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This environmental system is identified into five systems consisting of microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, macrosystems and chronosystems. The phenomenon of bullying in education has interfered the process of individual development and is at risk of causing harm. This study focuses on how the five environmental systems toward the phenomenon of bullying in the world of education. In particular, the world of education in this study is represented in the setting of educational institutions through schools. The method used in this study is a systematic literature review. Based on this study, it is found that the 5 layers of the system are interconnected and influence each other in the escalation and resolution of bullying behavior problems. There are 5 key points that become the findings of bullying relationships at 5 layers, namely interpersonal interactions, social hierarchy in the school environment, regulation of the school climate, value acculturation gaps with policies, and dimensions of bullying. Then the key is in the educational institution through school, so that in an effort to handle it, interventions in the exosystem and macrosystem are crucial. The process by designing programs and safeguarding the interaction process in schools that are anti-bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between top management team (TMT) members' learning behavior and the innovation strategy of technology ventures remains unclear, especially when complicated by social hierarchies within the team. We draw on organizational learning theory to theorize that diversity in TMT members' learning behavior has both positive and negative latent effects that produce an inverted U-shaped relationship between TMT learning diversity and a firm's radical innovation strategy. Building on the social hierarchy literature, we also suggest that CEO power moderates this relationship by altering the latent forces: structurally powerful CEOs neutralize the benefits of TMT learning diversity, turning the link between learning diversity and radical innovation strategy predominantly negative, whereas prestigiously powerful CEOs neutralize the costs of TMT learning diversity, turning its relationship with the firm's radical innovation strategy predominantly positive. Longitudinal, multi-source data from 77 TMTs support our model. The findings contribute to the research on learning and social hierarchies by illustrating how hierarchies rooted in different sources of power have different effects on the relationship between TMT learning diversity and innovation strategy. Plain English Summary: How can teams benefit from diversity? Two CEO approaches to power determine whether and when differences in learning behavior make SME top management teams more innovative. Top management teams (TMT) try to harness the power of diversity by combining team members who prioritize learning and constantly try to explore new areas with others who focus on implementing existing insights. This study investigates the effects of learning diversity in TMT on a firm's innovation strategy in the context of technology ventures. First, we found that a moderate level of diversity in learning behavior is linked to more radical innovations but that too much diversity hurts firm innovativeness. Moreover, we show that the power that CEOs wield plays a central role in these processes: if CEOs are prestigiously powerful (i.e., when they hold many other board appointments), they can guide their teams in ways that allow them to benefit from learning diversity. However, if CEOs are structurally powerful (i.e., they are also chairperson of the own board), their TMT will struggle to harness the power of diversity and end up seeing less radical innovation in their firm. These findings contribute to research by offering a novel theoretical account of diversity in learning behavior. Our study has implications for the design of TMTs, in the context where these teams' impact on firm innovation strategy is substantial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although extant research suggests that power without status, but not status without power, induces interpersonal conflict, we are yet to fully understand the asymmetric effects of holding power or status on psychological processes and group functioning. The present research attempts to fill this gap by arguing that holding power would heighten the motivation for status, whereas holding status may not necessarily have an equivalent effect on the motivation for power. We further proposed that power–status misalignment within a group would lead powerholders to be competitive toward statusholders due to heightened status motive and (upon failure to attain status) invest less in their group due to greater emotional distress. Across four (and one Supplemental) studies, we found support for our hypotheses. Our findings not only shed further light on the interactive effects of power and status, but also help better explain why power without status is particularly related to negative outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on an appraisal analysis of a representative sample of 32 posts, and associated comments, on a Chinese political web forum, which is a first attempt to critically apply the appraisal framework to this context. One of the key findings is that the Chinese contributors to this forum judged the behaviour of others by relying to a great extent on assumed references and cultural knowledge. This ‘insider’ knowledge, in particular the perceived social status of the target group, is realised using different kinds of appraisal resources, mostly of the invoked type, with some of these resources different to those commonly used by native English speakers in similar contexts. The use of such resources enabled contributors to express negative judgement of people they perceived to be in the elite, as well as towards other nation-states. In this paper, we identify status-sensitive linguistic resources that invoke attitudes in this context, and thus propose to split the appraisal category of judgement: social sanction: propriety into ethics-based propriety and social-hierarchy-based propriety. We discuss how these resources are deployed by the contributors to position others in ways that depend on both knowledge of cultural context and the online communicative context in which these interactions take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social hierarchies are widely used to predict life‐history patterns and priority of access to resources. Yet, behavioural ecology and social sciences lack a consistent relationship between specific behaviours and social rank across studies.I used published data sets from 42 groups of 25 species representing several taxa to determine whether hierarchies inferred from different behaviours are similar or (in)consistently different at both individual and group levels.Ranks inferred from yielding interactions in the absence of aggression ('ritualized') were often comparable to ranks inferred from decided aggression (unambiguous outcome) but not to ranks inferred from undecided aggression. Accordingly, hierarchies inferred from data sets including only decided interactions were steeper than those inferred from data sets including undecided aggression.These results support the hypothesis that aggression can be context‐dependent and might reflect less stable or mutually recognized relationships than (ritualized) yielding interactions.I discuss the consequences of choosing different behaviours to infer social hierarchies and the difficulty of making generalizations from one species or taxon to another. Finally, I recommend that the use of ritualized yielding and certainly the use of decided over undecided interactions to infer social hierarchies should be preferred, especially in comparative studies which go beyond taxon‐specific idiosyncrasies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding queenly expenditure is a key part of studying queenship, not least because it provides insight into how queens carried out their roles and responsibilities. But examining such expenditure also serves a purpose in relation to research on the material foundations of queenship. This article examines one aspect of that expenditure, namely the gifts and rewards given by Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth of York, two fifteenth-century English queens consort. Gifts and rewards serve as signal examples of how these queens used their economic resources and provide an additional entry into how to view these queens in economic and social/cultural terms. It shows that relating the queens' gifts and rewards to and demonstrating the implications of their practices on both their economic and social roles is a fruitful method of extending our understanding of the economic resources available to the queens and how they used them. This article is part of a research cluster in this issue on the economic power of medieval queens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Socio-ecological models combine ecological systems with human social dynamics in order to better understand human interactions with the environment. To model human behavior, replicator dynamics can be used to model how societal influence and financial costs can change opinions about resource extraction. Previous research on replicator dynamics has shown how evolving opinions on conservation can change how humans interact with their environment and therefore change population dynamics of the harvested species. However, social-ecological models often assume that human societies are homogeneous with no social structure. Building on previous work on social-ecological models, we develop a two-patch socio-ecological model with social hierarchy in order to study the interactions between spatial dynamics and social inequity. We found that fish movement between patches is a major driver of model dynamics, especially when the two patches exhibit different social equality and fishing practices. Further, we found that the societal influence between groups of harvesters was essential to ensuring stable fishery dynamics. Next, we developed a case study of two independently managed fisheries that were connected by fish movement where one human group fishes sustainably while another was over-harvests, resulting in a fishery collapse of both patches. We also found that because in this model, the influence of one human patch on another only communicates the amount of each catch and no fishing strategies were employed, increased social influence decreased the sustainability of the fishery. The findings of this study indicate the importance of including spatial components to socio-ecological models and highlights the importance of understanding species' movements when making conservation decisions. Further, we demonstrate how incorporating fishing methods from outside sources can result in higher stability of the harvested population, demonstrating the need for effective communication across management regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon contemporary social hierarchy research, the purpose of this study is to integrate a novel theoretical perspective to examine the taken-for-granted conclusions of the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) and interpersonal citizenship. We develop theoretically driven arguments and provide evidence of how LMX relates to power and status, the two prominent bases of social hierarchy. The results from our study support our assertion that the quality of LMX relationships provides social information about one's relative standing within a group's informal hierarchy. Specifically, LMX is positively associated with higher levels of perceived power and perceived status. Both power and status serve as important mediators that explain the relationship between LMX and interpersonal citizenship. We also identify the importance of citizenship pressure as a boundary condition for these relationships, finding that citizenship pressure interacts with power and status differently to influence the extent that employees engage in citizenship behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expectation States Theory suggests that social status carries emotions, with higher statuses producing positive emotions and lower statuses leading to negative emotions. However, the theory is broad and lacks empirical evidence. This study investigated whether positive and negative evaluations from positions of higher and lower social hierarchies affect decisions. We examined whether decision making is influenced when evaluations were given in a first (L1) versus second language (L2). Bilinguals read scenarios in which they imagined themselves in the middle of the hierarchy. They then made a series of decisions, each of which was preceded with an evaluative word from other individuals whose hierarchical positions were higher or lower. The behavioral results showed that negative evaluations from higher positions exerted greater impact on decisions than when negative evaluations came from a lower position. At the neural level, after receiving negative evaluations, a higher hierarchy elicited greater activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left supplementary motor area (SMA), right precentral gyrus, left fusiform gyrus, bilateral inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), and right AI compared to a lower hierarchy, which may be caused by the view that a negative evaluation from a higher hierarchy is criticism. Conversely, after receiving positive evaluations, the lower hierarchy elicited greater activation in the right IFG, left SMA, right precentral gyrus, bilateral IOG, right AI and right IPS compared to the higher hierarchy, which may be due to the fact that positive evaluations from positions of lower hierarchies are perceived as encouraging. Together, these findings support Expectation States Theory in that regardless of whether evaluative advice is given in an L1 or L2, there is an internal association between social status and social-emotional neural responses that are localized in the frontal–parietal and visual cortices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faunal remains from Ḥorvat Tevet, a site located in the rural hinterlands of the Jezreel Valley, reveal patterns of a complex redistributive apparatus during the Late Iron IIA. This paper assesses a large assemblage of animal bones within inter- and intra-site comparative analyses. Inter-site comparisons to contemporary sites in the northern valleys of Israel demonstrate that the agricultural production of grain and animal by-products at Ḥorvat Tevet is unprecedented and went far beyond the site's local needs. Further, an intra-site comparison reveals a hierarchical distinction in the consumption patterns between elites and the labour force. These results further reinforce the conclusion that the late Iron IIA Ḥorvat Tevet was an administrative centre of a royal Israelite estate in the Jezreel Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernacularization is a term that many linguists, historians, anthropologists, and others have adopted to refer to changing linguistic, social, and cultural hierarchies within communities. While the phenomena described in these studies are certainly related, the actual meanings given to vernacularization vary so much as to include near opposites. In this article, we review the various uses of ‘vernacularization’ in the linguistic–historical context and delve into some of the more metaphorical usage of the term in neighbouring fields, discerning six interrelated strands of scholarly argumentation around vernacularization. We argue that increased awareness of the different characteristics assigned to vernacularization in these strands would improve its usefulness as an analytical concept across disciplines.

The article aims at explaining the influence of the resource factor on differentiation in the early non-Western societies. The author uses extensive historical and anthropological data and analytical tools of classical and contemporary sociological theories to prove that scientific works consider the sufficiency of life support resources as a significant factor in sociogenesis. However, the direction and mechanism of this factor are interpreted differently due to the qualitative features of societies under study. An increase in the number of life support resources could play a stimulating role in the complication of those social structures that had relatively developed production technologies, which allowed to institutionalize private ownership of the means of production, i.e., the growth of wealth led to an increased exchange and, accordingly, to social inequality and, ultimately, to the state. Social differentiation developed differently in societies that were forced to significantly increase their economic efficiency but did not have developed production technologies or could not borrow them from their neighbors, i.e., the population growth, not supported by an increase in labor productivity, led to a shortage of life support resources. Thus, people were forced to look for more effective forms of labor organization, such as the involvement of large masses of community members in solving general economic problems, which was best ensured by a hierarchical socialeconomic system with elements of coercion and planning. In some areas, population mastered irrigation farming technologies which further accelerated social differentiation. Within this new social structure, clan relations were preserved for some time but only as a means of legitimizing the new order. As vertically integrated relations strengthened, they ceased to need justification due to achieving legitimation and dominance.

Simple Summary: In marine coral reef ecosystems, anemonefish are a group with highly complex behavioral patterns and strict social hierarchies. However, there has been a paucity of research on the factors associated with stable hierarchical relationships or the behaviors performed during competitive interactions, especially in anemonefish in the growth phase before sexual differentiation. In the present study, we employed an observational approach to assess the personality type of each individual by observing the interactive behavior between unsexually differentiated Amphiprion clarkii. Our findings revealed that the personality of A. clarkii varied significantly between individuals, with two main types. Furthermore, our pairing experiments confirmed the impact of personality on the establishment of a stable social hierarchy. These personality-related behavioral traits are potentially important for both individual and population survival, and extend our understanding of the establishment and evolution of social hierarchies in anemonefish and their impact on population dispersal. Furthermore, they have the potential to guide aquaculture practices. In this study, the behavioral ethogram of Amphiprion clarkii during the growth phase prior to sexual differentiation was summarized based on behavioral observations in three social environments. These behaviors can be classified into four categories: in addition to normal behaviors, the other three categories of behaviors—threatening, agonistic, and appeasing behaviors—represent different intentions in interactions with other individuals. Subsequently, the personalities of each individual were assessed by testing their reactions to intruders. These individuals mainly exhibited two distinct personality types: bold-aggressive and shy-submissive. In pairing experiments, the interactive behaviors of the anemonefish were observed in pairing combinations of different body sizes and personalities. The impact of personality on the establishment of a stable social hierarchy was confirmed by significant differences in the success rates of different pairing combinations, with the frequency of appeasing behaviors being the main factor influencing the success rate. Our results suggested that in natural waters, when juvenile individuals migrate among host anemones, shy-submissive individuals are more likely to be accepted due to their appeasing behaviors towards larger individuals, thus avoiding the risk of being attacked and bitten, and benefiting the survival of the individual. Conversely, bold-aggressive individuals are more likely to be driven away to another host anemone due to their unwillingness to settle for a lower-ranked status, thereby contributing to population dispersal and increasing opportunities for gene exchange between populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In recent years, the interest in virtual fencing systems for flexible animal enclosure management has increased. However, implementing such systems requires significant investment due to the need for individual collars, hindering large-scale adoption. This study examines the spatial distribution of a cow herd using GPS locations from the Nofence© system, aiming to minimize the number of collars required by identifying patterns in positions and ranks to derive a hierarchy. Contrary to expectations, no distinct pattern emerged, suggesting future studies should focus on individual interactions rather than viewing the herd as a single unit. Interest in virtual fencing has increased due to its flexibility for agriculture and rewilding. However, systems like Nofence© require large financial investments, and the need for individual collars complicates large-scale use. If cattle herds maintain cohesive groups around leading individuals, fewer collars could be used, thereby enhancing cost efficiency. This study investigates the pattern in spatial distribution in a herd of 17 Angus cows on Fanø in Denmark with GPS locations, using a Nofence© system. The aim of this paper is to determine how individuals position themselves in a herd, spatially, and identify a pattern in ranks. The method used in this study examines the distances between an individual to the rest of the herdmates using nearest neighbour and descriptive statistics. Contrary to expectations, this study did not reveal a distinct pattern in herd distribution. While some tendencies in spatial distribution patterns were observed, only a low concordance could be found ( W = 0.15 , p < 0.001 ), indicating great variability in the cattle's ranks. A cumulative curve of the ranks estimated over the entire periods, however, allowed a rough estimation of the hierarchy and allowed identification of the highest-ranked cows, making the use of a cumulative curve a possible solution to finding the high-ranked cows. This research underscores the complexity of cattle social structures and highlights the need for extended observation periods and alternative methodologies to enhance the cost-effectiveness and scalability of virtual fencing in agricultural and rewilding contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to examine how rural individuals and groups are reinterpreting Varna and Caste and the factors that are involved. These changes in the form and operation of these conceptions are the product of an ongoing process that considers the past, present, and future. The project aims to illuminate the changing social landscape and its effects on identity, social cohesion, and community dynamics in rural India. Qualitative research methods, including anthropological observations, will achieve this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses a remarkable criminal trial which took place in early seventeenth-century France. In 1617, Gaspard de Monconys, son of a prominent judge in Lyon, was accused of committing sacrilege and theft in the basilica of Saint-Denis, and then framing an innocent man who was sent to the galleys. The case attracted significant contemporary interest because of the Monconys family's status and the way the dispute became a literary event. Monconys' adversaries circulated their arguments among an informed public through extrajudicial publications known as factums, and Monconys' counsel responded in kind. This trial is fascinating in itself, since it involved a complex and notorious appeal before the Parlement of Paris, and reveals how extrajudicial print interacted with oral and manuscript pleadings. But the affair also provides new insight into the relationship between criminal justice, social hierarchy, and personal identity in the seventeenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines conceptualisations of Chinese vocational education. The parallel routes of academic and vocational education sort students into either strand with standardised exams. However, the status of academic and vocational work has been established through a culture of Confucianism. In order to examine current conceptualisations of vocational education, website-based commenting was used as an e-research method. Postings on the Chinese internet community Zhihu (知乎) were analysed for word frequency and user voice and examined through the lens of vocational system classification theory. It was found that Chinese socio-historical perspectives inform societal perceptions of education; that social divides reinforce academic/vocational educational divides, and that the stratified educational system of China further contributes to vocational education's unsatisfying learning environment. Since addressing societal perspectives is particularly complicated, it is recommended that those who seek to reduce educational inequality work to improve the educational quality and student experience of vocational education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernacularization is a term that many linguists, historians, anthropologists, and others have adopted to refer to changing linguistic, social, and cultural hierarchies within communities. While the phenomena described in these studies are certainly related, the actual meanings given to vernacularization vary so much as to include near opposites. In this article, we review the various uses of 'vernacularization' in the linguistic–historical context and delve into some of the more metaphorical usage of the term in neighbouring fields, discerning six interrelated strands of scholarly argumentation around vernacularization. We argue that increased awareness of the different characteristics assigned to vernacularization in these strands would improve its usefulness as an analytical concept across disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaders play a pivotal role in establishing ethical norms and behaviors within organizations. Across seven studies (three in the Supplementary Information), we explore how subordinates infer their leader's moral character outside the domain of ethical conduct and document this process's downstream consequences. Specifically, we focus on the dual-strategies theory, which posits that leaders exert influence and obtain deference via two broad orientations of behaviors and cognitions: dominance and prestige. In a field setting of employees and their managers, we find that leader dominance orientation positively relates to subordinate self-reported unethical behavior, whereas leader prestige is negatively related to the same. In a second sample of working adults, we use a time-lagged study design to show that leader dominance (prestige) positively (negatively) relates to subordinate-reported unethical behavior at work partly because of a belief that the leaders engage in more (less) unethical behaviors, which contributes to a belief that norm-violating behaviors are more (less) acceptable within teams under dominance- (prestige-) oriented leaders. Finally, across four experimental studies, we observe that participants assigned to a dominance-oriented (versus prestige-oriented) leader perceived their leader as having lower moral character and expressed a greater likelihood of engaging in unethical behavior. We also document actual unethical behavior for monetary gain. This effect was mediated by the belief that unethical behavior was normative within the team. Our results highlight the importance of moral (mis)perception by demonstrating the consequences of a leader's hierarchical orientation on subordinate ethical perceptions and behaviors at work. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.15640. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains how social norms can help to distinguish and understand a range of different kinds of social inequality and social hierarchy. My aim is to show how the literature on social norms can provide crucial resources to relational egalitarianism, which has made social equality and inequality into a central topic of contemporary normative political theorizing. The hope is that a more discriminating and detailed picture of different kinds of social inequality will help relational egalitarians move beyond a discussion of the justice or injustice of social equality as a single general category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Educational Studies (1673-1298) is the property of Journal of Educational Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social status in humans, generally reflected by socioeconomic status, has been associated, when constrained, with heightened vulnerability to pathologies including psychiatric diseases. Social hierarchy in mice translates into individual and interdependent behavioral strategies of animals within a group. The rules leading to the emergence of a social organization are elusive, and detangling the contribution of social status from other factors, whether environmental or genetic, to normal and pathological behaviors remains challenging. We investigated the mechanisms shaping the emergence of a social hierarchy in isogenic C57BL/6 mice raised in groups of 4 using conditional mutant mouse models and chemogenetic manipulation of dopamine midbrain neuronal activity. We further studied the evolution of behavioral traits and the vulnerability to psychopathological-like phenotypes according to the social status of the animals. Higher sociability predetermined higher social hierarchy in the colony. Upon hierarchy establishment, higher-ranked mice showed increased anxiety and better cognitive abilities in a working memory task. Strikingly, the higher-ranked mice displayed a reduced activity of dopaminergic neurons within the ventral tegmental area, paired with a decreased behavioral response to cocaine and a decreased vulnerability to depressive-like behaviors following repeated social defeats. The pharmacogenetic inhibition of this neuronal population and the genetic inactivation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling in dopamine-sensing brain areas that resulted in decreased dopaminergic activity promoted accession to higher social ranks. Dopamine activity and its modulation by the stress response shapes social organization in mice, potentially linking interindividual and social status differences in vulnerability to psychopathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review critically assesses Niko Kolodny's theory of social hierarchy and its importance as articulated in The Pecking Order (2023). After summarizing Kolodny's argument, I raise two critical challenges. First, I ask whether Kolodny leaves us without adequate account of why social hierarchies are, in themselves, objectionable. Second, I query whether Kolodny's defense of representative democracy is decisive, and suggest that egalitarians should be open to alternative ways of mitigating the threat of hierarchy posed by political rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From an early age, children recognize that people belong to social groups. However, not all groups are structured in the same way. The current study asked whether children recognize and distinguish among different decision-making structures. If so, do they prefer some decision-making structures over others? In these studies, children were told stories about two groups that went camping. In the hierarchical group, one character made all the decisions; in the egalitarian group, each group member made one decision. Without being given explicit information about the group's structures, 6- to 8-year-old children, but not 4- and 5-year-old children, recognized that the two groups had different decision-making structures and preferred to interact with the group where decision-making was shared. Children also inferred that a new member of the egalitarian group would be more generous than a new member of the hierarchical group. Thus, from an early age, children's social reasoning includes the ability to compare social structures, which may be foundational for later complex political and moral reasoning.

While immigrants in the US suffer poor access to healthcare in general, access within immigrant populations varies notably by legal status and employment. Intersections between immigration, employment, and healthcare policy have shaped immigrants access or exclusion from healthcare; however, little research has examined how immigrants experience and navigate these intersections. Drawing on social exclusion theory and the theory of bounded agency, we aimed to investigate Mexican and Chinese immigrants experiences of exclusion from healthcare as one key dimension of social exclusion-and how this was shaped by interactions with the institutions of immigration and employment. The examination of two ethnic immigrant groups who live under the same set of policies allows for a focus on the common impacts of policy. We selected Mexican and Chinese immigrants as the two largest subgroups in Californias Latinx and Asian immigrant population. We use a policy lens to analyze qualitative data from the mixed-methods Research on Immigrant Health and State Policy (RIGHTS) Study, involving 60 in-depth interviews with Mexican and Chinese immigrants in California between August 2018-August 2019. We identified two primary themes: pathways of social exclusion and access, and strategies used to address social exclusion. Findings show that immigrants exclusion from healthcare is fundamentally linked to legal status and employment, and that immigrants navigate difficult choices between opportunities for improved employment and changes in legal status. We argue that multiple categories of legal status affect immigrants employment opportunities and social position, which, in turn, translates to stratified healthcare access. Our findings support the literature establishing legal status as a mechanism of social stratification but challenge legal-illegal binary paradigms.

Collaboration with robots requires robot acceptance, but it can have adverse consequences when people accept a robot's request against their best intuition or another request from a superior human. In our research, we aim to explore how attitudes toward robots and the interdependency in human-robot interaction (equal versus superior position held by the human) influence their reaction to an unexpected request from a social robot, contradicting a human request. Hundred and six participants met the request from a robot not to turn it off at the end of a collaboration. The request counteracted the instruction given by the experimenter at the beginning of the experiment. Thirty-three percent of the participants complied with the robot's request and refrained from turning it off. Analyses showed that positive robot attitudes increased the likelihood of leaving the robot on. The superior position in the interaction made the rejection of the robot's unexpected request faster and slowed down the acceptance of the robot's request. According to the results from the follow-up questionnaire, discomfort, and tension caused by the unexpected request also increased the likelihood of accepting the request of the robot.

Due to the lack of a recording system for individual consumption of group-housed rabbits, published studies about feeding behaviour are based on information recorded at the group- and not at the individual level and periods covering only a few days or, in some cases, only part of a day. Such information could be used to inform rabbit management systems but cannot be used for genetic selection. We aimed to generate and use information from a novel automated feeder for group-housed rabbits to identify new phenotypes for individual animals that could be incorporated into breeding programs to improve feed efficiency and social behaviour under different feeding regimens. At 39 d of age, rabbits from 15 batches were placed in cages and fed ad libitum to become used to the electronic feeder. From 42 to 58–59 d, one group of 1 086 rabbits was fed ad libitum (AL), while another group of 1 134 rabbits was fed on a restricted feeding schedule (R) by limiting the feeding time to the period between 1800 and 0600 h of the following day. We implemented a reliable multivariate method to remove anomalous feeding behaviour records. We then defined novel traits for feeding behaviour that apply to both types of feeding regimes, and for social behaviour that indicates an animal’s rank within the cage hierarchy. We based these traits on feeder records and a biologically sound definition of a meal. Finally, we estimated the phenotypic correlations of those traits with growth and feed efficiency traits. Our findings demonstrate that variables about resource distribution among cage mates and an animal's priority for feed access were found to be good indicators of an animal's dominant or subordinate status within the cage. Based on results obtained in R animals (results were similar in AL animals), the most efficient animals were those that ate less frequently (phenotypic correlation with feed conversion ratio, rho = 0.6), and consumed smaller amounts per meal (rho = 0.7), spent less time at the feeder (rho = 0.4), and appeared to be subordinate, as they did not have priority access to the feeder (rho = −0.3), and had the smallest share of resources (range of rho = 0.2–0.6). We conclude that quantifying feeding and social behaviour traits can enhance the understanding of the mechanisms through which individuals exert their effects on the performance of their cage mates.

This editorial examines the impact of sex and gender on power, status, dominance, and leadership in human and mammalian societies. It emphasizes the need for collaboration between natural and social sciences to study these topics. The research combines contributions from ecology, biology, psychology, and management to gain a deeper understanding of gender inequalities and explore ways to reduce disparities. The article discusses various studies on the effects of sex and gender on power dynamics, including the role of emotional labor in women's prosocial power and the dynamics of male-female power in non-human societies. The goal is to develop a more comprehensive and interdisciplinary understanding of gender differences in power dynamics, which could contribute to empowering women. [Extracted from the article]

Social hierarchy is one fundamental aspect of social living, structuring interactions in families, teams, and entire societies. In this review, we put forward a cultural psychological approach to social hierarchy, positing that rank differences are embedded within larger cultural meaning systems, which shape how high rank is attained or conferred and how social hierarchy affords behavior and psychology. We then examine manifestations of hierarchy in two cultural meaning systems: Western and East Asian cultural contexts. Accumulating evidence on collective, interpersonal, and individual processes suggests cultural similarities in self-orientation but cultural differences in other-orientation of high-ranking individuals. Such literature reveal how thought and behavior within social hierarchies and cultural beliefs, values, and norms mutually constitute each other. We close with a discussion of how the present review is a stepping stone for future research and of remaining questions to further advance social hierarchy research across wider and more diverse cultural contexts. Social hierarchy is one fundamental aspect of human life, structuring interactions in families, teams, and entire societies. In this review, we put forward a new theory about how social hierarchy is shaped by the wider societal contexts (i.e., cultures). Comparing East Asian and Western cultural contexts, we show how culture comprises societal beliefs about who can raise to high rank (e.g., become a leader), shapes interactions between high- and low-ranking individuals (e.g., in a team), and influences human thought and behavior in social hierarchies. Overall, we find cultural similarities, in that high-ranking individuals are agentic and self-oriented in both cultural contexts. But we also find important cross-cultural differences. In East Asian cultural contexts, high-ranking individuals are also other oriented; they are also concerned about the people around them and their relationships. We close with a call to action, suggesting studying social hierarchies in more diverse cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on seasonal labour migration in rural India to examine how migrant returnees sought to reconstitute historical and hierarchical social relations in their home villages. I use qualitative research conducted in Maharashtra state in western India from 2014–15 among landowning farmers, landless returnees, and nonmigrant laborers. I demonstrate that for the returnees, an important element of social and cultural change in their home communities was their ability to upend and replace 'residual culture,' based on expectations of continued exploitation and performative hierarchy, with an 'emergent' one. I claim that the mechanics of counter-hegemony in rural Maharashtra includes a struggle for vernacular equality to eliminate caste-based practices of humiliation, including labour exploitation. I show that the attempts by returnees to reconstitute social relations in their home communities were undercut by the limits of cultural politics, in its inability to usher in the change that entails the redistribution of resources and substantive political power. This research contributes to theoretically textured scholarship in cultural geography on contestations between elite and subordinate cultures, particularly on the question of efforts to erase unjust historical practices of humiliation and how spatial, social, and economic mobility of the returnees, in part, enables this effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominance hierarchy exists in social animals and shows profound impacts on animals’ survival, physical and mental health, and reproductive success. Aggressive interaction, as the main indicator used to calculate social hierarchy, however, is not found in some female animals. In this study, we aimed to figure out the establishment of social hierarchy in hens that almost perform aggressive behaviors and investigated the interactions of social hierarchy with production performance and gut microbiome. Forty 49-day-old Qingyuan hens were randomly divided into four groups. The social hierarchy of hens was calculated by the relative position around the feeder. The rank 1 (R1), R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, and R10 birds were determined in ascending order. Then, R1 and R2 birds (four duplicates, n = 8) were named as the high-ranking hens (HR) group, while R9 and R10 individuals were named as the low-ranking hens (LR) group (four duplicates, n = 8). The heart index (p = 0.01), number of visits per day, daily feed intake, and occupation time per day were higher in the HR group than LR group, but the LR group had a higher feed intake per visit than the HR group. The alpha diversity was significantly lower in the HR group than the LR group (p = 0.05). The relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes was higher while that of phylum Deferribacterota was lower in the HR group than LR group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of Succinatimonas, Eubacterium hallii group, and Anaerostipes were higher in HR group than in LR group. The relative abundance of Bacteroides, Mucispirillum, Subdoligranulum, and Barnesiellaceae unclassified was higher in the LR group than HR group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the rank of hens could be calculated by the relative position around the feeder when they compete for food. The dominant hens have an versatile. Moreover, they are more vigilant and have priority when foraging. Low-ranking hens adopt strategies to get enough food to sustain themselves. Hens of high-rank possess beneficial bacteria that use favorable substances to maintain the balance of the gut environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through her dystopian novel The Handmaid's Tale (1985), Margaret Atwood fuels the debate surrounding the global plight of women. Atwood weaves many biblical concepts, names, and motifs relating to the status of women into the novel, with a particular focus on the concept of the handmaid, whose sole function is childbearing. Atwood thus warns against fundamentalist readings of the Bible and other canonical texts that are the foundations of our culture. In order to reach a fuller understanding of the contextual biblical sources of the novel, in this article I take an in-depth look at the biblical source of the name "Gilead", as Atwood chose to set her tale in the "Republic of Gilead". Furthermore, as the novel presents a radical social hierarchy among women based on their childbearing duties, I will also examine the biblical narratives foundational to the hegemonic male interpretation that gave rise, according to the novel, to this dystopian reality. In this terrifying novel, the transformation of women into childbearing handmaids is based both on the biblical story of the handmaids and on the proprietary relationship of men over women in the Bible. I argue that the novel's critical approach deconstructs the unspoken assumptions of a particular way of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article examines the impact of sex and gender on power, dominance, and leadership in human and mammalian societies. It emphasizes the similarities in the unequal distribution of power between males and females in both human and animal societies. The article highlights the need for interdisciplinary research and collaboration between natural and social sciences to gain a comprehensive understanding of these dynamics. It explores various factors that influence women's advancement to powerful positions and the evaluation of female and male leaders. The article also discusses the evolutionary origins and flexibility of intersexual dominance in mammalian societies, with a focus on lemurs. Overall, the goal of the research is to deepen our understanding of gender and sex inequalities and generate insights into reducing disparities. [Extracted from the article]

Social hierarchy greatly influences behavior and health. Both human and animal studies have signaled the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as specifically related to social hierarchy. Dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs) and D2 receptors (D2Rs) are abundantly expressed in the mPFC, modulating its functions. However, it is unclear how DR-expressing neurons in the mPFC regulate social hierarchy. Here, using a confrontation tube test, we found that most adult C57BL/6J male mice could establish a linear social rank after 1 week of cohabitation. Lower rank individuals showed social anxiety together with decreased serum testosterone levels. D2R expression was significantly downregulated in the dorsal part of mPFC (dmPFC) in lower rank individuals, whereas D1R expression showed no significant difference among the rank groups in the whole mPFC. Virus knockdown of D2Rs in the dmPFC led to mice being particularly prone to lose the contests in the confrontation tube test. Finally, simultaneous D2R activation in the subordinates and D2R inhibition in the dominants in a pair switched their dominant–subordinate relationship. The above results indicate that D2Rs in the dmPFC play an important role in social dominance. Our findings provide novel insights into the divergent functions of prefrontal D1Rs and D2Rs in social dominance, which may contribute to ameliorating social dysfunctions along with abnormal social hierarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The devaluing image associated with slums leads to a feeling of stigmatisation among their inhabitants. For some slum dwellers, rehousing is imagined as a new start, an opportunity to take on an urban identity that is legitimate in their eyes, by accessing legal and decent housing. This intended identity is constructed in interaction with the authorities and non-residents of the slums, and is associated with a legitimate urban status. Through a qualitative sociological survey, this article studies how the quest for a new urban identity in the Nasr neighbourhood, a collective housing project designed to rehouse former residents of Témara, has created logics of exclusion and social hierarchisation. It analyses the effects of place, the logics of exclusion and the techniques mobilised by stigmas in order to understand neighbourhood relations and the relations maintained by the ex-bidonvillois with the rest of the city. The aim is to find out whether the rehousing of former slum dwellers has enabled them to overcome the feeling of stigmatisation felt in the slums. The article is structured in three parts. The first part provides a description of the neighbourhood studied and the conditions of settlement. Built within the framework of the national ‘Cities without Slums’ (CSB) programme, the Nasr neighbourhood reflects the neoliberal urban governmentality promoted by the World Bank for Development. A policy contributing to the fabrication of the indebted poor. For some ex-slum dwellers, rehousing is experienced as a form of ruralization, as it is located far from the city centre and its amenities, which were accessible in the slum context. The deterioration of the social conditions of this population fuels a certain hostility and discontent towards the authorities. The second part of the article highlights the precarious living conditions for a large proportion of ex-bidonvillians. Indeed, the flats were a disillusionment for some ex-bidonvillians in relation to their expectations. This is largely linked to the authorities’ objective of deconstructing habitats considered to be both a spatial and social evil without putting in place a more adequate social support strategy that meets the expectations of the population. The feeling of abandonment due to the lack of social support has given rise to subaltern means of resistance such as associative work, individual and collective mobilisation, indignation towards the public authorities, and the construction of an informal market to respond to their needs. The precarious transition from the slums to the resettlement area has worsened the economic and social situation of some inhabitants. At the economic level, many families, particularly the most disadvantaged (women heads of household and some ex-slum dwellers working in day jobs), have difficulty in covering new expenses, such as bank bills, water and electricity costs. Finally, the third part analyses the social relations within the neighbourhood. Flats were allocated arbitrarily, which led to a breakdown in the existing social ties between the slum dwellers. Moreover, the departure of some ex-slum dwellers and the arrival of other social categories created a social hierarchy based on the amount of economic capital owned and the attempts to adapt to the new life. This has led to a kind of mistrust and social withdrawal. Although this social hierarchy is invisible to the outside world, the inhabitants of the neighbourhood are seen as homogeneous and judged according to the image that others have of their neighbourhood. This leads the inhabitants to want to flee the neighbourhood in order to distinguish themselves and to appropriate a new urban identity.