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This study focuses on analyzing the technical efficiency of the Ghana economy within an inputoutput model framework using a biased-corrected data envelope analysis technique. The input-output data is from Ghana's 2019 Social Accounting Matrix, a detailed empirical representation of an economy's circular flow between production, income distribution, and expenditure, reflecting input allocation according to the existing production technology. The input-output table from the matrix represents the composition of product-sale destinations (outputs) in rows and the composition of raw materials and gross value-added expenses (inputs) in columns, the variables needed in an economywide productive efficiency analysis. There are two approaches for conducting productivity analysis: parametric analysis using stochastic frontier and nonparametric approach using data envelopment analysis. This study preferred data envelopment analysis that relates feasible input and output combinations based on the available data rather than demanding apriori production or costfunction specification. A biased-corrected data envelopment analysis model was applied, which has the advantage of jointly incorporating inputs, outputs, and exogenous variables that might be a source of inefficiency. Results show that Ghana's Gross Domestic Product was $68,338 million in current US dollars in 2019, and the manufacturing sector was the main driver of Ghana's economy, supplying about 48.2 percent of the domestic goods and services, 45.02 percent of intermediate inputs, and 58.04 percent of exports. The average import tax was 12.38 percent. Transaction costs on the value of domestically produced goods and services and value-added tax were 14.75 percent and 0.93 percent, respectively. The average technical efficiency score was 0.954, implying that the industries in Ghana could decrease their inputs by about 4.6 percent while keeping their output constant. Industries in the livestock, fisheries & forestry, and crop sectors were more technically efficient than those in the manufacturing and service sectors. The most inefficient industries were the information & communication and clothing and footwear industries. Although the impact of transaction costs and taxes on technical efficiency was indeterminate, the average technical efficiency decreased to 0.82 after correction for bias. Therefore, the Ghanaian economy can achieve an 18 percent reduction in input requirements while producing the same output level by reducing transaction costs and implementing optimal tax policies. The study generates critical information for policymakers and development agents in Ghana. It is also replicable for developing countries seeking to identify and scale the impact of fiscal policies on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Even with the Saudi Arabian Government's discretionary measures to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the economic sectors were not spared from the damage. Thus, the paper aims to use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's (KSA) economy, with a special focus on small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and production. These influence the level of poverty. Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopted the social accounting matrix (SAM) for Saudi Arabia built in 2021 by Imtithal Althumairi from Saudi Arabia's 2017 SAM. The model represents a snapshot of the economy and different flows that exist within the tasks and institutions. Two simulations (mild and severe) were conducted because of the focus on the distributional outcomes. Findings – Decrease in job creation and economic growth were significant evidence from the study's findings. Findings show that more families hit below the poverty line because the negative impacts of the pandemic have shifted the income allocation curve. Findings show that the weakest of the poor are mitigated by government social grants during the pandemic. Research limitations/implications – The paper is restricted to the relevant literature relating to the impact of COVID-19 on Saudi Arabia's economy and evaluated using the SAM model. Moreover, the COVID-19 is still an ongoing scenario; thus, the model should be updated as data utilised for the operationalisation are made available. Practical implications – The information from the suggested model can be suitable to measure the degree of the harm, and thus, the likely extent of the desirable policy feedback. Also, the model can be updated, as data are made available and formulated policies based on the updated data implemented by the policymakers. Originality/value – Apart from the recovery planning of SMEs during the pandemic, the paper intends to stir up Saudi Arabia's policymakers through the macro-micro model to recovery planning and resilience of the economy with emphasis on mitigating unemployment.

This paper describes the gender disparities in the potential creation of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP) for China. Using the latest available data, social accounting matrix for 149 sectors, combined with employment satellite accounts based on China's seventh census published in 2022, we analyse gender disparities in the potential job creation from the RCEP. The results show that the RCEP will potentially create more than 4.08 million jobs in China, with a particularly large increase in low-value-added sectors such as agriculture, light industry and low-end manufacturing. Imports are likely to create more jobs than exports. The potential job creation for females is more than 1.58 million, which is still 910,000 less than for males. While the RCEP may create jobs for females, it may expand the gender and skills disparities. The increased rate of tertiary education for Chinese females has not resulted in significant gains in current female employment. Therefore, measures to reduce taxes on imports and exports, share the cost of childbirth between employer and husband, and upgrade industries to create more high-skilled jobs are important to address the gender disparity in employment in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the problems of measuring spatial multipliers on the basis of multiregional models of economic interactions. Two lines of comparative analysis of multiregional models are distinguished: 1) depending on the choice of trade coefficients specification, 2) depending on the choice of the format of balance equations (input-output tables vs social accounting matrices). Interregional balances of Japan, constructed in accordance with Walter Isard’s model on the basis of officially confirmed statistics on interregional trade, are used as a basis for comparison. The focus is on ‘classical’ multiregional models with a high degree of transparency of assumption systems: the Chenery-Moses model, in which the destination sectors of products imported into the region are unknown, and the Leontief-Strout model, in which the volumes of interregional trade are also unknown. The calculations have shown that compensatory feedback mechanisms operate in multiregional systems, as a result of which there is no obvious proportional relationship between the amount of actual information on interregional trade used in the construction of balances and the accuracy of estimates of spatial multipliers. The specifics of different multiregional models are manifested primarily in the estimates of structural components of spatial multipliers – system effects formed in the markets of different hierarchical levels. The assumption of greater accuracy of multiregional matrices of social accounting (as compared to multiregional input-output tables due to the greater number of compensatory feedback mechanisms) is confirmed only at the level of sectoral average spatial multipliers. These calculations lead to the conclusion that when working with multiregional models (especially in the framework of detailed analysis of spatial multipliers – in the context of different sectors or markets of different hierarchical levels) it is important to take into account the discursive techniques used to derive them

This paper aims to evaluate the economic implications of meteorological drought in Spain. The study seeks to provide decision-makers with crucial insights into the macroeconomic effects of drought, enabling them to devise mitigation strategies and minimize its impact on economic activity. The Partial Hypothetical Extraction Method (HEM) is employed within the Input-Output analysis framework extended to a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Spain to achieve this goal. The database utilized for this analysis is the FNAM for Spain in 2017, in millions of euros, obtained from the Full International and Global Accounts for Research in Input-Output Analysis (FIGARO) project, a collaboration between Eurostat and the European Commission. The study aims to estimate the economic impact of drought on the productive sectors of the Spanish economy in terms of sectoral production and GDP. This involves simulating the partial reduction in value-added resulting from variations in average water productivity per gross value added, based on the drought indicator SPI-24. Three scenarios are generated: (1) drought, (2) moderate drought and (3) severe drought. In quantitative terms, the simulated drought scenarios could lead to a drop in GDP of 0.88% for the drought scenario, 1.61% for the moderate drought scenario, and 1.76% for the severe drought scenario. Additionally, it is important to recognize that water scarcity hampers the social and economic development of cities and regions beyond the results in quantitative terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the general equilibrium impacts of public infrastructure investment in the South African economy, as a case of an emerging economy, by making use of complementary general equilibrium models, such as the social accounting matrix (SAM) multiplier, the Structural Path Analyses (SPA) and the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. Contrary to studies that use partial equilibrium models, this paper shows the importance of an economy-wide model to analyse the effects of public infrastructure investment in an emerging economy. The results of the analysis, based on the SAM and CGE analyses using a 2015 SAM for South Africa, indicate that increasing public economic infrastructure can be an effective way of stimulating the economy in a way that has a positive impact on labour. SPA shows that the leading and most important path of influence is the direct influence of the public infrastructure investment on each formal labour category. However, because the public infrastructure investment does not employ informal labour, this labour account is only indirectly connected via intermediate consumption of the output of the construction sector. These results suggest that an increase in public economic infrastructure could help address the unemployment problem that exacerbates poverty in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new methodology of project evaluation based on the use of a social accounting matrix (SAM). The proposed method considers both the project as an autonomous shock and an endogenous activity, thus capturing both the demand and the supply side effects that can be associated with investment. In assessing project impact, these two effects have to be considered complementary, even though they may be combined in different proportions and with different strength in different practical cases. The autonomous dimension is however a distinctive feature of a project as an economic concept. Its consideration has important implications for assessing a project's structural impact as an activity ranging from complete isolation to total embeddedness in the economic system. The paper also shows that both in its construction and operational phases the project displays structural effects on the economic system and that these effects may be sizable and partly offsetting the project's direct impact on demand and supply variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of trade liberalization on Malawi’s economy has been a hotly debated topic. To shed light on the subject, a study was conducted using the PEP-1–1 CGE model and the latest Malawi’s Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) from 2019. The results were eye-opening, revealing the potential effects of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) on various sectors of the economy. The removal of trade tariffs is predicted to have a significant impact on prices, with a decrease of 26.31% in the agricultural sector alone, services (−7.88%), public administration (−9.92%), and manufacturing and industry (−11.23%) imposing hopes of improving food affordability and food security. However, it is expected to have adverse impacts on wage rates in the agricultural sector (−18.78%), manufacturing and construction (−19.01%), services (−2.79%) and public administration (−15.81%). Additionally, while exports are expected to increase, the country’s balance of payments may suffer as imports are likely to outweigh foreign earnings. This could also lead to a decrease in government revenue from taxes. To mitigate these effects, the study suggests implementing export restructuring strategies, particularly in industries like manufacturing and construction, and promoting diversification of local production to boost competitiveness and improve wage rates. With these measures in place, the government will not only offset potential losses but also tap into new sources of taxable income.

Abstract Objectives The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is an extension of Input-Output tables that records macro and meso-economic accounts of a socio-economic system. Its main objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships among different economic sectors and agents. The SAM can be used for various purposes, including economic analysis, policy evaluation, and economic modelling. It allows policymakers to make more informed decisions, understand potential consequences of different policy options and serve as the foundation for constructing Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. Data description The SAM for Germany is a comprehensive source of data that reveals the incomes and expenditures of 163 different production sectors, along with data on factors of production, households, corporations, government, and external accounts with the rest of the world. Additionally, it provides information on gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, and natural capital accounts. This SAM was compiled by extending the EXIOBASE Input-Output (IO) accounts with data from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany. Balancing items were also used to ensure that the Total Income and Total Expenditure of the main transactors are in balance.

Abstract The effects of discontinuing harmful fishery subsidies in Spain were analysed using a social accounting matrix. The study found that the removal of these subsidies would have negative consequences for the economy. Specifically, there would be a significant decline in the production value of marine resource industries, and industries dependent on fish and shellfish as inputs would experience increased production costs. The exports, mainly to EU countries, would also be impacted, and certain marine resource sectors would experience significant job losses. Fishing families would suffer the greatest reduction in income once subsidies are removed. However, there is potential to mitigate most of the negative impacts by redirecting the removed subsidies, as it is shown for the case of their redirection to research and development industries. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for EU policymakers in implementing specific policies to address the potential consequences on affected sectors, families, and employers as part of the next European strategy, Horizon 2021–2027.

The effects of discontinuing harmful fishery subsidies in Spain were analysed using a social accounting matrix. The study found that the removal of these subsidies would have negative consequences for the economy. Specifically, there would be a significant decline in the production value of marine resource industries, and industries dependent on fish and shellfish as inputs would experience increased production costs. The exports, mainly to EU countries, would also be impacted, and certain marine resource sectors would experience significant job losses. Fishing families would suffer the greatest reduction in income once subsidies are removed. However, there is potential to mitigate most of the negative impacts by redirecting the removed subsidies, as it is shown for the case of their redirection to research and development industries. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for EU policymakers in implementing specific policies to address the potential consequences on affected sectors, families, and employers as part of the next European strategy, Horizon 2021–2027. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aviation industry faces an urgent need to adopt sustainable aviation fuels for significant decarbonization. Power-to-Liquid (PtL) fuel is considered a potential game changer, but questions remain about the wider economic impacts of introducing PtL fuel in the aviation sector. This paper examines the economic impacts of introducing PtL fuel blending quotas along with a price policy consisting of a kerosene tax and PtL fuel subsidies for the case of Germany. Based on a detailed supply chain analysis, we apply a social accounting matrix and a computable general equilibrium model to take into account both, the production and utilization perspectives of PtL jet fuel. Our results show that the influence of low blending quotas is mainly limited to the aviation sector, with a 10 % blending quota increasing consumer prices by 7.9 % and reducing aviation industry output by 3.1 %. When quota levels increase, however, the effects go beyond the air transport system. On inter-sectoral level, we identify three main patterns: First, industries that substantially contribute to the PtL fuel supply chain, such as metal products and electrical equipment, see increasing levels in both, domestic production, and imports. Second, aviation upstream industries like transport infrastructure and aircraft production see reduced domestic production and imports. Third, aviation downstream industries, such as delivery services and travel agencies, see substitution effects, where imports partly replace domestic output. Macroeconomic indicators are affected negatively by the quota scenarios, but the relative impact is low as the maximum decrease in the gross domestic product (GDP) does not exceed 0.35 %. PtL fuel production subsidies can largely mitigate the decrease in aviation demand but come at the cost of a stronger reduction in the GDP and government income. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis emphasizes that various assumptions and parameters, such as the cost projections of PtL fuel, import options, and elasticities of demand, affect the intensity of economic consequences. Our analysis implies the trade-offs of policymaking between sectoral and macroeconomic interests in the context of sustainable fuels. The main contribution of this study is the investigation of the broader economic effects resulting from the adoption of PtL fuels in aviation. In particular, the production as well as the utilization perspective are considered simultaneously in this study.

Abstract In the context of climate change, the Indian agricultural sector treads in a certain duality between promoting food security in response to the increasing population, but at the same time in ensuring environmental sustainability, and sustained economic growth, especially in developing countries like India. The concept of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) emerged from the recognition of this duality. Using the Indian Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) 2017–18, the economy-wide effects arising out of agricultural interventions were estimated, keeping accord with the impacts on sectoral outputs and household incomes from the adoption of varying CSA interventions such as Conservation Agriculture, System of Rice and Wheat Intensification (SRI-SWI) and Natural Farming, fitting the three-pillared criterion of CSA—(1) Productivity (2) Adaptation and (3) Mitigation. Additionally, a shift in cropping patterns from Paddy and Wheat to less emission-intensive crops was also studied. Results show that SRI-SWI provides the highest economy-wide impacts while accounting for lower GHG and water footprint. Alternative crops such as Maize, Sorghum, and Millet have minimal increase in income and output effects while having lower water and carbon intensity compared to rice and wheat. The current study would sensitize policymakers to prioritize suitable policy and institutional measures for upscaling climate smart interventions in India.

Abstract The role of the construction industry in economic growth has been widely discussed in the extant literature, but existing studies have not investigated the disaggregated impact of construction investments on the production and social sectors. This study examines the disaggregated effect of construction investments on the Saudi economy. The study uses a social accounting matrix of Saudi Arabia and constructs a dynamic computable general equilibrium model. The findings reveal that construction investments significantly boosted GDP and aggregate investments in the first two periods; however, the growth declined in the following three periods. This finding underlines the importance of long-term investments in the construction sector and calls for continuous monitoring and updating of the investment policy for sustainable development. This study also presents the disaggregated impact of investments on the value-added by each sector of the economy. The ranking of sectors exhibits that mining and quarry activities underwent a high increase in value-added, second to construction activities. Other economic activities also experienced growth in value-added and some of them changed their ranks within the five years.

Objectives: The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is an extension of Input-Output tables that records macro and meso-economic accounts of a socio-economic system. Its main objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships among different economic sectors and agents. The SAM can be used for various purposes, including economic analysis, policy evaluation, and economic modelling. It allows policymakers to make more informed decisions, understand potential consequences of different policy options and serve as the foundation for constructing Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. Data description: The SAM for Germany is a comprehensive source of data that reveals the incomes and expenditures of 163 different production sectors, along with data on factors of production, households, corporations, government, and external accounts with the rest of the world. Additionally, it provides information on gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, and natural capital accounts. This SAM was compiled by extending the EXIOBASE Input-Output (IO) accounts with data from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany. Balancing items were also used to ensure that the Total Income and Total Expenditure of the main transactors are in balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of cotton, the major raw material for the textile industry, employing more than 4.5 crore people in the country. The present study aimed to analyse the impact of adverse trade in Indian cotton sector on labor and household income by employing Social Analysis Matrix based multiplier model and partial equilibrium model. Indian textile sector has strong backward linkages with primary input multiplier and household income multiplier of 4.13 and 3.44, respectively and, thus transmitting external impacts to the labour and household income. The sector has a higher multiplier effect of 10.17 on production activities, of which the impact on the cotton sector is 0.126. Fall in export and domestic demand for clothing and apparel in addition to movement restrictions around the world during the period 2020-2021, disrupted cotton supply chain and consequent fall in demand and price of the commodity. Simulations for the increase in carry-over stock and reduction in domestic consumption and cotton exports revealed that limiting the commodity's production and supply would retain the market equilibrium and increase the domestic price to the advantage of the farmers. The study reveals that dynamics in the Indian cotton sector trade significantly impacted labour and household income. Appropriate planning for areas under cotton cultivation and alternate procurement mechanisms during emergency situations would stabilise the Indian cotton economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tourism industry is a key sector in the Andalusian economy; it accounts for 13% of the regional GDP and 14% of the employment. In 2019, 32.5 million tourists visited Andalusia, and the tourism sector generated 22.6 billion euros. In 2020, the year in which COVID-19 paralysed the world, 13.4 million tourists visited Andalusia, which translated into 8,500 million euros of income. After this decrease in tourism in 2020, the total number of tourists for the year 2021 was 20 million, and the forecast for the year 2022 is 28 million tourists. This article analyzes how to use a social accounting matrix (SAM) to empirically study the effects of such a price burden on the regional economy of Andalusia. The methodology that we use consists of a specific model of price effects, which analyzes the impact of introducing a tourist tax in Andalusia. The database used in the analysis is the Andalusian SAM, which was built using data from 2016. This study will enable us to better understand and reflect on the existing structural interdependence between the productive sectors and to evaluate the implicit weights and price elasticities of different tourist items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the construction industry in economic growth has been widely discussed in the extant literature, but existing studies have not investigated the disaggregated impact of construction investments on the production and social sectors. This study examines the disaggregated effect of construction investments on the Saudi economy. The study uses a social accounting matrix of Saudi Arabia and constructs a dynamic computable general equilibrium model. The findings reveal that construction investments significantly boosted GDP and aggregate investments in the first two periods; however, the growth declined in the following three periods. This finding underlines the importance of long-term investments in the construction sector and calls for continuous monitoring and updating of the investment policy for sustainable development. This study also presents the disaggregated impact of investments on the value-added by each sector of the economy. The ranking of sectors exhibits that mining and quarry activities underwent a high increase in value-added, second to construction activities. Other economic activities also experienced growth in value-added and some of them changed their ranks within the five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of climate change, the Indian agricultural sector treads in a certain duality between promoting food security in response to the increasing population, but at the same time in ensuring environmental sustainability, and sustained economic growth, especially in developing countries like India. The concept of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) emerged from the recognition of this duality. Using the Indian Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) 2017–18, the economy-wide effects arising out of agricultural interventions were estimated, keeping accord with the impacts on sectoral outputs and household incomes from the adoption of varying CSA interventions such as Conservation Agriculture, System of Rice and Wheat Intensification (SRI-SWI) and Natural Farming, fitting the three-pillared criterion of CSA—(1) Productivity (2) Adaptation and (3) Mitigation. Additionally, a shift in cropping patterns from Paddy and Wheat to less emission-intensive crops was also studied. Results show that SRI-SWI provides the highest economy-wide impacts while accounting for lower GHG and water footprint. Alternative crops such as Maize, Sorghum, and Millet have minimal increase in income and output effects while having lower water and carbon intensity compared to rice and wheat. The current study would sensitize policymakers to prioritize suitable policy and institutional measures for upscaling climate smart interventions in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: An extended input-output model is generated for the economy of the state of Tamaulipas and the multipliers and total elasticities of production, employment, salary, and value added are estimated. Methodology: From an update of the SAM published in Dávila-Flores (2019) and the last official national IOT (INEGI, 2023a), the national information is regionalized with a top to bottom approach based, among other sources, on indirect methods subject to location coefficients, institutional sector accounts and the ENIGH's 2018 structures per household. Direct, indirect, and induced effects on productive activities, added value, institutions, and households are estimated due to changes in demand, in addition to household multipliers by income decile against exogenous transfers. Results: The results show the dilution of the effect of an exogenous transfer on households due to the few intersectoral linkages. Limitations: Despite the level of sectoral aggregation used and the available economic information referring to the year 2018. Conclusions: Evidence is shown of an inappropriate relationship between consumption and production, supported simultaneously by both the magnitude of the induced effects, and the central productive network's weak virtuous relations and its poor connection with the internal market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study formulates a mathematical dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model within a rational expectations framework, adhering to neo-classical principles. It emphasizes the significant role of agents' expectations in determining the broader economic trajectory over time. The model combines microeconomic and macroeconomic perspectives by merging the concept of intertemporal choice with savings behavior. Its mathematical foundations are derived and calibrated using data from a social accounting matrix to enhance its simulation capabilities. The paper presents a practical simulation investigating the economic implications of a strategic investment impact within an specific European region, Madrid as the case of study. Such demand shock affects sectors such as electronics, food, pharmaceuticals, and education. The study models the long-term effects of heightened investment and persistent demand-side shocks. The research demonstrates the CGE model's ability to forecast economic shifts toward a new equilibrium after an investment shock, proving its utility for assessing the impacts of extensive environmental policies within a European context. The work's originality lies in its detailed mathematical formulation, contributing to theoretical discourse and practical application in business analytics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Water is one of the important basic resources for the development of the country and the most important factor of production in agriculture. Today, the international community is aware of the importance of water in order to have sustainable economic growth now and in the future. The agricultural sector plays an important role in production and employment and has a great impact on other sectors. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the social accounting matrix of 2012 was used. To prepare the matrix, four types of statistical bases have been used as follows. Which includes: symmetric statistical table in the sector with the assumption of sector technology in 2002, national accounts statistics in 2012 Iran Statistics Center, population and housing censuses in 2012 Iran Statistics Center and the results of the cost and income survey of urban and rural households in 2012 Statistics Center It is Iran. Results: The results are presented in the form of absolute and relative effects. The effects and consequences of reducing 10 and 40% of water resources have led to a decrease in production of 8896617 and 35586469 million Rials for various economic sectors. In terms of absolute effects, the vulnerability of urban households due to reduced water resources has been higher than rural households. From the perspective of relative effects, the greatest impact of income reduction is on low-income urban households. The relative reduction of water resources from the perspective of the supplier has a greater effect on the card factor than the capital factor. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, water storage technology is a suitable solution to achieve macro development goals, especially in the field of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study analyzes the effect of government spending on income distribution in Chile for 2016 using a multiplier model with the Social Accounting Matrix. The results indicate that increasing fiscal expenditure has a regressive effect on the income share of households in the richest quintile and widens the income gap between the two poorest quintiles and the third and fourth quintiles. When the effect of fiscal expenditure is measured by its nominal impact, households with the highest income receive approximately ten times more income than those with the lowest income. Thus, the regressivity of the income share of the richest households conceals an unequal distribution of the nominal income generated by the fiscal expenditure. Using counterfactual simulations, we suggested that fiscal expenditures could become more equalitarian through policies affecting the distribution of labor payments.

IntroductionAfter the crisis caused by Covid-19, among other socioeconomic problems, the fragility of the organizations that make up the Spanish Long-Term Care System was revealed. These events prompted the Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP). The aim of this study is to estimate the socioeconomic impact on Long-Term Care (LTC) of the investment delivered by the RRP. In addition, to fulfil our main aim, a secondary and necessary aim was to calculate the most current social accounting matrix (SAM) of the Spanish economy.MethodsWe analyse the components of the demand linked to the RRP investment allocated to LTC, and subsequently, based on Input–Output methodology, we calculate a social accounting matrix (SAM) of the Spanish economy to estimate the overall economic return.ResultsThe results obtained using the SAM model proposed herein evidence the multiplier effect of the RRP invested in LTC. Every euro allocated to the RRP generates 4 euros in income for Households, Firms and the External Sector, 3.4 euros in industrial output, and returns 0.6 euros in taxes and social contributions to the Government. This also entails creating 26,410 direct and indirect jobs as well as 10,059 induced ones.DiscussionGiven the severe recession scenario triggered by the consequences of COVID-19, the results of this study highlight the significant multiplier effect that RRP investment may generate to alleviate the downturn in the Spanish economy and, more specifically, in the Spanish LTC System.

This study uses social accounting matrix multipliers and structural path analyses to estimate effects of COVID‐19 and related fiscal stimuli on five household groups. The COVID‐19 lockdown increased poverty in Pakistan by 15%, which was addressed using a $1.5 billion, digitally implemented Ehsaas Emergency Cash (EEC) program that reached 14.8 million poor households. The study's models show that the largest multipliers from Ehsaas program finance were in agriculture, as a 1 Rupee shock adds 0.225 Rupee income to households. About 30% of that gain was estimated to go to poor farm families. In contrast, our models find that construction and trade growth added three times as much income to poor nonfarm and urban households as to farm households. However, those sectors added only one third as much total income as agriculture. From the structural path analysis, the importance of capital assets in generating income was seen, as was the possibility of greater poverty reduction from sectors with proportionally fewer intermediate inputs and more value added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simple but deep sense of technological progress (TP) lies in the possibility of improving human life. The immediate question thereafter is clearly about the distribution of the gains from TP. With the diffusion of automation and artificial intelligence, fears about the implications of TP on employment and wages have gained renewed importance. While scholars are divided on the effects of this new wave of TP, they agree that every economy will be affected differently, and hence, it will require tailored policy measures. In this paper, we frame how TP could affect the Italian economy, as it is now. We simulate four different scenarios through a dynamic computable general equilibrium model with three types of labour and six types of households. We calibrate the model on the social accounting matrix, and we find that TP returns higher growth patterns albeit with disruptive effects on labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nova Economia is the property of Nova Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the paper is to assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of income circulation processes in the economies of the European Union. The empirical study is based on statistical data compiled according to ESA2010 standards, published by the European Commission in the Eurostat database. The fundamental quantitative relationships between entities grouped into institutional sectors have been synthetically presented in the form of a social accounting matrix (SAM). The analyses of simple macroeconomic indicators show the growing importance of the government sector due to the pandemic. This is evidenced by the growing involvement of this sector in consumption, accumulation and income redistribution between institutional sectors.Simulation analyses based on the SAM model determine to what extent the contribution of the government sector to GDP results directly through feedback loops from final demand and to what extent from current and capital transfers.

This study analyzes the effect of government spending on income distribution in Chile for 2016 using a multiplier model with the Social Accounting Matrix. The results indicate that increasing fiscal expenditure has a regressive effect on the income share of households in the richest quintile and widens the income gap between the two poorest quintiles and the third and fourth quintiles. When the effect of fiscal expenditure is measured by its nominal impact, households with the highest income receive approximately ten times more income than those with the lowest income. Thus, the regressivity of the income share of the richest households conceals an unequal distribution of the nominal income generated by the fiscal expenditure. Using counterfactual simulations, we suggested that fiscal expenditures could become more equalitarian through policies affecting the distribution of labor payments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries, lockdown regulations and social distancing have had a negative impact on the cultural and creative industries. As vaccination rates rise, and restrictions begin to ease, understanding the recovery paths for different parts of the sector in many contexts will be important. Much sector-specific research has been conducted, but there are far fewer studies that estimate the economy-wide impact of the lockdowns using quantitative techniques. Published research is also dominated by information from the global north, with less information coming from developing country contexts with higher levels of informality. This article uses two surveys (2020 and 2021) of firms and freelancers, and key stakeholder interviews in the cultural and creative industries, in South Africa and a Social Accounting Matrix, to fill this gap. Data on changing business continuity is used to construct a vulnerability score for each sub-sector, and to determine domain-specific factors that affect predicted recovery rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To comprehensively assess the economic impacts from China's tourism industry caused by COVID-19 in 2020, this article develops a new multiplier calculation and decomposition method based on the social accounting matrix (SAM). This method is suitable for situations in which multiple industries are simultaneously exposed to external shocks, especially comprehensive industries like tourism. By categorizing all industries as being in either the tourism sector or the nontourism sector, we calculate the output, value-added and employment impacts of COVID-19, then decompose them into four levels: direct, indirect, spillover and reverberation effects. There are some subindustries of both the tourism and nontourism sectors that were severely affected. Compared with the calculation results from the traditional SAM method, the method developed in this paper identifies quite different industrial structures, although there is almost no difference in the total impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste is a global multidimensional problem, with economic, social, and environmental dimensions linked to sustainable development. This study analyses the socio-economic and pollution effects of reducing food waste in the European Union. The food waste reduction scenarios analysed cover all segments of the supply chain from primary production to household consumption. Using the economy-wide model SAMmodEU, the impact of the scenarios is analysed in the context of the whole economy. Most scenarios analysed demonstrate positive socioeconomic effects in terms of a slight increase in gross domestic product and increasing employment. The multicriteria analysis indicates that the best overall performance is achieved by reducing food waste in the foodservice. It is recommended to focus on behaviour in policy design, thereby reducing food waste both in food services and in households and ensuring positive socioeconomic impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sectors are the engines of economic growth in any economy making inter-sectoral linkages the most significant target for development practitioners and policymakers. This study examines and ascertains the magnitude of production and consumption inter-sectoral linkages in Uganda's economy. Secondary data from 2009/10 and 2016/17 Uganda Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) is analyzed based on the multiplier model. A buttress of robust checks including a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is adopted for validation purposes using a longer time series from 1980 to 2020. The study found that a one million income injection across sectors has a larger multiplier effect (in terms of output, GDP, income, and consumption) than the service sector followed by agriculture and then the industrial sector. Despite the higher multiplier effects of the services sector, its contribution to employment is limited. A large amount of labor is trapped in the low-paying subsistence agricultural sector. Therefore, the government should implement policies that supplement rapid services sector growth with strategies that attract and utilize excess labor in the agricultural sector. Results also indicate that the services sector prematurely emerged as the driver of economic growth before the economy was fully industrialized. Government should formulate industrial sector catch-up policies to rebalance its development agenda. To accomplish this, proportionately more funding should be allocated to the industrial sector. Lastly, sectoral multiplier effects projections and forecasts should be incorporated into the National Development Plans, Budgeting Frameworks, and forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a global issue of high importance for both developing and developed countries. The first step in tackling poverty is to identify the impact of economic policies on poverty indicators. In this direction, the purpose of this study is to measure the effect of foreign tourism development on poverty reduction using SAM fixed price multiplier approach. For this purpose, 2011 SAM, 2018 foreign tourist receipts, and three poverty indicators: head count ratio, poverty gap, and (FGT) have been considered. The results indicate that the arrival of foreign tourists through the production growth channel reduces poverty in Iran and reducing poverty of rural households is greater than urban households. Results also show that the highest share in sectoral poverty reduction based on the three poverty indicators is related to the agricultural sector (based on the census poverty index), hotels and restaurants, and manufacturing, and transportation (based on the poverty gap index and the FGT indices). Whereas the least reduction in poverty occurs in the financial, insurance and education activities. Any policy making in the direction of tourism development is considered as a suitable socio-economic achievement.

Climate change is widely acknowledged as a serious threat to global development, and Bangladesh is no exception; without a doubt, global warming has placed Bangladesh among the most vulnerable countries. The motivation behind this paper is to examine the effects of climate change by taking into account the changes in temperature and precipitation over time. This paper first evaluates the climate change impact on crop production by using a crop modeling framework and then constructs a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The result of this study finds that average gross domestic product (GDP) decreases by −6.17% and investment declines by −7.76% due to the climate change impact. The impacts of climate change on rice sectors were felt more intensely, increasing prices by 5.82 and 8.11%, reducing output by −3.08 and −3.7% collectively in 2030 and 2050. The agricultural sectors’ output declined more compared to the manufacturing, mining and gas, construction, service and transportation sectors, which indicates declines in agricultural labor and household income. In conclusion, the impact of climate change by analyzing the computable general equilibrium model in Bangladesh had been paid little attention in the past and this paper tried to fill the gaps and provide policy-makers with crucial information and guide government policies. HIGHLIGHTS Develops a dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model to evaluate how climate change may influence Bangladesh's economy by and large.; Significant decline observed in GDP, consumption, investment, savings, household income, export, and output.; Agricultural sectors shrank more compared to other sectors in the economy.;

In today's economies, where insecurity and unemployment are the norm, it has become critical for the government to develop policies aimed at reducing unemployment and creating jobs for people who want to work but can't find work. According to those who advocate for the state to be the Employer of Last Resort (ELR) this will help reduce unemployment in mainstream approaches while also covering the social issues that arise because of unemployment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of the government providing employment as the ELR in Turkey. Input-output and social accounting matrix was used to look at changes in demand and household incomes in this case, after a shock to low-income people and women at the minimum income level was caused by the state in the Public Administration sector. The study's findings indicate that the ELR program is applicable in Turkey. It also demonstrates that income multipliers for women operate on both the demand and supply sides.

Abstract Background Ethiopian government is investing in a wide range of pro-poor sectors but the economic effects of public investment widely vary across sectors. With a limited public resource, public investment across sectors has to be prioritized based on their potential socio-economic contributions and/or economy-wide benefits. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare and explore the economy-wide returns of public expenditure on water facility and energy technology (such as improved cooking stoves) on the one hand and public expenditure on road infrastructure on the other hand. Methods The source of data for this study is the 2005/06 updated Social accounting matrix (SAM) of Ethiopia. The analysis applies the STAGE Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model developed by McDonald (2007). This study analyses two policy scenarios; the first scenario is an increase in the total factor productivity (TFP) of water fetching and firewood collection activities due to public investment in water facility and improved cooking stoves and the second scenario is a decrease in the trade and transport margins due to public investment in road transport infrastructure. For ensuring the comparability of the return of public expenditure, the same amount of public capital is invested in both scenarios. Results The simulation outcome indicates that public investment in water facility and improved stoves results relatively higher domestic production in most sectors, larger household consumption, improved household welfare and improve in the major macroeconomic indicators (GDP, absorption, private consumption, and total domestic production) as compared to public investment in road transport infrastructure. Conclusions It is conducive to explore the potential economic contribution of public expenditure across the different pro-poor sectors before launching public investment in any specific sector. This will ensure limited public budgets are appropriately invested in the sector that can bring relatively highest economic-wide benefits to the wider society.

AbstractSectors are the engines of economic growth in any economy making inter-sectoral linkages the most significant target for development practitioners and policymakers. This study examines and ascertains the magnitude of production and consumption inter-sectoral linkages in Uganda’s economy. Secondary data from 2009/10 and 2016/17 Uganda Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) is analyzed based on the multiplier model. A buttress of robust checks including a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is adopted for validation purposes using a longer time series from 1980 to 2020. The study found that a one million income injection across sectors has a larger multiplier effect (in terms of output, GDP, income, and consumption) than the service sector followed by agriculture and then the industrial sector. Despite the higher multiplier effects of the services sector, its contribution to employment is limited. A large amount of labor is trapped in the low-paying subsistence agricultural sector. Therefore, the government should implement policies that supplement rapid services sector growth with strategies that attract and utilize excess labor in the agricultural sector. Results also indicate that the services sector prematurely emerged as the driver of economic growth before the economy was fully industrialized. Government should formulate industrial sector catch-up policies to rebalance its development agenda. To accomplish this, proportionately more funding should be allocated to the industrial sector. Lastly, sectoral multiplier effects projections and forecasts should be incorporated into the National Development Plans, Budgeting Frameworks, and forecasts.

• Intersectoral transmission effects by examining comovements between productive sectors in the economy. • The manufacturing industry presents greater synchronization with the rest of the productive activities. • Intersectoral linkages explain the coupling behaviour of the production sectors. In this paper, we investigate the sectoral interrelation of the Mexican economy addressed by a nonparametric mechanism known as phase synchronization that emphasizes in the business cycles comovements between oscillating systems (productive activities), which tend to synchronize their fluctuations. The sectors considered for this application were selected through their input‒output linkages captured through a social accounting matrix. The results suggest that production sectors with higher intersectoral linkages demonstrate synchronization. Among all productive sectors, the manufacturing industry is the sector that presents greater synchronization with the rest of the productive activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam is one of the fastest-growing polluters in the world – due to rapid industrialization facilitated by massive foreign investments. This study estimates the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions arising from activities of firms using a social accounting matrix (SAM) that incorporates firm heterogeneity based on ownership style, namely, state-owned enterprises, private firms, and foreign-invested enterprises. The results show that an increase in exports or investments increases GHG gas emissions to varying degrees depending on whether the increase occurs in state-owned enterprises, private firms, or foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs). The largest increase in emissions results from an increase in exports and investments of FIEs, whereas the increase in emissions due to private firms and SOEs is much smaller. The results imply that it is important to consider the impact of foreign investments and the activities of foreign firms on GHG emissions in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]