312 results on '"Social Control Policies economics"'
Search Results
2. Sex and the ordinary Cuban: Cuban physicians, eugenics, and marital sexuality, 1933-1958.
- Author
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Arvey SR
- Subjects
- Cuba ethnology, Government history, History, 20th Century, Humans, Male, Population Groups education, Population Groups ethnology, Population Groups history, Population Groups legislation & jurisprudence, Population Groups psychology, Sexuality ethnology, Sexuality history, Sexuality physiology, Sexuality psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Problems economics, Social Problems ethnology, Social Problems history, Social Problems legislation & jurisprudence, Social Problems psychology, Social Responsibility, Erectile Dysfunction ethnology, Erectile Dysfunction history, Eugenics history, Marital Status ethnology, Physicians history, Sexual Behavior ethnology, Sexual Behavior history, Sexual Behavior physiology, Sexual Behavior psychology, Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological ethnology, Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological history, Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological psychology
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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3. Aboriginal women and Asian men: a maritime history of color in white Australia.
- Author
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Balint R
- Subjects
- Australia ethnology, Commerce economics, Commerce education, Commerce history, History, 20th Century, Humans, Social Behavior history, Asian People education, Asian People ethnology, Asian People history, Asian People legislation & jurisprudence, Asian People psychology, Men education, Men psychology, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Women education, Women history, Women psychology
- Abstract
In 1901, Broome—a port town on the northwest edge of the Australian continent—was one of the principal and most lucrative industrial pearling centers in the world and entirely dependent on Asian indentured labor. Relations between Asian crews and local Aboriginal people were strong, at a time when the project of White Australia was being pursued with vigorous, often fanatical dedication across the newly federated continent. It was the policing of Aboriginal women, specifically their relations with Asian men, that became the focus of efforts by authorities and missionaries to uphold and defend their commitment to the White Australia policy. This article examines the historical experience of Aboriginal women in the pearling industry of northwest Australia and the story of Asian-Aboriginal cohabitation in the face of oppressive laws and regulations. It then explores the meaning of “color” in contemporary Broome for the descendants of this mixed heritage today. more...
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Who pays for obesity?
- Author
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Bhattacharya J and Sood N
- Subjects
- Adult, Financing, Personal, Health Benefit Plans, Employee, Humans, Income, Insurance Pools economics, Life Expectancy, Models, Econometric, Obesity epidemiology, Obesity prevention & control, Prevalence, Private Sector, Public Sector, Risk Adjustment economics, Social Control Policies economics, United States, Cost of Illness, Health Care Costs statistics & numerical data, Health Policy economics, Insurance Coverage economics, Insurance, Health economics, Obesity economics
- Abstract
Adult obesity is a growing problem. From 1962 to 2006, obesity prevalence nearly tripled to 35.1 percent of adults. The rising prevalence of obesity is not limited to a particular socioeconomic group and is not unique to the United States. Should this widespread obesity epidemic be a cause for alarm? From a personal health perspective, the answer is an emphatic "yes." But when it comes to justifications of public policy for reducing obesity, the analysis becomes more complex. A common starting point is the assertion that those who are obese impose higher health costs on the rest of the population—a statement which is then taken to justify public policy interventions. But the question of who pays for obesity is an empirical one, and it involves analysis of how obese people fare in labor markets and health insurance markets. We will argue that the existing literature on these topics suggests that obese people on average do bear the costs and benefits of their eating and exercise habits. We begin by estimating the lifetime costs of obesity. We then discuss the extent to which private health insurance pools together obese and thin, whether health insurance causes obesity, and whether being fat might actually cause positive externalities for those who are not obese. If public policy to reduce obesity is not justified on the grounds of external costs imposed on others, then the remaining potential justification would need to be on the basis of helping people to address problems of ignorance or self-control that lead to obesity. In the conclusion, we offer a few thoughts about some complexities of such a justification. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Antitobacco programs underfunded, WHO says.
- Author
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Vogel L
- Subjects
- Humans, World Health Organization, Global Health, Smoking Cessation economics, Social Control Policies economics, Tobacco Use Disorder prevention & control
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Spatial collisions and discordant temporalities: everyday life between camp and checkpoint.
- Author
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Abourahme N
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Israel ethnology, Middle East ethnology, Residence Characteristics history, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Social Identification, Activities of Daily Living psychology, Population Groups education, Population Groups ethnology, Population Groups history, Population Groups legislation & jurisprudence, Population Groups psychology, Refugees education, Refugees history, Refugees legislation & jurisprudence, Refugees psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Spatial Behavior
- Abstract
How do we make sense of the colonial subject that is neither in revolt nor in open crisis? How do people reproduce their lives, fashion routines, etch out some meaning when the political is evacuated, when time is on hold? These questions loom over a contemporary disjuncture in Palestine, marked in part by the splintering and opening up of the field of subjective bonds, attachments and associations to new modalities of production, less circumscribed by previous normative parameters and engendering a host of complexities and ambivalences in politico-social relationalities. Yet most scholarship on Palestine remains caught up in reductive binaries of violence versus resistance and heavily reliant on rigid and aggregated categories, the bulk of it unable to capture entire assemblages of action, subjective dissonance, productive ambiguities and contingent vitalities that inflect so much of contemporary quotidian life. The refugee in particular has emerged as a destabilizing figure, capable of subversively using the spatio-temporality of the camp as the very resource through which to disturb ascribed categorizations. Reading the paradoxical multiplicity of actions that refugees — women, children and the elderly — perform in the space between Qalandia camp and its checkpoint provides an insight into some of what defines contemporary refugee subjectivities — flexibility, a readiness to take risks, an ability to maneuver through different temporal orders and instrumentalize the spatial fragmentation. These subjects, traversing and negotiating liminality in everyday life, point to lived and bodied affirmations of presence and visibility that cannot be understood through frameworks of recognition and rights. more...
- Published
- 2011
7. The evolution of human warfare.
- Author
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Pitman GR
- Subjects
- Aggression physiology, Aggression psychology, Altruism, History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Interpersonal Relations history, Prejudice, Risk-Taking, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Dominance history, Anthropology, Cultural education, Anthropology, Cultural history, Human Characteristics, Social Behavior Disorders economics, Social Behavior Disorders ethnology, Social Behavior Disorders history, Violence economics, Violence ethnology, Violence history, Violence legislation & jurisprudence, Violence psychology, Warfare
- Abstract
Here we propose a new theory for the origins and evolution of human warfare as a complex social phenomenon involving several behavioral traits, including aggression, risk taking, male bonding, ingroup altruism, outgroup xenophobia, dominance and subordination, and territoriality, all of which are encoded in the human genome. Among the family of great apes only chimpanzees and humans engage in war; consequently, warfare emerged in their immediate common ancestor that lived in patrilocal groups who fought one another for females. The reasons for warfare changed when the common ancestor females began to immigrate into the groups of their choice, and again, during the agricultural revolution. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Precious African American memories, post-racial dreams & the American nation.
- Author
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Martin WE Jr
- Subjects
- Ethnicity education, Ethnicity ethnology, Ethnicity history, Ethnicity legislation & jurisprudence, Ethnicity psychology, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Population Groups education, Population Groups ethnology, Population Groups history, Population Groups legislation & jurisprudence, Population Groups psychology, Prejudice, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Justice economics, Social Justice education, Social Justice history, Social Justice legislation & jurisprudence, Social Justice psychology, Socioeconomic Factors history, United States ethnology, Black or African American education, Black or African American ethnology, Black or African American history, Black or African American legislation & jurisprudence, Black or African American psychology, Civil Rights economics, Civil Rights education, Civil Rights history, Civil Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Civil Rights psychology, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Social Change history, Social Problems economics, Social Problems ethnology, Social Problems history, Social Problems legislation & jurisprudence, Social Problems psychology
- Abstract
This interdisciplinary essay explores a fundamental paradox at the heart of American race relations since the 1960s: "the changing same." The more things change; the more they remain the same. Combining historical and social-scientific evidence with autobiographical reflections, this discussion critically probes the paradoxical decline and persistence of two dimensions of our enduring racial quagmire: racial inequality and white supremacy. The essay argues that these powerful and interrelated elements of America's continuing racial dilemma demand a massive democratic movement to alleviate both at once. This wide-ranging struggle to realize the promise of American democracy requires more than just a revitalized African American Freedom Struggle that is both intraracial and interracial. Progress toward resolving the seemingly intractable problem of racial inequality in the United States demands far more than intensified efforts to alleviate economic inequality; it requires alleviating white supremacy as well. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Surveillance as cultural practice.
- Author
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Monahan T
- Subjects
- History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Knowledge, Learning, Communications Media economics, Communications Media history, Communications Media legislation & jurisprudence, Cultural Characteristics history, Population Surveillance, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
This special section of The Sociological Quarterly explores research on “surveillance as cultural practice,” which indicates an orientation to surveillance that views it as embedded within, brought about by, and generative of social practices in specific cultural contexts. Such an approach is more likely to include elements of popular culture, media, art, and narrative; it is also more likely to try to comprehend people's engagement with surveillance on their own terms, stressing the production of emic over etic forms of knowledge. This introduction sketches some key developments in this area and discusses their implications for the field of “surveillance studies” as a whole. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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10. Blacks and Gypsies in Nazi Germany: the limits of the "racial state".
- Author
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Rosenhaft E
- Subjects
- Black People education, Black People ethnology, Black People history, Black People legislation & jurisprudence, Black People psychology, Europe, Eastern ethnology, Germany ethnology, History, 20th Century, Humans, Roma education, Roma ethnology, Roma history, Roma legislation & jurisprudence, Roma psychology, Violence economics, Violence ethnology, Violence history, Violence legislation & jurisprudence, Violence psychology, World War II, Ethnicity education, Ethnicity ethnology, Ethnicity history, Ethnicity legislation & jurisprudence, Ethnicity psychology, Homicide economics, Homicide ethnology, Homicide history, Homicide legislation & jurisprudence, Homicide psychology, National Socialism history, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Anthropological fantasies in the debate over cycle-stopping contraception.
- Author
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Jones L
- Subjects
- History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, History, Medieval, Social Change history, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Women education, Women history, Women psychology, Anthropology, Cultural education, Anthropology, Cultural history, Contraception history, Contraception psychology, Contraceptive Agents history, Reproductive Rights economics, Reproductive Rights education, Reproductive Rights history, Reproductive Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Reproductive Rights psychology, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The two worlds of race: a historical view.
- Author
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Franklin JH
- Subjects
- Government history, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, Prejudice, Social Behavior history, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Welfare economics, Social Welfare ethnology, Social Welfare history, Social Welfare legislation & jurisprudence, Social Welfare psychology, United States ethnology, Civil Rights economics, Civil Rights education, Civil Rights history, Civil Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Civil Rights psychology, Jurisprudence history, Public Policy economics, Public Policy history, Public Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Racial Groups education, Racial Groups ethnology, Racial Groups history, Racial Groups legislation & jurisprudence, Racial Groups psychology, Social Change history
- Abstract
Franklin's essay traces the practices, policies, and laws that, from colonial times through the mid-1960s moment when he composed his essay, created and sustained the two worlds of race in America. He outlines the history of efforts from that period to alleviate racial distinctions and to foster a "world of equality and complete human fellowship." Franklin cautions, however, that even certain well-intentioned efforts to extend services, opportunities, and rights to African Americans sometimes reinforced segregation and discrimination. He considers how key historical, legal, political, and social developments from the twentieth century -- World War II, the growth of labor unions, the Great Migration, America's ascendancy as a world power, among others -- advanced racial equality in America while often intensifying the backlash from opponents to such equality. Still, Franklin concludes optimistically that however strident those opponents may be, they "have been significantly weakened by the very force of the numbers and elements now seeking to eliminate the two worlds of race." more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. "Now the African reigns supreme": the rise of African boxing on the Witwatersrand, 1924-1959.
- Author
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Fleming T
- Subjects
- Competitive Behavior, History, 20th Century, Humans, Leisure Activities psychology, Social Class history, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, South Africa ethnology, Urban Health history, Athletes education, Athletes history, Athletes psychology, Boxing economics, Boxing education, Boxing history, Boxing physiology, Boxing psychology, Population Groups education, Population Groups ethnology, Population Groups history, Population Groups legislation & jurisprudence, Population Groups psychology, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Urban Population history
- Abstract
This essay explores the growth of boxing among the African populations on the Witwatersrand region of South Africa between 1924 and 1959. It details how the sport's jump in popularity with Africans paralleled migration to Johannesburg. Africans increasingly saw boxing as an activity and skill conducive with survival in this new environment, and thus the sport grew in popularity, stature, and skill-level amongst this emergent urban population. The essay further explores the various ways that the sport was disseminated and popularized during the era, thus detailing how the sport reached both the African masses and petit-bourgeois educated elite. As their presence in Johannesburg became more and more permanent, boxing came to encompass various meanings and ideals, such as notions of discipline, independence and civility, to these urban populations. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. "We don't forget the old rice pot when we get the new one": discourses on ideals and practices of women in contemporary Cambodia.
- Author
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Brickell K
- Subjects
- Cambodia ethnology, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Household Work economics, Household Work history, Household Work legislation & jurisprudence, Rural Population history, Social Conformity, Social Identification, Urban Population history, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history, Anthropology, Cultural education, Anthropology, Cultural history, Family Characteristics ethnology, Family Characteristics history, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Women education, Women history, Women psychology, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Drawing on microlevel research with men and women of differing ages living in rural and urban Siem Reap (home to the global heritage and tourist site of Angkor), this article focuses on the key discourses and practices that men and women draw on to (de)stabilize putatively traditional ideals of Cambodian womanhood and to (re)situate them in the contemporary period. Mapping the complex ways that people represent, make sense of, and respond to prerevolutionary cultural norms of female behavior in a very different era (with particular, though not exclusive, attention paid to mobility and education), the article demonstrates how deeper ideological changes concerning women’s relationship to Khmer tradition will have to accompany the surface reordering of Cambodian gender relations if equality between women and men is to be achieved. Until then, the ideal woman in contemporary Cambodian society is ultimately one who can creatively negotiate and balance the multiple demands placed on her by society, family, and self. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Managing a massacre: savagery, civility, and gender in Moro Province in the wake of Bud Dajo.
- Author
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Hawkins MC
- Subjects
- Femininity history, Gender Identity, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, Masculinity history, Military Personnel education, Military Personnel history, Military Personnel legislation & jurisprudence, Military Personnel psychology, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander education, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander ethnology, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander history, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander legislation & jurisprudence, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander psychology, Philippines ethnology, United States ethnology, Colonialism history, Homicide economics, Homicide ethnology, Homicide history, Homicide legislation & jurisprudence, Homicide psychology, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Violence economics, Violence ethnology, Violence history, Violence legislation & jurisprudence, Violence psychology
- Abstract
This article examines the delicate ideological maneuverings that shaped American colonial constructions of savagery, civility, and gender in the wake of the Bud Dajo massacre in the Philippines's Muslim south in 1906. It looks particularly at shifting notions of femininity and masculinity as these related to episodes of violence and colonial control. The article concludes that, while the Bud Dajo massacre was a terrible black mark on the American military's record in Mindanao and Sulu, colonial officials ultimately used the event to positively affirm existing discourses of power and justification, which helped to sustain and guide military rule in the Muslim south for another seven years. more...
- Published
- 2011
16. The neoliberal state and the penalization of misery.
- Author
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Jinkings I
- Subjects
- Economics history, Economics legislation & jurisprudence, History, 20th Century, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Dominance history, Government history, Poverty economics, Poverty ethnology, Poverty history, Poverty legislation & jurisprudence, Poverty psychology, Social Problems economics, Social Problems ethnology, Social Problems history, Social Problems legislation & jurisprudence, Social Problems psychology, Social Welfare economics, Social Welfare ethnology, Social Welfare history, Social Welfare legislation & jurisprudence, Social Welfare psychology, Socioeconomic Factors history
- Abstract
The strategy adopted by the neoliberal state to maintain social order and safeguard private property in a context of economic deregulation and social precariousness has destroyed the welfare state and aggravated poverty, depriving the masses of any form of social protection while subjecting them to repression. The reinforcement of the repressive state apparatus is associated with the social instability provoked by the lack of social policies, the degradation of living conditions for the great majority of the population, and the amplification of income and property inequalities both in the so-called capitalist periphery and in the richest industrialized countries. The penalization of misery is revealed as a new expression of class domination. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. [To God through science. Natural theology in Francoism].
- Author
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Paniagua FB
- Subjects
- Biology education, Biology history, History, 20th Century, Learning, Spain ethnology, Evolution, Molecular, Natural History education, Natural History history, Origin of Life, Political Systems history, Religion and Science, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Theology education, Theology history
- Abstract
In Spain, during Franco's dictatorship (1939-1975) the teaching and divulgation of science were subordinated to the Catholic religion and many books defended a theistic and creationistic point of view of biology that accepted a literal interpretation of the Book of Genesis and denied the theory of evolution, especially as it relates to human origin. This article is devoted to the main books and characteristics of this way of thinking which reproduced arguments and metaphors of the pre-Darwinian natural theology, arguing that nature was ruled by God and living organisms were the results of his design. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. South Africa: a legacy of family disruption.
- Author
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Budlender D and Lund F
- Subjects
- Government history, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Public Assistance economics, Public Assistance history, Public Assistance legislation & jurisprudence, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Welfare economics, Social Welfare ethnology, Social Welfare history, Social Welfare legislation & jurisprudence, Social Welfare psychology, South Africa ethnology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome economics, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ethnology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome history, Family ethnology, Family history, Family psychology, HIV, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Socioeconomic Factors history, Unemployment history, Unemployment psychology
- Abstract
This article draws together unusual characteristics of the legacy of apartheid in South Africa: the state-orchestrated destruction of family life, high rates of unemployment and a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. The disruption of family life has resulted in a situation in which many women have to fulfil the role of both breadwinner and care giver in a context of high unemployment and very limited economic opportunities. The question that follows is: given this crisis of care, to what extent can or will social protection and employment-related social policies provide the support women and children need? more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Between affiliation and autonomy: navigating pathways of women's empowerment and gender justice in rural Bangladesh.
- Author
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Kabeer N
- Subjects
- Bangladesh ethnology, Gender Identity, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Rural Population history, Social Dominance history, Women, Working education, Women, Working history, Women, Working legislation & jurisprudence, Women, Working psychology, Power, Psychological, Social Change history, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Justice economics, Social Justice education, Social Justice history, Social Justice legislation & jurisprudence, Social Justice psychology, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Inasmuch as women's subordinate status is a product of the patriarchal structures of constraint that prevail in specific contexts, pathways of women's empowerment are likely to be "path dependent." They will be shaped by women's struggles to act on the constraints that prevail in their societies, as much by what they seek to defend as by what they seek to change. The universal value that many feminists claim for individual autonomy may not therefore have the same purchase in all contexts. This article examines processes of empowerment as they play out in the lives of women associated with social mobilization organizations in the specific context of rural Bangladesh. It draws on their narratives to explore the collective strategies through which these organizations sought to empower the women and how they in turn drew on their newly established "communities of practice" to navigate their own pathways to wider social change. It concludes that while the value attached to social affiliations by the women in the study is clearly a product of the societies in which they have grown up, it may be no more context-specific than the apparently universal value attached to individual autonomy by many feminists. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. South Africa's abortion values clarification workshops — an opportunity to deepen democratic communication missed.
- Author
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Vincent L
- Subjects
- Health Services economics, Health Services history, Health Services legislation & jurisprudence, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, South Africa ethnology, Abortion, Induced economics, Abortion, Induced education, Abortion, Induced history, Abortion, Induced legislation & jurisprudence, Government history, Reproductive Rights economics, Reproductive Rights education, Reproductive Rights history, Reproductive Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Reproductive Rights psychology, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
A rich literature exists on local democracy and participation in South Africa. While the importance of participation is routinely built into the rhetoric of government, debate has increasingly focused on the dysfunctionality of participatory mechanisms and institutions in post-apartheid South Africa. Processes aimed ostensibly at empowering citizens, act in practice as instruments of social control, disempowerment and cooptation. The present article contributes to these debates by way of a critique of the approach used by the South African state, in partnership with the non-governmental sector, in what are called abortion "values clarification" (VC) workshops. This article examines the workshop materials, methodology and pedagogical tools employed in South African abortion VC workshops which emanate from the organization Ipas — a global body working to enhance women's sexual and reproductive rights and to reduce abortion-related deaths and injuries. VC workshops represent an instance of a more general trend in which participation is seen as a tool for generating legitimacy and "buy-in" for central state directives rather than as a means for genuinely deepening democratic communication. The manipulation of participation by elites may serve as a means to achieve socially desirable goals in the short term but the long-term outlook for a vibrant democracy invigorated by a knowledgeable, active and engaged citizenry that is accustomed to being required to exercise careful reflection and to its views being respected, is undermined. Alternative models of democratic communication, because they are based on the important democratic principles of inclusivity and equality, have the potential both to be more legitimate and more effective in overcoming difficult social challenges in ways that promote justice. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The form, the permit and the photograph: an archive of mobility between South Africa and India.
- Author
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Dhupelia-Mesthrie U
- Subjects
- Archives history, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, India ethnology, Photography economics, Photography education, Photography history, Photography legislation & jurisprudence, South Africa ethnology, Transients and Migrants education, Transients and Migrants history, Transients and Migrants legislation & jurisprudence, Transients and Migrants psychology, Documentation economics, Documentation history, Emigrants and Immigrants education, Emigrants and Immigrants history, Emigrants and Immigrants legislation & jurisprudence, Emigrants and Immigrants psychology, Forms and Records Control economics, Forms and Records Control history, Forms and Records Control legislation & jurisprudence, Population Dynamics history, Population Surveillance, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Inspired by recent scholarship that calls for a more critical engagement with archives and knowledge production, this article plots the biography of an archive in Cape Town. Unravelling the layers of paperwork, it locates the origins of the archive in a repressive state project of excluding Indian immigrants and controlling those within the borders of the Cape Colony. The paper trail reveals documents of identity and the state’s attempts to verify identity. In seeking to answer the question as to how the historian should approach such an archive of control and surveillance, it concludes that a social history and gendered approach to migration is possible and the real treasures are those documents that enter the archive beyond the limits of state intentions. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. What was uniform about the fin-de-siècle sailor suit?
- Author
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Rose C
- Subjects
- Child, Child Development, Child Welfare economics, Child Welfare ethnology, Child Welfare history, Child Welfare legislation & jurisprudence, Child Welfare psychology, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, United Kingdom ethnology, Clothing economics, Clothing history, Clothing psychology, Cultural Characteristics history, Social Class history, Social Identification, Symbolism
- Abstract
The sailor suits widely worn by children in late-nineteenth-century Britain have been interpreted at the time, and since, as expressions of an Imperial ethos. Yet, a closer examination of the ways that these garments were produced by mass manufacturers, mediated by advertisers and fashion advisors and consumed by families makes us question this characterization. Manufacturers interpreted sailor suits not as unchanging uniforms but as fashion items responding to seasonal changes. Consumers used them to assert social identities and social distinctions, selecting from the multiple variants available. Cultural commentators described sailor suits as emulating Royal practice—but also as ‘common’ and to be avoided. A close analysis of large samples of images and texts from the period 1870–1900 reveals how these different meanings overlapped, making the fin-de-siècle sailor suit a garment that undermines many of our assumptions. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Unbecoming women: sex reversal in the scientific discourse on female deviance in Britain, 1880-1920.
- Author
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Carstens L
- Subjects
- Bisexuality ethnology, Bisexuality history, Bisexuality physiology, Bisexuality psychology, Evolution, Molecular, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Social Behavior history, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, United Kingdom ethnology, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Disorders of Sex Development ethnology, Disorders of Sex Development history, Gender Identity, Reproductive Physiological Phenomena, Research Personnel education, Research Personnel history, Research Personnel psychology, Women education, Women history, Women psychology, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history
- Published
- 2011
24. The administration of gender identity in Nazi Germany.
- Author
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Caplan J
- Subjects
- Germany ethnology, History, 20th Century, Sexual Behavior ethnology, Sexual Behavior history, Sexual Behavior physiology, Sexual Behavior psychology, Social Perception, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence, World War II, Clothing economics, Clothing history, Clothing psychology, Gender Identity, National Socialism history, Sexuality ethnology, Sexuality history, Sexuality physiology, Sexuality psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Transvestism ethnology, Transvestism history, Women education, Women history, Women psychology
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Maternalism, race, class and citizenship: aspects of illegitimate motherhood in Nazi Germany.
- Author
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Joshi V
- Subjects
- Birth Rate ethnology, Germany ethnology, History, 20th Century, Morals, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history, Illegitimacy economics, Illegitimacy ethnology, Illegitimacy history, Illegitimacy legislation & jurisprudence, Illegitimacy psychology, Judicial Role history, Mothers education, Mothers history, Mothers legislation & jurisprudence, Mothers psychology, National Socialism history, Paternity, Sexual Behavior ethnology, Sexual Behavior history, Sexual Behavior physiology, Sexual Behavior psychology, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
This article juxtaposes three types of illegitimate motherhood that came in the wake of the Second World War in Nazi Germany. The first found institutional support in the Lebensborn project, an elite effort to raise the flagging birth-rates, which at the same time turned a new page in the history of sexuality. The second came before the lower courts in the form of paternity and guardianship suits that had a long precedent, and the third was a social practice that the regime considered a ‘mass crime' among its female citizenry: namely, forbidden unions between German women and prisoners of war. Through these cases the article addresses issues such as morality, sexuality, paternity, citizenship and welfarism. The flesh-and-blood stories have been culled from the Lebensborn Dossiers and Special Court files, as well as cases from the lower courts. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Who cares in Nicaragua? A care regime in an exclusionary social policy context.
- Author
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Franzoni JM and Voorend K
- Subjects
- Charities economics, Charities education, Charities history, Charities legislation & jurisprudence, Dependency, Psychological, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Latin America ethnology, Nicaragua ethnology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Isolation psychology, Volunteers education, Volunteers history, Volunteers legislation & jurisprudence, Volunteers psychology, Government history, Poverty economics, Poverty ethnology, Poverty history, Poverty legislation & jurisprudence, Poverty psychology, Public Policy economics, Public Policy history, Public Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Socioeconomic Factors history, Women, Working education, Women, Working history, Women, Working legislation & jurisprudence, Women, Working psychology
- Abstract
In Latin American countries with historically strong social policy regimes (such as those in the Southern Cone), neoliberal policies are usually blamed for the increased burden of female unpaid work. However, studying the Nicaraguan care regime in two clearly defined periods — the Sandinista and the neoliberal eras — suggests that this argument may not hold in the case of countries with highly familialist social policy regimes. Despite major economic, political and policy shifts, the role of female unpaid work, both within the family and in the community, remains persistent and pivotal, and was significant long before the onset of neoliberal policies. Nicaragua's care regime has been highly dependent on the ‘community’ or ‘voluntary’ work of mostly women. This has also been, and continues to be, vital for the viability of many public social programmes. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Between state power and popular desire: tobacco in pre-conquest Manchuria, 1600-1644.
- Author
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Benedict C
- Subjects
- China ethnology, Cultural Characteristics history, Government history, History, 17th Century, Smoking ethnology, Smoking history, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Agriculture education, Agriculture history, Economics history, Pleasure, Social Behavior history, Taxes economics, Taxes history, Nicotiana
- Abstract
Tobacco entered Manchuria on the same wave of early modern globalization that brought it from the Americas to other parts of Eurasia in the early seventeenth century. Introduced into northeast Asia sometime after 1600, it began to circulate widely in Manchuria precisely at a time when Hong Taiji (1592-1643) was building the early Qing state. This essay examines Hong Taiji's efforts to criminalize tobacco in the 1630s and 1640s, arguing that these prohibitions were largely directed at gaining state control over a valuable economic resource. However, within the commercialized milieu of seventeenth-century Liaodong, a region with ties to broader transregional circuits of trade, tobacco's lucrative profits and its pleasurable allure simply overpowered state efforts to monopolize it. As in most other early seventeenth-century Eurasian societies, the Qing tobacco bans quickly gave way to legalization and taxation. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Confessions of a Wannabe (American Folklore Society Presidential Invited Plenary Address, October 2009).
- Author
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Welsch R
- Subjects
- Family ethnology, Family history, Family psychology, Government history, History, 21st Century, Humans, Interpersonal Relations history, Nebraska ethnology, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Identification, Anthropology, Cultural education, Anthropology, Cultural history, Cemeteries economics, Cemeteries history, Cemeteries legislation & jurisprudence, Indians, North American education, Indians, North American ethnology, Indians, North American history, Indians, North American legislation & jurisprudence, Indians, North American psychology, Legislation as Topic history, Mortuary Practice economics, Mortuary Practice education, Mortuary Practice history, Mortuary Practice legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
This paper is a written rendering of a plenary address delivered at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Folklore Society. Drawing on materials from his forthcoming book Confessions of a Wannabe, the author provides a personal account of the deeply emotional sense of responsibility, obligation, and reciprocity involved in long-term ethnographic research among Native American communities, particularly the Omaha and Pawnee tribes of Nebraska. The author details the ways in which personal relations with the people and communities he has observed have shaped his personal and professional life, and he calls into question the ideal of purportedly neutral or distanced ethnography. Details are provided of the author's experiences in converting his farm into an appropriate reburial site for repatriated Pawnee remains recovered under the aegis of the Native American Graves Repatriation and Protection Act (NAGPRA). more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Within salvation: girl hawkers and the colonial state in development era Lagos.
- Author
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George A
- Subjects
- Colonialism history, History, 20th Century, Nigeria ethnology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, United Kingdom ethnology, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Dangerous Behavior, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Socioeconomic Factors history, Survival physiology, Survival psychology, Urban Population history, Women education, Women history, Women psychology
- Abstract
For almost two decades between the close of the Second World War and Nigerian independence in 1960, the British colonial state which faced a crisis of legitimacy in Lagos upheld city ordinances that made itinerant trading by young children in Lagos a punishable status offense. Although anti-trading regulations were gender-neutral in their language, girls were disproportionately sanctioned for engaging in street trading and related activities. In defending their concentration on girl sellers over boy sellers, colonial welfare officials painted a picture of the urban context as an inherently dangerous context and of girls as being particularly at risk of violent assault in the city, making them particularly in need of protection from town life. Sources which show that parents generally resisted or ignored the street trading regulations and continued permitting their daughters to sell despite entreaties, warnings, or fines from colonial officials, suggest that African parents and British colonial officials may have had conflicting views on the inherent danger of the city, on what constituted child endangerment, and on the gendered nature of childhood. This article argues that the girl saving campaigns of development era Lagos were as much about the legitimization of a colonial state facing a crisis of legitimacy as they were about debates between African parents and colonial welfare officials in Lagos concerning ideas of children and childhood and the dangers of street trading by African girls. more...
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. News and the politics of information in the mid seventeenth century: the western design and the conquest of Jamaica.
- Author
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Greenspan N
- Subjects
- Colonialism history, History, 17th Century, Humans, Jamaica ethnology, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Social Desirability, Social Identification, United Kingdom ethnology, Anthropology, Cultural education, Anthropology, Cultural history, Politics, Population Groups education, Population Groups ethnology, Population Groups history, Population Groups legislation & jurisprudence, Population Groups psychology, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Socioeconomic Factors
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. From "black rice" to "brown": rethinking the history of risiculture in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Atlantic.
- Author
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Hawthorne W
- Subjects
- Atlantic Ocean ethnology, Black People education, Black People ethnology, Black People history, Black People legislation & jurisprudence, Black People psychology, Guinea ethnology, Historiography, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, Humans, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Southeastern United States ethnology, White People education, White People ethnology, White People history, White People legislation & jurisprudence, White People psychology, Black or African American, Agriculture economics, Agriculture education, Agriculture history, Agriculture legislation & jurisprudence, Anthropology education, Anthropology history, Economics history, Economics legislation & jurisprudence, Oryza economics, Oryza history, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Social Problems economics, Social Problems ethnology, Social Problems history, Social Problems legislation & jurisprudence, Social Problems psychology
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Promoting health through tobacco taxation.
- Author
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Ali MK and Koplan JP
- Subjects
- Global Health, Humans, Public Health, Smoking Prevention, Social Control Policies economics, Tobacco Products, Health Promotion, Smoking economics, Taxes legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Two accounts of the colonised "other" in South Asia re-exploring alterity.
- Author
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Mukherjee S
- Subjects
- Asia, Southeastern ethnology, Hierarchy, Social, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, Narration history, Paternalism, Racial Groups education, Racial Groups ethnology, Racial Groups history, Racial Groups legislation & jurisprudence, Racial Groups psychology, Anthropology, Cultural education, Anthropology, Cultural history, Colonialism history, Ethnicity education, Ethnicity ethnology, Ethnicity history, Ethnicity legislation & jurisprudence, Ethnicity psychology, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Taking examples from South Asia, this article shows how British colonial knowledge about the non-European "other" hinged substantially on the participation of sections of that other, especially in the context of liminal groups, for whom no ready standardised formula of identification was available. Development of a colonial episteme often involved active intervention from the colonised body, thereby dispelling any strict notion of coloniser-colonised alterity and mere top-down governance. This process of identity construction took place in several arenas and also involved negotiations in courts of law, where rival sections of the amorphous colonised body fought for competing ideals of selfhood. Complementing this legal construction were ethnographic formulations, internally diverse, and often relating to broader politico-intellectual concerns and debates of the Empire, at different planes in different ways. The article explicates their theoretical bases and practical modalities. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Commemorating the future in post-war Chernivtsi.
- Author
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Frunchak S
- Subjects
- Ceremonial Behavior, History, 20th Century, Humans, Minority Groups education, Minority Groups history, Minority Groups legislation & jurisprudence, Minority Groups psychology, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Social Identification, USSR ethnology, Ukraine ethnology, Urban Health history, World War II, Acculturation, Ethnicity education, Ethnicity ethnology, Ethnicity history, Ethnicity legislation & jurisprudence, Ethnicity psychology, Political Systems history, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Urban Population history
- Abstract
Throughout the Second World War and the post-war period, the city of Chernivtsi was transformed from a multiethnic and borderland urban microcosm into a culturally uniform Soviet socialist city. As the Soviets finally took power in this onetime capital of a Hapsburg province in 1944, they not only sponsored further large-scale population transfers but also "repopulated" its history, creating a new urban myth of cultural uniformity. This article examines the connection between war commemoration in Chernivtsi in the era of post-war, state-sponsored anti-Semitism and the formation of collective memory and identities of the city's post-war population. The images of homogeneously Ukrainian Chernivtsi and Bukovina were created through the art of monumental propaganda, promoting public remembrance of certain events and personalities while making sure that others were doomed to oblivion. Selective commemoration of the wartime events was an important tool of drawing the borders of Ukrainian national identity, making it exclusivist and ethnic-based. Through an investigation of the origins of the post-war collective memory in the region, this article addresses the problem of perceived discontinuity between all things Soviet and post-Soviet in Ukraine. It demonstrates that it is, on the contrary, the continuity between Soviet and post-Soviet eras that defines today's dominant culture and state ideology in Ukraine and particularly in its borderlands. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Gender policing, homosexuality and the new patriarchy of the Cuban Revolution, 1965-70.
- Author
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Guerra L
- Subjects
- Cuba ethnology, Cultural Characteristics, History, 20th Century, Sexual Behavior ethnology, Sexual Behavior history, Sexual Behavior physiology, Sexual Behavior psychology, Social Change history, Social Dominance, Social Identification, Social Isolation psychology, Gender Identity, Homosexuality ethnology, Homosexuality history, Homosexuality physiology, Homosexuality psychology, Law Enforcement history, Political Systems history, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Legislating separation and solidarity in plural societies: the Chinese in Indonesia and Malaysia.
- Author
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Hwang JC and Sadiq K
- Subjects
- China ethnology, History, 20th Century, Humans, Indonesia ethnology, Malaysia ethnology, Minority Health economics, Minority Health ethnology, Minority Health history, Minority Health legislation & jurisprudence, Political Systems history, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Acculturation, Ethnicity education, Ethnicity ethnology, Ethnicity history, Ethnicity legislation & jurisprudence, Ethnicity psychology, Minority Groups education, Minority Groups history, Minority Groups legislation & jurisprudence, Minority Groups psychology, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Identification
- Abstract
The Chinese minority plays a dominant role in the economies of Indonesia and Malaysia, a fact that evokes indigenous resentment. However, Indonesia and Malaysia dealt differently with the issue. Malaysia legislated the Malays into the economy and protected Chinese citizenship, making them an integral part of a multicultural state. By contrast, New Order Indonesia adopted policies of economic manipulation, forced assimilation, and unequal citizenship. Only when the New Order regime fell did Chinese integration begin. The policy trajectories of Indonesia and Malaysia offer important lessons for plural states. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Race, urban governance, and crime control: creating model cities.
- Author
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Brown E
- Subjects
- Community Networks economics, Community Networks history, Community Networks legislation & jurisprudence, Crime economics, Crime ethnology, Crime history, Crime legislation & jurisprudence, Crime psychology, History, 20th Century, Safety economics, Safety history, Safety legislation & jurisprudence, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Problems economics, Social Problems ethnology, Social Problems history, Social Problems legislation & jurisprudence, Social Problems psychology, Urban Population history, Washington ethnology, Cities economics, Cities ethnology, Cities history, Cities legislation & jurisprudence, Financing, Government economics, Financing, Government history, Financing, Government legislation & jurisprudence, Law Enforcement history, Local Government history, Residence Characteristics history, Social Change history, Urban Health history
- Abstract
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the city of Seattle received federal Department of Housing and Urban Development “Model cities” funds to address issues of racial disenfranchisement in the city. Premised under the “Great Society” ethos, Model cities sought to remedy the strained relationship between local governments and disenfranchised urban communities. Though police-community relations were not initially slated as an area of concern in the city's grant application, residents of the designated “model neighborhood” pressed for the formation of a law and justice task force to address the issue. This article examines the process and outcome of the two law-and-justice projects proposed by residents of the designated “model neighborhood”: the Consumer Protection program and the Community Service Officer project. Drawing on the work of legal geographies scholars, I argue that the failure of each of these efforts to achieve residents' intentions stems from the geographical imagination of urban problems. Like law-and-order projects today, the geographical imagination of the model neighborhood produced a discourse of exceptionality that subjected residents to extraordinary state interventions. The Model cities project thus provides an example of a “history of the present” of mass incarceration in which the geographical imagination of crime helps facilitate the re-creation of a racialized power structure. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Reading Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on the Armenian genocide of 1915.
- Author
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Ulgen F
- Subjects
- Armenia ethnology, Denial, Psychological, History, 20th Century, Humans, Political Systems history, Turkey ethnology, Violence economics, Violence ethnology, Violence history, Violence legislation & jurisprudence, Violence psychology, Cultural Diversity, Ethnicity education, Ethnicity ethnology, Ethnicity history, Ethnicity legislation & jurisprudence, Ethnicity psychology, Homicide economics, Homicide ethnology, Homicide history, Homicide legislation & jurisprudence, Homicide psychology, Prejudice, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
The debate on where Mustafa Kemal Atatrk, the founder of modern Turkey and universally known as the "Father of the Turks," stood in regard to the colossal violence committed against Armenians during the First World War has become a fiercely contested part of the Turkish-Armenian reconciliation process, especially within the past few years. Ulgen aims to clear away the clouds of dust surrounding Kemal by delving into his texts and examining his role in the reification of Turkish denial of the destruction of Ottoman Armenians. Based on a textual analysis of his entire corpus, including Nutuk-the Great Speech of 1927 and the master-narrative of modern Turkish history and national identity-her article examines and documents how his charismatic leadership helped to consolidate both the myth of "murderous Armenians" and that of the Turks as an "oppressed nation" (mazlum millet), monumentalizing both in official Turkish historiography. Ulgen argues that Kemal's portrayal of Armenians and the Armenian Question was generally consistent across the years and in various political documents, as well as being consistent with contemporary Turkish representations of the events of 1915. What really tips the balance towards Turkish innocence in Kemal's representation of the conflict is not his framing of the issue per se but the stark difference in the rhetoric he deploys in depicting Armenian and Turkish atrocities and, hence, Armenians and Turks. The undeniable authority of this discursive regime is central to the resilience of Turkish denial today. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Torture by Cieng: ethical theory meets social practice among the Dinka Agaar of south Sudan.
- Author
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Deal JL
- Subjects
- Anthropology education, Anthropology history, Ethnicity education, Ethnicity ethnology, Ethnicity history, Ethnicity legislation & jurisprudence, Ethnicity psychology, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Human Rights economics, Human Rights education, Human Rights history, Human Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Human Rights psychology, Humans, Sudan ethnology, Violence economics, Violence ethnology, Violence history, Violence legislation & jurisprudence, Violence psychology, Ethics history, Human Rights Abuses economics, Human Rights Abuses ethnology, Human Rights Abuses history, Human Rights Abuses legislation & jurisprudence, Human Rights Abuses psychology, Population Groups education, Population Groups ethnology, Population Groups history, Population Groups legislation & jurisprudence, Population Groups psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Justice economics, Social Justice education, Social Justice history, Social Justice legislation & jurisprudence, Social Justice psychology, Torture history, Torture legislation & jurisprudence, Torture psychology
- Abstract
Here I detail violence in South Sudan by first discussing a specific Dinka Agaar practice alongside existing discourses on the social aspects of violence and universal human rights, then I show how these acts had meaning and purpose using data from personal accounts of violence. I posit that the violence described was consistent with Dinka Agaar concepts of justice and basic human rights and that it cannot be judged against any universal human rights standard, devoid of local context or of an overarching metanarrative. These events highlight conflicting subjectivities, ethical norms, and the painful difficulties inherent to advocacy in areas of conflict. Viewed from the perspective of the larger social unit, it is easy to see how violence was required to end violence. However, witnessing punitive violence purposefully enacted on innocent individuals to achieve peace has the potential to create conflicting positions that modern anthropological discourse cannot reconcile. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The forest behind the bar charts: bridging quantitative and qualitative research on Roma/Tigani in contemporary Romania.
- Author
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Rughiniş C
- Subjects
- Censuses history, Ethnicity education, Ethnicity ethnology, Ethnicity history, Ethnicity legislation & jurisprudence, Ethnicity psychology, Europe, Eastern ethnology, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Research education, Research history, Romania ethnology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Socioeconomic Factors, Cultural Characteristics, Prejudice, Roma education, Roma ethnology, Roma history, Roma legislation & jurisprudence, Roma psychology, Social Identification, Stereotyping
- Abstract
Rughiniş discusses three controversial issues with regard to surveys of the Romani population: ethnonym use, self-identification versus hetero-attribution of Romani ethnicity, and the use of variables in reference to Romani settlements. She uses data sets from ten surveys of Romanian Roma between 2000 and 2008 as well as the 2002 Romanian Census to compare two types of samples, and to explore the consequences of several research choices for the quality of the data. In addition to specific methodological issues, Rughiniş addresses the relevance to such surveys of qualitative research in Romani communities. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. White Anglo-Saxon hopes and black Americans' Atlantic dreams: Jack Johnson and the British boxing colour bar.
- Author
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Runstedtler T
- Subjects
- Anthropology, Cultural education, Anthropology, Cultural history, Athletic Performance economics, Athletic Performance education, Athletic Performance history, Athletic Performance legislation & jurisprudence, Athletic Performance physiology, Athletic Performance psychology, Cultural Diversity, History, 20th Century, Humans, Men's Health ethnology, Men's Health history, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, United Kingdom ethnology, White People education, White People ethnology, White People history, White People legislation & jurisprudence, White People psychology, Black or African American education, Black or African American ethnology, Black or African American history, Black or African American legislation & jurisprudence, Black or African American psychology, Athletes education, Athletes history, Athletes legislation & jurisprudence, Athletes psychology, Boxing economics, Boxing education, Boxing history, Boxing physiology, Boxing psychology, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Social Problems economics, Social Problems ethnology, Social Problems history, Social Problems legislation & jurisprudence, Social Problems psychology
- Abstract
This article examines the controversy surrounding Jack Johnson's proposed world heavyweight title fight against the British champion Bombardier Billy Wells in London (1911). In juxtaposing African Americans' often glowing discussions of European tolerance with the actual white resistance the black champion faced in Britain, including the Home Office's eventual prohibition of the match, the article explores the period's transnational discourses of race and citizenship. Indeed, as white sportsmen on both sides of the Atlantic joined together in their search for a "White Hope" to unseat Johnson, the boxing ring became an important cultural arena for interracial debates over the political and social divisions between white citizens and nonwhite subjects. Although African Americans had high hopes for their hero's European sojourn, the British backlash against the Johnson-Wells match underscored the fact that their local experiences of racial oppression were just one facet of a much broader global problem. At the same time, the proposed prizefight also made the specter of interracial conflict in the colonies all the more tangible in the British capital, provoking public discussions about the merits of U.S. racial segregation, along with the need for white Anglo-Saxon solidarity around the world. Thus, this article not only exposes the underlying connections between American Jim Crow and the racialized fault lines of British imperialism, but it also traces the "tense and tender ties" linking U.S. and African American history with the new imperial history and postcolonial studies. more...
- Published
- 2010
42. Alberta's and Ontario's liquor boards: why such divergent outcomes?
- Author
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Bird MG
- Subjects
- Alberta ethnology, Alcohol Drinking economics, Alcohol Drinking ethnology, Alcohol Drinking history, Decision Making, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Marketing economics, Marketing education, Marketing history, Marketing legislation & jurisprudence, Ontario ethnology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Alcoholic Beverages economics, Alcoholic Beverages history, Commerce economics, Commerce education, Commerce history, Commerce legislation & jurisprudence, Jurisprudence history, Local Government history, Public Health economics, Public Health education, Public Health history, Public Health legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
The provinces of Alberta and Ontario have chosen very different methods to distribute alcoholic beverages: Alberta privatized the Alberta Liquor Control Board (ALCB) in 1993 and established a private market to sell beverage alcohol, while Ontario, in stark contrast, opted to retain and expand the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO). This article examines the reasons for the divergent policy choices made by Ralph Klein and Mike Harris' Conservative governments in each province. The article draws on John Kingdon's “multiple streams decision-making model,” to examine the mindsets of the key decision-makers, as well as “historical institutionalism,” to organize the pertinent structural, historical and institutional variables that shaped the milieu in which decision-makers acted. Unique, province-specific political cultures, histories, institutional configurations (including the relative influence of a number of powerful actors), as well as the fact that the two liquor control boards were on opposing trajectories towards their ultimate fates, help to explain the different decisions made by each government. Endogenous preference construction in this sector, furthermore, implies that each system is able to satisfy all relevant stakeholders, including consumers. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Colonial bones: the 2006 burial of Savorgnan de Brazza in the Congo.
- Author
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Bernault F
- Subjects
- Bone and Bones, Congo ethnology, Funeral Rites history, Funeral Rites psychology, History, 21st Century, Humans, Social Change history, Social Class history, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Burial history, Culture, Mortuary Practice education, Mortuary Practice history, Politics, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
The Franco-Congolese agreement to enshrine the corpse of Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza in a grand memorial tomb in Brazzaville (2006) has been decried by many observers as neo-colonial farce. This article interprets France's agenda to propose a "suave reconquest" of its former colonies, and Sassou Nguesso's forceful mobilization of national and regional support. Beyond the immediate political significance of the episode, however, the article proposes new ideas on the ways in which modern states, North and South, depend on "tournaments of value" that assign polarized worth to persons, and often back up international deals with transactions in sanctified human remains. The tactic, forged in part during the colonial era, illuminates important aspects of today's global imaginaries of domination. Brazza's bones work, in France and Africa, as a carnal fetish that, borrowing form various philosophies of power, merges Western and African beliefs in the body politic. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. “One man one job”: the marriage ban and the employment of women teachers in Irish primary schools.
- Author
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Redmond J and Harford J
- Subjects
- Cultural Characteristics history, History, 20th Century, Ireland ethnology, Single Person education, Single Person history, Single Person legislation & jurisprudence, Single Person psychology, Social Change history, Teaching economics, Teaching history, Teaching legislation & jurisprudence, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history, Employment economics, Employment history, Employment legislation & jurisprudence, Employment psychology, Marriage ethnology, Marriage history, Marriage legislation & jurisprudence, Marriage psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Women, Working education, Women, Working history, Women, Working legislation & jurisprudence, Women, Working psychology
- Abstract
In 1932, the Irish government, facing an economic downturn, introduced a marriage ban which required that female primary school teachers were required to resign on marriage. This followed a series of restrictive legislative measures adopted by Irish governments throughout the 1920s which sought to limit women's participation in public life and the public sector. Such a requirement emerged in several countries in response to high unemployment and applied principally to women's white-collar occupations, leading some commentators to argue that it stemmed from a social consensus rather than an economic rationale. Despite opposition to the ban from the Irish National Teachers' Organisation (INTO) on the basis that it was unconstitutional, would lead to fewer marriages and that married women were in fact more suited to teaching children, it remained in place until 1958. Although the ban is much referred to as part of the gender ideology that informed legislation in the early years of independent Ireland, the particular history of married women teachers has been little researched in the academic context. Over 50 years since the rescinding of the ban, this article examines its impact through an analysis of primary sources, including government cabinet minutes and the public commentary of the INTO and positions this history within the international context. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Religion, politics and gender in the context of nation-state formation: the case of Serbia.
- Author
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Drezgić R
- Subjects
- Education economics, Education history, Education legislation & jurisprudence, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Schools economics, Schools history, Schools legislation & jurisprudence, Serbia ethnology, Social Change history, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Cultural Diversity, Developing Countries economics, Developing Countries history, Gender Identity, Politics, Religion history
- Abstract
This article argues that nationalism has connected religion with secular politics in Serbia but that their rapprochement has been a gradual process. In order to demonstrate the transition from a limited influence of religion on politics to a much tighter relationship between the two, this article discusses the abortion legislation reform and the introduction of religious education in public schools, respectively. It argues that, while illustrative of different types of connection between religion and politics, these two issues had similar implications for gender equality-they produced discourses that recreated and justified patriarchal social norms. After religion gained access to public institutions, its (patriarchal) discourses on gender were considerably empowered. The article points to some tangible evidence of a re-traditionalisation and re-patriarchalisation of gender roles within the domestic realm in Serbia. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Expressing the self in Bengali women's autobiographies in the twentieth century.
- Author
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Ghosh S
- Subjects
- Expressed Emotion, Hierarchy, Social, History, 20th Century, Humans, India ethnology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Women's Health economics, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history, Women's Health legislation & jurisprudence, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Autobiographies as Topic, Ethnicity education, Ethnicity ethnology, Ethnicity history, Ethnicity legislation & jurisprudence, Ethnicity psychology, Paternalism, Personal Autonomy, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Women education, Women history, Women psychology
- Abstract
This article discusses evidence from the autobiographical writings of three Bengali women to explore expressions of the self in such literature. Sarala Devi Chaudhurani, Santisudha Ghosh and Manikuntala Sen were contemporaries, all three active in different capacities in the various political formations that shaped the outcome of the struggle against colonial occupation. Their autobiographies lay bare the prescriptions they encountered as daughters and women and the choices they made, all the time straddling multiple worlds, occupying multiple subject positions. The article contends that these autobiographies, along with other personal and public documents, reflect the construction of tortured, fractured female subjectivities that must continually negotiate with "modernity" in early twentieth century Bengal. Consequently, the "female self" in these autobiographies is not a securely rooted and stable entity but is constantly "becoming", as the various fragments try to cohere around an elusive centre, "modernity", which is itself a nebulous, unstable product of multiple discourses. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Cementing the enemy category: arrest and imprisonment of German Jews in Nazi concentration camps, 1933-8/9.
- Author
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Wünschmann K
- Subjects
- Germany ethnology, History, 20th Century, Public Policy economics, Public Policy history, Public Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations history, Race Relations legislation & jurisprudence, Race Relations psychology, Social Conditions economics, Social Conditions history, Social Conditions legislation & jurisprudence, Violence economics, Violence ethnology, Violence history, Violence legislation & jurisprudence, Violence psychology, Concentration Camps history, Fear physiology, Fear psychology, Jews education, Jews ethnology, Jews history, Jews legislation & jurisprudence, Jews psychology, National Socialism history, Prejudice, Prisoners education, Prisoners history, Prisoners legislation & jurisprudence, Prisoners psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
Understandably, research has focused overwhelmingly on Jews in the camps of the Holocaust. But the nazis had been detaining Jews in concentration camps ever since 1933, at times in large numbers. Who were these prisoners? This article analyzes nazi policies that brought Jews into the concentration camps. It ventures into the inner structure and dynamics of one of the most heterogeneous groups of concentration camp inmates. By contrasting the perpetrators' objectives with the victims' experiences, this article will illuminate the role of the concentration camp as the ultimate means of pressure in the fatal process of turning a minority group into an outsider group: that is, the act of defining and marking the enemy which was the critical stage before the destruction of European Jewry. Furthermore, it will examine Jewish reactions to SS terror inside the camps. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. The role of the concentration camps in the Nazi repression of prostitutes, 1933-9.
- Author
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Harris V
- Subjects
- Behavior Control history, Behavior Control legislation & jurisprudence, Behavior Control psychology, Germany ethnology, History, 20th Century, Public Policy economics, Public Policy history, Public Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Concentration Camps history, National Socialism history, Sex Work ethnology, Sex Work history, Sex Work legislation & jurisprudence, Sex Work psychology, Social Alienation psychology, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Women education, Women history, Women psychology
- Abstract
This article uses prostitutes as a case study in order to investigate the role of the early concentration camps as centres of detention for social deviants. In contrasting the intensification of repressive policies towards prostitutes against narratives which demonstrate the unexpectedly lax treatment of these women, it explores what the reasons behind these contradictions might have been, and what this demonstrates about the development of these institutions. It asks the following questions. How and why were prostitutes interned? Which bureaucrats were responsible for incarcerating these women and what did they view the role of the camp to be? Were such policies centrally directed or the product of local decision-making? Through asking these questions, the article explores to what extent these camps were unique as mechanisms for the repression and marginalization of prostitutes. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Europe, the final solution and the dynamics of intent.
- Author
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Bloxham D
- Subjects
- Cultural Diversity, Europe ethnology, History, 20th Century, National Socialism history, Politics, Violence economics, Violence ethnology, Violence history, Violence legislation & jurisprudence, Violence psychology, World War II, Holocaust economics, Holocaust ethnology, Holocaust history, Holocaust legislation & jurisprudence, Holocaust psychology, Jews education, Jews ethnology, Jews history, Jews legislation & jurisprudence, Jews psychology, Prejudice, Social Change history, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence
- Abstract
The scale and scope of the "final solution" of the "Jewish question" were extreme even in the horrific annals of genocide. Bloxham attempts to shed light on the pattern of mass murder in its expansion and contraction by viewing the Holocaust in a set of temporally and culturally specific contexts. It places the Holocaust into a broader European framework of violent ethnopolitics and geopolitics from the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century. The Holocaust is depicted as an only partially discrete part of a continental process of traumatic flux, and a part, furthermore, that can itself be partially disaggregated into national and regional components. Bloxham moves from a general consideration of patterns of ethnic violence in the period to a closer causal explanation that shows the different valences of Nazi policy towards Jews in the lands directly ruled by Germany and those of Germany's allies respectively. He shows that the peculiarly extensive ambitions of the "final solution" at its most expansive can only be explained when wider geopolitical and strategic contextual terms are factored in along with consideration of Nazi ideology and the internal dynamics of some of the key institutions of the perpetrator state. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Health as a context for social and gender activism: female volunteer health workers in Iran.
- Author
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Hoodfar H
- Subjects
- Developing Countries economics, Developing Countries history, Government Programs economics, Government Programs education, Government Programs history, Government Programs legislation & jurisprudence, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Iran ethnology, Social Change history, Socioeconomic Factors history, Urban Population history, Voluntary Programs economics, Voluntary Programs history, Voluntary Programs legislation & jurisprudence, Women's Health ethnology, Women's Health history, Women's Rights economics, Women's Rights education, Women's Rights history, Women's Rights legislation & jurisprudence, Family Planning Policy economics, Family Planning Policy history, Family Planning Policy legislation & jurisprudence, Public Health economics, Public Health education, Public Health history, Public Health legislation & jurisprudence, Social Control Policies economics, Social Control Policies history, Social Control Policies legislation & jurisprudence, Volunteers education, Volunteers history, Volunteers legislation & jurisprudence, Volunteers psychology, Women, Working education, Women, Working history, Women, Working legislation & jurisprudence, Women, Working psychology
- Abstract
Having reversed its pronatalist policies in 1988, the Islamic Republic of Iran implemented one of the most successful family planning programs in the developing world. This achievement, particularly in urban centers, is largely attributable to a large women-led volunteer health worker program for low-income urban neighborhoods. Research in three cities demonstrates that this successful program has had a host of unintended consequences. In a context where citizen mobilization and activism are highly restricted, volunteers have seized this new state-sanctioned space and successfully negotiated many of the familial, cultural, and state restrictions on women. They have expanded their mandate from one focused on health activism into one of social, if not political, activism, highlighting the ways in which citizens blur the boundaries of state and civil society under restrictive political systems prevalent in many of the Middle Eastern societies. more...
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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