.

Usability is always the basic factor to be considered when developing any learning product. It attracts students to use the developed product such as courseware and help learners to gain more knowledge in learning. When usability strategies are considered in designing courseware, the courseware can be usable for the target users. Currently in Nigeria courseware are not fulfilling the requirement. Users are not happy with courseware; hence the usage is not encouraging, especially, in distance learning environment. Accordingly, this paper explains about the needs for determining the appropriate instructional interface elements using multimedia as part of usability strategies in courseware for distance learning. The study was carried out with fifteen academic staffs of a distance academic programme at university of Ilorin, Nigeria. Data were gathered through unstructured interviews. Having analyzed, the results show that there is a need for a study that determine the usability strategies for distance learning in Nigeria.

Mobile devices and services have the potential in the enhancement of learning and education field. Because of that, computer based learning application has become inappropriate to be used based on the fast development of mobile technology which means all activity was conducted by using mobile devices. This paper proposed the design and development process of Mobile Learning Application which is Belajar Bersama Dino that mainly suitable for children who aged four to six years old. This paper will explain in details in every stages of the design development process for this application.

Persuasive technology in education settings has become a popular technique used in behavior and attitude change. Due to its capability therefore the purpose of this paper is to review and examines persuasive multimedia techniques for the past four years (2010-2014) and seeks how persuasive technology can be implemented in truancy problem. Ten papers were selected based on the persuasive technique used and this study is related and scoped in Malaysia context. This paper was reviewed based on the components, elements as well as the theory and approaches that are adapted by researchers in their experiment. It can be concluded computer as a persuasive tool in changing attitude and behavior can engage and motivate the students to do the task and achieve a level of objectivity.

Objectives: This paper reviews empirical research on persuasive technology with the following aims to (i) to examine the result of the 25 persuasive technology studies related to awareness as the intended outcome, (ii) to explore the strategy used in creating awareness to users and (iii) to identify the persuasive strategies used and (iv) investigates the domain of studies selected. Methods/Statistical analysis: This study employs two activities which are literature review and systematic review. Accordingly, 25 related models were compared and systematically analyzed. Findings: Result from the reviews indicates that persuasive technology has the ability to increase user awareness toward certain context or issues. Most of the studies show that the computer role as a media and social actor gives more impact to increase awareness compared to the computer role as a tool. In terms of persuasive strategy used, it shows that suggestion, cause and effect, and attractiveness are the most used strategies implemented in the applications. Application/Improvements: This study suggests that understanding the appropriate persuasive strategy is important in helping researchers developing an effective applications towards the intended outcome.

This paper explains about a comparison between assistive video for hearing-impaired learners (AV4HI) and assistive courseware for hearing-impaired learners (AC4HI). The rationale is that previous statement was made after learners experience normal courseware, not the courseware specifically designed for them. Hence, perhaps if the courseware is designed special for them, the hearing-impaired learners would experience differently, and behave more positive upon the AC4HI. Hence, this paper aims at describing the execution of the comparison. It involves a 3-stage process: designing the AC4HI, developing the AC4HI, and user experience. In the end, it was found that users are happy with both, but in terms of content acquisition, they prefer to have notes in the learning material.

Technology has widely absorbed into daily life. In fact, various technologies have been carried out in supporting teaching and learning. In conjunction to that, this paper explains about a comparison between two technologies for hearing-impaired learners in their learning purpose. The technologies are assistive video for hearing-impaired learners (AV4HI) and assistive courseware for hearing-impaired learners (AC4HI). The rationale is that previous statement was made after learners experience normal courseware, not the courseware specifically designed for them. Hence, perhaps if the courseware is designed special for them, the hearing-impaired learners would experience differently, and behave more positive upon the AC4HI. Hence, this paper aims at describing the execution of the comparison. It involves a 3-stage process: designing the AC4HI, developing the AC4HI, and user experience. In the end, it was found that users are happy with both, but in terms of content acquisition, they prefer to have notes in the learning material.

This paper reviews an empirical research of persuasive technology (PT) with the aim are to: (i) examine the result of the 25 persuasive technology studies related to awareness as the intended outcome, (ii) investigate the effects of persuasive technology usage to target users (iii) to examine computer roles in creating awareness to users and the effects of persuasive technology to the domain of studies. The main aim of this review is to assist researchers developing a reference in setting a future research in a persuasive technology particularly in awareness domain. Result from the review indicates that persuasive technology has the ability to increase user awareness toward certain context or issues. Most of the studies shows that the computer as a media and social actor gives more impact to increase the awareness compared to the computer as a tool. It can be concluded that understanding the appropriate persuasive strategy is important in helping researchers developing effective applications towards the intended outcome. This paper also has an implications towards designing persuasive system and as a references for future research.

This paper describes a study on electronic book (eBook) among Malaysian children. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the Malaysian children acceptance of three types of eBook readers (i.e. Plus, Comic, and Spiral). The acceptance study is based on users' perceptions on ease of use and usefulness of the three readers. As a result, majority of respondents do not give clear distinction among the readers. Generally, all readers are useful and easy to use because very big majority of the respondents (the least is 74.8%) agree with the positive statements. The users also perceived Comic reader as the easiest reader to use.