Search

ABSTRACT The price of exit influences the terms of intimate relationships--and constitutes an important factor in distinguishing committed from contingent relationships. With or without legal recognition of the relationship itself [...]

Most individuals strive to satisfy every obligation laid out in standard form contracts such as mortgages, insurance plans, or credit agreements. Sophisticated parties, however, adapt and modify their obligations during [...]

We examine the relationship between the earned income tax credit (EITC) and Black-White after-tax income inequality from 1980 to 2020. The EITC lowers overall inequality by 5-10 percent in a typical year, improving the incomes of Black households relative to White households in the bottom half of the distribution. Gains in relative economic status emerged after the 1993 EITC expansion, concentrated among working-class Black households, and not extending to those at the very bottom. Estimating the effect of the 1993 expansion on labor supply, we find evidence of a much larger extensive-margin employment response for Black households than White households. Keywords: after-tax income, racial inequality, labor supply JEL Codes: H2, 13, I. INTRODUCTION Income inequality between Blacks and Whites stands as among the most durable group-level outcome differences in the United States. Historically, the root causes of this inequality span large-scale [...]

2. Redistribution under Florida's Citizens Property Insurance Corporation '[Florida] subsidized the well-to-do who live near the beach at the expense of the less-well-to-do who don't.' --Michael Lewis, New York Times [...]

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) may be at higher risk of unhealthy eating. We described country-specific dietary patterns among children aged 2-9 years from eight European countries participating in the IDEFICS study and assessed the association of dietary patterns with an additive SES indicator. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Children aged 2-9 years from eight European countries were recruited in 2007-2008. Principal component analysis was applied to identify dietary country-specific patterns. Linear regression analyses were applied to assess their association with SES. RESULTS: Two to four dietary patterns were identified in the participating regions. The existence of a 'processed' pattern was found in the eight regions. Also, a 'healthy' pattern was identified in seven of the eight regions. In addition, region-specific patterns were identified, reflecting the existing gastronomic and cultural differences in Europe. The 'processed' pattern was significantly inversely associated with the SES additive indicator in all countries except Sweden, whereas the 'healthy' pattern was positively associated with SES in the Belgian, Estonian, German and Hungarian regions, but was not significant in the Italian, Spanish and Swedish regions. CONCLUSIONS: A 'processed' pattern and a 'healthy' pattern were found in most of the participating countries in the IDEFICS study, with comparable food item profiles. The results showed a strong inverse association of SES with the 'processed' pattern, suggesting that children of parents with lower SES may be at higher risk of unhealthy eating. Therefore, special focus should be given to parents and their children from lower SES levels when developing healthy eating promotion strategies. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2014) 68, 811-821;doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.78; published online 14 May 2014, INTRODUCTION Social inequalities in health are present from childhood until adult life; socioeconomic status (SES) differences in the risk of morbidity and mortality have been well documented. (1) The burden [...]

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Well-being has been linked to the quality of diet and lifestyle in adults; however, there is a paucity of data in pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between well-being and socioeconomic status, diet and lifestyle during pregnancy and to consider the effect of intervention with low glycaemic index (GI) diet on well- being. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This was a cohort analysis of 619 participants of the ROLO study (Randomised cOntrol trial of LOw GI diet versus no dietary intervention to prevent recurrence of fetal macrosomia). The following data were collected: educational attainment, dietary intakes (food frequency questionnaire), physical activity (self-reported) and well-being (WHO-5- Item Wellbeing Index--expressed as a percentage). RESULTS: Well-being was positively associated with education and physical activity. Third-level education was associated with a 3.07-point higher well-being percentage score, and each day that an individual achieved > 30 min walking per week was associated with a 1.10-point increase in percentage well-being score, [R.sup.2.sub.adj] 2.4% (F = 7.260, P = 0.001). The intervention low GI group had a significantly lower percentage well-being score than the usual diet group (56.3% vs 59.9%, P = 0.015). No correlation was noted between well-being and GI status calculated from food diaries (P = 0.469). Well-being was not associated with micronutrient intake. CONCLUSIONS: Well-being in pregnancy was independently and positively associated with education and physical activity and negatively associated with low GI dietary intervention. These findings have significance not only for women at risk of low mood but also for healthcare professionals when counselling women about the importance of healthy lifestyle in pregnancy. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2014) 68, 19-24; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.212; published online 30 October 2013 Keywords: well-being; pregnancy; mood; diet; lifestyle, INTRODUCTION Pregnancy is a period during which well-being often declines and there is increased anxiety and stress. (1,2) There is a higher prevalence of depression both during pregnancy and postpartum. [...]

This article examines how pocketbook and sociotropic economic evaluations jointly affect economic voting behavior for those that have 'fallen behind' in their personal financial conditions relative to aggregate economic performance. According to reference-dependent and relative loss theories, those who have fallen behind should be less likely to support the incumbent president. Alternatively, attributing personal financial conditions to the incumbent is cognitively complex and can conflict with core values, and the sociotropic version of voting is typically stronger than the pocketbook version. These approaches are tested, and the results show that the sociotropic version of economic voting predominates even among those who have fallen behind. The results are robust to controls for nongovernmental sources ofvariation in personal financial conditions. These results have important implications for democratic accountability in an age of economic inequality. Keywords: Economic Voting, Pocketbook Voting, Voting Behavior, Sociotropic Economic Evaluations, Democratic Accountability, Economic Inequality in Democracies, Relative Loss Theory. Este articulo examina como las evaluaciones de 'chequera' (evaluaciones en base a la situacion financiera personal) o 'sociotropica' (en base a la percepcion del desempeno de la economia) afectan de manera conjunta, el comportamiento del voto de aquellos cuyas condiciones financieras han quedado rezagadas en relacion al avance de la economia. De acuerdo a las teorias de referencia-dependiente y de perdida relativa es poco probable que los que han quedado rezagados en su situacion financiera lleguen a apoyar la reeleccion del presidente en turno. El articulo contrapone a la perspectiva anterior una que plantea que la evaluacion sociotropica del voto es tipicamente mas fuerte que la version de voto de chequera, pues es cognitivamente complejo hacer responsable al presidente en turno de las condiciones financieras personales y ademas, que hacer lo anterior puede entrar en conflicto con valores basicos. Estos dos enfoques son puestos aprueba y los resultados demuestran que la version sociotropica predomina en los que sufren rezago en su situacion economica. Los resultados son robustos para controles de fuentes no gubernamentales de variacion en las condiciones financieras personales. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones importantes para el rendimiento de cuentas en la presente era de desigualdad economica., The economic evaluations of voters are one of the strongest predictors of vote choice, but economic voting takes varied forms. Economic voting can be based upon personal financial conditions (pocketbook), [...]

The increasing acidification of the oceans is measured in pH units, but its impacts on people will be measured in dollar signs, says Sarah Cooley. Commercial and recreational fishing, tourism, [...]

Ocean acidification is increasingly recognized as a component of global change that could have a wide range of impacts on marine organisms, the ecosystems they live in, and the goods and services they provide humankind. Assessment of these potential socio-economic impacts requires integrated efforts between biologists, chemists, oceanographers, economists and social scientists. But because ocean acidification is a new research area, significant knowledge gaps are preventing economists from estimating its welfare impacts. For instance, economic data on the impact of ocean acidification on significant markets such as fisheries, aquaculture and tourism are very limited (if not non-existent), and non-market valuation studies on this topic are not yet available. Our paper summarizes the current understanding of future OA impacts and sets out what further information is required for economists to assess socio-economic impacts of ocean acidification. Our aim is to provide clear directions for multidisciplinary collaborative research., Introduction The ocean reservoir of carbon is much greater than the terrestrial and atmospheric systems combined and provides an important net sink for carbon through exchanges of C[O.sub.2] with the [...]

Social, cultural, economic, and environmental aspects of fishing are central considerations in contemporary fishery management decisions. Yet scientific research supporting such decisions around the United States has tended to focus primarily on environmental and economic aspects of marine fisheries. In this article we report on a project that was designed to improve understanding of social organizational aspects of fishing and potential intercommunity variability in patterns of seafood distribution in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Research methods included an extended period of ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews with networks of avid small-boat fishermen in two communities on the island of O'ahu. Findings make clear that the pursuit and distribution of seafood products are important organizing features of local societies in Hawai'i and that the nature and extent of selling, sharing, and consuming pelagic seafood vary between the study communities, indicating likely variation in the nature and extent of use of seafood landed elsewhere in the Islands. These findings ideally would be taken into account in any future policy-making processes that could result in new strictures on small-boat fisheries in this island region., IN THIS ARTICLE we review select findings from a project that was designed to describe and analyze human dimensions of small-scale open-ocean fishing and distribution of pelagic seafood in the [...]

Understanding human drivers of exploitation within the context of historical baselines can assist in better management of natural resources. Retrospective studies provide insight into the scale, nature, and timing of human influence on reef ecosystems. Using Papua New Guinea as a model, we assessed human influences on the historical status of reef resources through time. Reef resources were divided into seven ecological guilds, assessed over seven cultural periods and in reference to seven types of human influences. Ranking of ecological status and human influence was performed based on extensive bibliographical research. Evidence for periods of sustainability and depletion were found throughout historical and modern periods. More recently, acceleration in the rate of resource depletion has occurred as a result of increasing pressure at unprecedented scales. Subsistence lifestyles are becoming unviable or unattractive since the introduction of the cash economy during colonial times. Current challenges such as providing livelihood options and sustaining replenishment rates of reef resources have arisen from a long history of overexploitation that preconditioned the current status of reef resources under an economic climate of increasing demand for these resources. Studies of past human exploitation of reef resources can help to overcome the shifting baseline syndrome for fisheries management in marine ecosystems and help characterize the scale and intensity of human drivers influencing resource exploitation., THE HEALTH OF coral reefs has increasingly become a concern due to the ecological, economic, and cultural values embedded in these ecosystems (Moberg and Folke 1999, Hatcher and Hatcher 2004, [...]

Numerous studies have explored the 'shifting baseline syndrome' (SBS), which suggests that individual perceptions of environmental health are formed by comparing the environment to a 'baseline' from the past. Understanding social perceptions of environmental conditions, especially where they differ from ecological assessments, can help guide environmental management efforts. In this study we compared ecological assessments of coral reef health with perceptions of reef health from surveyed residents in five villages in Solomon Islands and Fiji. Comparative analysis suggests that respondents from Solomon Islands perceived their reefs as being degraded, yet based on ecological measurements actually had healthier reefs, while in Fiji fewer people perceived their reefs to be declining in health, yet ecological measurement showed them to be more degraded than Solomon Islands reefs. We found no evidence of baselines 'shifting' relative to respondent age in this instance and suggest that these differential baselines and the inverse relationship between local perceptions and ecological measurements may be a result of: (1) differences in the rate of environmental change experienced at local scales; and (2) may also be related to differences in respondent perceptions of 'quality of life' at each site. If the success of conservation approaches such as marine protected areas (MPAs) are dependent on local social consensus that natural resources are diminished or degraded, then tracking broader social indicators like 'quality of life' and 'rates of change' (real and perceived) alongside ecological assessments of environmental health may prove beneficial to conservation practitioners., IN 1995 DANIEL PAULY (1995) published a short paper that posited that individual perceptions of environmental health are formed by comparing current environmental conditions to a 'baseline' from the past, [...]

OBJECTIVES: To examine the socio-economic, behavioural and Metis-specific factors that predict obesity among Metis children aged 6 to 14 years. Socio-economic factors included household structure and income, parental education and food insecurity. Cultural factors included knowledge of an Aboriginal language, participation in cultural activities, time spent with Elders and parental residential school attendance. METHODS: The 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey, Children and Youth component collected data about Metis children, including child height and weight, reported by the person most knowledgeable about the child (PMK). Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to predict obesity, defined using IOTF BMI cut-offs. After testing for interactions, models were stratified by age (6-10, 11-14) and gender. RESULTS: An estimated 18.5% of Metis boys and 14.4% of girls were obese. The effects of socio-economic factors and region varied across age and gender groups, although living in a lone-parent family and rural residence had consistent effects. Many effects of cultural variables were unexpected. Although PMK residential schooling was positively associated with obesity generally, the effects were negative among older girls. As expected, children participating in frequent physical activity generally had lower risk, independent of other factors. CONCLUSIONS: Although socio-economic factors are related to risk of obesity among Metis children, the effects may not be the same across age groups and for boys and girls. There is some evidence of independent effects of Metis-specific cultural factors, including parental residential schooling, on the risk of child obesity, but further investigation and better data are needed to understand these relationships. KEY WORDS: Obesity; Body Mass Index; indigenous population; children; Canada OBJECTIFS : Examiner les facteurs socioeconomiques, comportementaux et culturels predisant l'obesite chez les enfants metis de 6 a 14 ans. Les facteurs socioeconomiques etaient la structure et le revenu des menages, l'instruction parentale et l'insecurite alimentaire. Les facteurs culturels etaient la connaissance d'une langue autochtone, la participation a des activites culturelles, le temps passe avec les Aines et la frequentation parentale des pensionnats. METHODE : Le volet sur les enfants et les jeunes de l'Enquete aupres des peuples autochtones (2006) presente des donnees sur les enfants metis, y compris leur taille et leur poids, declarees par la personne connaissant le mieux l'enfant (PCME). Par regression logistique binaire multivariee, nous avons predit l'obesite (definie selon les points-limites d'IMC de l'IOTF) chez ces enfants. Apres evaluation des interactions, les modeles ont ete stratifies par age (6-10 ans, 11-14 ans) et par sexe. RESULTATS : Environ 18,5% des garcons metis et 14,4% des filles etaient obeses. Les effets des facteurs socioeconomiques et regionaux variaient selon les groupes d'age et de sexe, mais vivre dans une famille monoparentale et resider en milieu rural produisaient des effets uniformes. De nombreux effets des variables culturelles etaient inattendus. Bien que la frequentation d'un pensionnat par la PCME soit associee positivement a l'obesite en general, son effet etait negatif chez les filles de 11 a 14 ans. Comme prevu, les enfants s'adonnant frequemment a l'activite physique avaient un risque d'obesite inferieur dans l'ensemble, independamment des autres facteurs. CONCLUSIONS : Bien que les facteurs socioeconomiques soient lies au risque d'obesite chez les enfants metis, leurs effets peuvent ne pas etre les memes dans tous les groupes d'age ou entre les garcons et les filles. Il semble que les facteurs culturels propres aux Metis, dont la frequentation parentale des pensionnats, exercent des effets independants sur le risque d'obesite chez les enfants, mais il faudrait pousser la recherche et obtenir de meilleures donnees pour comprendre ces liens. MOTS CLES : obesite; indice de masse corporelle; population d'origine amerindienne; enfant; Canada, Aboriginal children in Canada and the US are at particularly high risk for overweight and obesity, (1) with a variety of potential health consequences in childhood and later life. (2) [...]

OBJECTIVE: To examine the contribution of socio-economic position (SEP) in explaining the excess of any abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV) among Aboriginal versus non-Aboriginal women in Canada. This comparison has not been studied before. METHODS: We conducted logistic regression analysis, using nationwide data from a weighted sample of 57,318 Canadian- born mothers of singletons who participated in the Canadian Maternity Experiences Survey 2006-7. RESULTS: The unadjusted odds of any abuse and IPV were almost four times higher among Aboriginal compared to non- Aboriginal mothers; OR 3.91 (95% CI 3.12-4.89) and OR 3.78 (2.87-4.97), respectively. Adjustment for SEP reduced the unadjusted OR of any abuse and IPV by almost 40%. However, even with this adjustment, the odds of any abuse and IPV for Aboriginal mothers remained twice that of non- Aboriginal mothers; OR 2.34 (1.82-2.99) and OR 2.19 (1.60-3.00), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SEP is a predominant contributor to the excess of abuse against Aboriginal vs. non-Aboriginal women in Canada. Reducing violence against Aboriginal women can be achieved mostly by improving their SEP, and simultaneously be informed by social processes and services that can mitigate abuse. The fact that SEP did not fully explain the excess of abuse among the Aboriginal women might lend support to 'colonization or postcolonial theories,' and related contextual factors such as differences in community social resources (e.g., social capital) and services. The effect of these factors on the excess of abuse warrants future research. KEY WORDS: Violence against women; Intimate Partner Violence (IPV); Aboriginal peoples in Canada; socioeconomic position; colonialization OBJECTIF : Examiner le role de la situation socioeconomique (SSE) pour expliquer le surcroit d'abus et de violence entre partenaires intimes (VPI) chez les femmes autochtones au Canada par rapport aux femmes non autochtones. Notre etude est la toute premiere a effectuer une telle comparaison. METHODE : Nous avons analyse par regression logistique des donnees pancanadiennes tirees d'un echantillon pondere de 57 318 femmes nees au Canada ayant accouche d'un enfant unique et ayant participe a l'Enquete canadienne sur l'experience de la maternite de 2006-2007. RESULTATS : Les probabilites non ajustees d'abus et de VPI etaient pres de quatre fois plus elevees chez les meres autochtones que chez les meres non autochtones : RC 3,91 (IC de 95% 3,12-4,89) et RC 3,78 (2,874,97), respectivement. L'ajustement pour tenir compte de la SSE a reduit de pres de 40% le rapport de cotes non ajuste pour les cas d'abus et de VPI. Cependant, meme avec cet ajustement, les probabilites d'abus et de VPI chez les meres autochtones demeurent deux fois plus elevees que chez les meres non autochtones : RC 2,34 (1,82-2,99) et RC 2,19 (1,603,00), respectivement. CONCLUSIONS : La SSE est l'un des principaux facteurs contribuant au surcroit d'abus chez les femmes autochtones au Canada par rapport aux femmes non autochtones. Reduire la violence envers les femmes autochtones pourrait se faire principalement en ameliorant leur SSE, tout en informant ces femmes des processus et des services sociaux qui peuvent attenuer les abus. Le fait que la SSE n'explique pas entierement le surcroit d'abus que vivent les femmes autochtones pourrait accrediter les << theories >> coloniales ou postcoloniales et les facteurs contextuels connexes, comme les differences dans les services et les ressources sociales communautaires (p. ex., le capital social). L'effet de ces facteurs sur le surcroit d'abus merite d'etre etudie plus avant. MOTS CLES : violence envers les femmes; violence entre partenaires intimes (VPI); Autochtones au Canada; situation socioeconomique; colonialisme, Violence against Aboriginal women in Canada is a major public health concern. (1,2) Studies indicate high levels of violence against Aboriginal women, (3,4) with prevalence ranging from 22% (4) to [...]

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Previous research has shown, in predominantly European populations, that dietary patterns are evident early in life. However, little is known about early-life dietary patterns in Australian children. We aimed to describe dietary patterns of Australian toddlers and their associations with socio-demographic characteristics and adiposity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Principal component analysis was applied to 3 days (1 x 24-h recall and 2 x 24-h record) data of 14 (n = 552)- and 24 (n = 493)-month-old children from two Australian studies, NOURISH and South Australian Infant Dietary Intake (SAIDI). Associations with dietary patterns were investigated using regression analyses. RESULTS: Two patterns were identified at both ages. At 14 months, the first pattern was characterised by fruit, grains, vegetables, cheese and nuts/seeds ('14-month core foods') and the second pattern was characterised by white bread, milk, spreads, juice and ice-cream ('basic combination'). Similarly, at 24 months the '24-month core foods' pattern included fruit, vegetables, dairy, nuts/seeds, meat and water, whereas the 'non-core foods' included white bread, spreads, sweetened beverages, snacks, chocolate and processed meat. Lower maternal age and earlier breastfeeding cessation were associated with higher 'basic combination' and 'non-core foods' pattern scores, whereas earlier and later solid introduction were associated with higher 'basic combination' and '24-month core foods' pattern scores, respectively. Patterns were not associated with body mass index (BMI) z-score. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary patterns reflecting core and non-core food intake are identifiable in Australian toddlers. These findings support the need to intervene early with parents to promote healthy eating in children and can inform future investigations on the effects of early diet on long-term health. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2013) 67, 638-645; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.23; published online 27 February 2013 Keywords: dietary patterns; PCA; Australia; socio-demographic; BMI, INTRODUCTION Nutritional research has expanded to consider whole diet in addition to individual nutrients and foods. (1) Summarising multiple dietary components into an overall diet measure takes into account correlations [...]

BACKGROUND: Rates of infant mortality declined in Canada in the 1990s and 2000s, but the extent to which all socio- economic levels benefitted from this progress is unknown. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated differences and time trends in neonatal, postneonatal and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) mortality across neighbourhood income quintiles among live births in Canada from 1991 through 2005. METHODS: The Canadian linked live birth and infant death file was used, excluding births from Ontario, Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Mortality rates for neonatal, postneonatal and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were calculated by neighbourhood income quintile and period (1991-1995, 1996-2000, 2001-2005). Hazard ratios (HR) for neighbourhood income quintile and period were computed, adjusting for province of residence, maternal age, parity, infant sex and multiple birth. RESULTS: In urban areas, for the entire study period (1991-2005), the poorest neighbourhood income quintile had a higher hazard of neonatal death (adjusted HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.15-1.34), postneonatal death (adjusted HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.41-1.76) and SIDS (adjusted HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.49-2.26) compared to the richest quintile. Postneonatal and SIDS mortality rates declined by 37% and 57%, respectively, between 1991-1995 and 2001-2005 whereas no significant change was observed in neonatal mortality. The decrease in postneonatal and SIDS mortality rates occurred across all income quintiles. CONCLUSION: This study shows that despite a decrease in infant mortality and SIDS across all neighbourhood income quintiles over time in Canada, socio-economic inequalities persist. This finding highlights the need for effective infant health promotion strategies in vulnerable populations. KEY WORDS: Infant mortality; social class; sudden infant death CONTEXTE: La mortalite infantile a diminue au Canada depuis les annees 1990 et 2000 mais nous ignorons si toutes les classes socio-economiques ont beneficie egalement de ce progres. OBJECTIFS: La presente etude portait sur les differences entre les taux de mortalite neonatale et postneonatale et de mort subite du nourrisson entre les differents quintiles de revenu des quartiers au Canada de 1991 a 2005 METHODES: Le fichier couple des naissances vivantes et des deces infantiles au Canada a ete utilise a l'exclusion des naissances survenues en Ontario, au Yukon, dans les Territoires du Nord-ouest et au Nunavut. Les taux de mortalite neonatale et postneonatale et de mort subite du nourrisson ont ete calcule par quintile de revenu des quartiers et par periode (1991-1995, 1996-2000, 2001-2005). Les rapports de risque (RR) ont ete calcules par quintile de revenu et periode avec ajustement pour la province de residence, l'age de la mere, la parite, le sexe du nourrisson et les naissances multiples. RESULTATS: En zone urbaine, pour toute la periode etudiee (1991-2005), le quintile de revenu le plus pauvre avait un risque plus eleve de mortalite neonatale (RR ajuste 1,24; IC 95% 1,15-1,34), de mortalite postneonatale (RR ajuste 1,58; IC 95% 1,41-1,76) et de mort subite du nourrisson (RR ajuste 1,83; IC 95% 1,49-2,26) par rapport au quintile le plus riche. Les taux de mortalite post neonatale et de mort subite du nourrisson ont decline respectivement de 37 % et de 57 % de 1991-1995 a 2001-2005 alors que le taux de mortalite neonatale n'a pas change de facon significative. Cette diminution de la mortalite postneonatale et de la mort subite du nourrisson a ete observee dans tous les quintiles de revenu. CONCLUSION: Malgre une diminution de la mortalite postneonatale et du syndrome de mort subite du nourrisson dans tous les quintiles de revenu, les inegalites subsistent au Canada. Ce resultat demontre le besoin de strategies efficaces de promotion de la sante visant specifiquement les populations vulnerables. MOTS CLES: mort subite du nourrisson; mortalite infantile; statut socio-economique, Infant mortality declined in Canada from 6.5 per 1,000 live births in 1991 to 5.1 in 20001 and 5.0 in 2007.2 However, the extent to which all socio-economic levels benefitted [...]

Despite the socioeconomic as well as ecological importance of small-scale fisheries in developing countries, there is a dearth of information on the state of artisanal fisheries in different regions of the tropical Indo-Pacific. In this study, catch patterns in small-scale artisanal fisheries within an area of high marine biodiversity in the western Pacific were analyzed using data gathered directly from the main fish market in Manado, North Sulawesi, eastern Indonesia. Of a total of 350 species identified among harvested fishes, the majority of species (ca. 90%) were closely associated with shallow reef habitats (, DESPITE THE RECOGNITION that small-scale fisheries are thought to account for a significant proportion of the global catch for human consumption (Jennings et al. 2001), there is still a limited [...]

In the past decade, evidence has been mounting that conventional approaches to policy making have to change. Concerns about sustainability, climate changes and the cascade of effects engendered by the [...]

Objectives: To overcome the absence of socio-economic information in administrative databases and to monitor social inequalities in health, a material and social deprivation index was developed for Quebec and Canada. Methods: The index is based on the smallest area unit used in Canadian censuses, with 400 to 700 persons on average. It includes six socio-economic indicators grouped along two dimensions - material and social - produced from principal component analyses. The index exists for 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006 and in different versions, from local areas to the whole of Canada. Numerous products related to the index are available online free of charge. Results: The index has been used extensively in the field of health and social services, mainly in the province of Quebec but also elsewhere in Canada. It has had four main uses, all related to public health: describing geographic variations of deprivation, illustrating inequalities in population health status and in service use according to deprivation, supporting the development of health reports and policies, and guiding regional resource allocation. These applications are facilitated by a close partnership between the producers and users of the index. Conclusion: The deprivation index is a marker of social inequalities in health. It allows for monitoring of inequalities over time and space, and constitutes a useful tool for public health planning, intervention and service delivery. Key words: Socio-economic factors; small-area analysis; public health Contexte: Pour pallier l'absence d'information socioeconomique dans les bases administratives et pour surveiller les inegalites sociales en sante, un indice de defavorisation materielle et sociale a ete elabore pour le Quebec et pour l'ensemble du Canada. Methode: L'indice repose sur la plus petite unite territoriale des Recensements canadiens (400 a 700 personnes en moyenne). Il compte six indicateurs socioeconomiques ramenes a deux dimensions, materielle et sociale, a la suite d'analyses en composantes principales. L'indice existe pour 1991, 1996, 2001 et 2006 et sous differentes versions, de territoires locaux jusqu'a l'ensemble du Canada. Un grand nombre de produits associes a l'indice sont disponibles gratuitement, via Internet. Resultats: L'indice a ete abondamment utilise dans le secteur de la sante, principalement au Quebec, mais egalement au Canada. L'indice poursuit quatre finalites, toutes liees a la sante publique: decrire les variations de la defavorisation sur le territoire, illustrer les inegalites de sante et de recours aux services de sante chez la population, soutenir l'elaboration de politiques et de rapports sur la sante, et favoriser une allocation equitable des ressources financieres entre les regions. Ces applications sont facilitees par un partenariat etroit entre producteurs et utilisateurs de l'indice. Conclusion: L'indice de defavorisation est un marqueur d'inegalites sociales de sante. Il permet de reperer et de suivre ces inegalites, dans le temps et dans l'espace. Il constitue un outil utile a la planification de la sante. Mots cles: facteurs socioeconomiques; analyse des variations regionales; sante publique, In the late 1990s, an area-based material and social deprivation index was developed for Quebec. Later, by 2007 and 2008, it was extended to cover the whole of Canada. The [...]

Objectives: Using data from the Canadian census, researchers at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy sought to create an area-based socio-economic measure (ABSM). The degree of association between the ABSM and health was evaluated. Methods: Values on several census variables (including income, education, employment and family structure) were captured at the enumeration-area or dissemination-area level and submitted to a principal components factor analysis to create three ABSMs: an updated version of the Socio-economic Factor Index (SEFI-2) and modified versions of Pampalon's material deprivation and social deprivation indices. Factor scores from these analyses were then compared with several population health measures: Premature Mortality Rate (PMR), Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL), life expectancy, and self-rated health. Results: SEFI-2 scores were strongly related not only to the other ABSMs but also to every measure of health status. The strongest correlations between an ABSM and health measure were for SEFI-2 and PYLL(r = 0.85), and SEFI-2 and PMR (r = 0.80). The weakest correlations were found with the social deprivation ABSM measure and the self-rated health measure. Conclusions: ABSMs based on measures from the Canadian census are a valuable resource to population health researchers. Importantly, depending on the research question and reason for the inclusion of an ABSM, these composite measures may perform better than a simple measure of income alone. The ability to adjust for socio-economic status when assessing population health status or population health interventions contributes to the validity of conclusions drawn when conducting this type of research, and ABSMs may be able to substitute for area health status where it may not be easily determined. Key words: Socio-economic status; socio-economic factors; mortality, premature; censuses; health status Objectifs: A l'aide des donnees du Recensement du Canada, des chercheurs du Centre de la politique des soins de sante du Manitoba ont voulu creer un indicateur socioeconomique regional (ISR). Nous avons evalue le degre d'association entre cet ISR et la sante. Methode: Les valeurs de plusieurs variables du Recensement (revenu, instruction, emploi et structure familiale) ont ete saisies a l'echelle des secteurs de denombrement ou des aires de diffusion, puis soumises a une analyse factorielle en composantes principales afin de creer trois ISR: une version actualisee de l'indice des facteurs socioeconomiques (SEFI-2) et des versions modifiees des indices de defavorisation materielle et sociale de Pampalon. Les scores factoriels de ces analyses ont ensuite ete compares a plusieurs indicateurs de sante des populations: le taux de mortalite prematuree (TMP), les annees potentielles de vie perdues (APVP), l'esperance de vie et la sante autoevaluee. Resultats: Les scores du SEFI-2 etaient fortement lies non seulement aux autres ISR, mais a chaque indicateur d'etat sanitaire. Les plus fortes correlations entre un ISR et un indicateur de sante ont ete observees entre le SEFI-2 et les APVP (r = 0,85), et entre le SEFI-2 et le TMP (r = 0,80). Les plus faibles correlations ont ete observees entre l'ISR de defavorisation sociale et la sante autoevaluee. Conclusion: Les ISR bases sur des indicateurs du Recensement du Canada sont une precieuse ressource pour les chercheurs en sante des populations. Il est important de noter que, tout dependant de la question de recherche et de la raison de l'inclusion d'un ISR, les indicateurs composites peuvent donner de meilleurs resultats que l'indicateur de revenu a lui seul. La possibilite d'apporter des ajustements en fonction du statut socioeconomique, lorsqu'on evalue l'etat sanitaire de populations ou des interventions en sante des populations, contribue a la validite des conclusions de ce type de recherche, et les ISR peuvent se substituer a l'etat sanitaire de la population d'une region lorsque ce dernier element n'est pas facilement determinable. Mots cles: statut socioeconomique; facteurs socioeconomiques; mortalite prematuree; recensements; etat sanitaire, In epidemiological or population health research, the means of measuring socio-economic status (SES) has become an important issue. Gathering data from individuals can be expensive and impractical, particularly for organizations [...]

Objective: The Vancouver Area Neighbourhood Deprivation Index (VANDIX) is a census-based measure of socio-economic status (SES). It was designed to serve as an accessible and representative proxy marker of population health status without requiring more extensive health data. This paper describes the structure and previous applications of the VANDIX for measuring relative variations in health outcomes in British Columbia, Canada. Methods: The VANDIX was constructed from a 2005 survey of provincial medical health officers asking them to comment on the best census markers of health status in British Columbia. The VANDIX is based on the weighted summation of seven socio-economic variables from the census, including in order of weighted importance: proportion without high school completion; proportion without university completion; unemployment rate; proportion of lone-parent families; average income; proportion of home owners; and employment ratio. Results: The VANDIX has been applied in numerous research and policy settings across the province against several distributions of health status, including self-rated health, injury and access to health care services. In each assessment, the VANDIX has shown that socio-economic inequities parallel health inequities. Conclusion: SES is one of the most influential factors that shape population patterns of health outcomes. Census-based indicators of SES such as the VANDIX can serve as easily accessible and representative markers of population health status, and have application for policy, research and public health promotion. Key words: Socio-economic factors; censuses; health status indicators; British Columbia Objectif: L'indice de defavorisation a l'echelle des quartiers de la region de Vancouver (VANDIX) est un indicateur du statut socioeconomique (SSE) fonde sur le Recensement. Accessible et representatif, il est concu pour etre un marqueur indirect de l'etat de sante de la population sans exiger de donnees sanitaires plus poussees. L'article decrit la structure et les applications anterieures du VANDIX pour mesurer les ecarts relatifs dans les resultats sanitaires en Colombie-Britannique, au Canada. Methode: L'indice VANDIX a ete construit a partir d'un sondage mene en 2005 aupres des medecins-hygienistes de la province pour leur demander de commenter les meilleurs marqueurs d'etat sanitaire du Recensement en Colombie-Britannique. Le VANDIX est fonde sur la somme ponderee de sept variables socioeconomiques du Recensement (en ordre d'importance ponderee): la proportion de gens sans diplome d'etudes secondaires; la proportion de gens sans diplome universitaire; le taux de chomage; la proportion de familles monoparentales; le revenu moyen; la proportion de proprietaires; et le ratio d'emploi. Resultats: Le VANDIX a ete applique dans de nombreux milieux de recherche et de politiques de la province en relation avec plusieurs distributions d'etat sanitaire, dont la sante autoevaluee, les blessures et l'acces aux services de sante. Dans chaque evaluation, le VANDIX a montre que les iniquites socioeconomiques sont paralleles aux iniquites de sante. Conclusion: Le SSE est l'un des facteurs qui a le plus d'influence sur les grandes tendances des resultats sanitaires dans la population. Les indicateurs du SSE fondes sur le Recensement, comme le VANDIX, peuvent etre des marqueurs facilement accessibles et representatifs de l'etat sanitaire de la population; ils ont des applications dans les domaines des politiques, de la recherche et de la promotion de la sante publique. Mots cles: facteurs socioeconomiques; recensements; indicateurs d'etat sanitaire; Colombie-Britannique, Population patterns of mortality, disease, injury and access to health services are widely known to be influenced by socioeconomic circumstances. (1-5) Summary measures of the distribution of social and economic [...]

This special issue of the Canadian Journal of Public Health focuses on the contemporary use of area-based socio-economic measures (ABSMs). ABSMs, as the name suggests, are tools that utilize information [...]

Objectives: To outline the development and uses of the census-based New Zealand small-area index of relative socio- economic deprivation, NZDep. Methods: NZDep has been created from four 5-yearly censuses using theory developed from international deprivation research, a standard statistical procedure (principal component analysis) and both construct and criterion validation. Results: The latest index was based on nine socio-economic deprivation variables available for just over 4 million people. It was calculated from a basis of 24,000 small areas containing a median of approximately 90 people. The deprivation index has a value from 1 (low) to 10 (high). It is mapped to standard administrative areas and is available free of charge. The index is easy to visualize, and deprivation maps are widely used. The index is used in many applications in research and social epidemiology, and routinely by the country's Ministry of Health, both to explore health variations across the country and to allocate central government funds to local health care providers. Geographers in local government were quick to recognize the index as a good tool for visualizing the diversity and neediness of local communities, and hence as a tool for town and service planning. Conclusion: The national NZDep index of small-area deprivation has been used widely in research on mortality, morbidity and determinants of ill health, and in needs assessment, resource allocation and advocacy. Key words: Socio-economic status; New Zealand; resource allocation; inequalities Objectifs: Decrire l'elaboration et les utilisations du NZDep, l'indice de defavorisation socioeconomique relative par petite region fonde sur le recensement de la Nouvelle-Zelande. Methode: Le NZDep a ete cree a partir de quatre recensements quinquennaux a l'aide de theories formulees dans la recherche internationale sur la defavorisation et d'une methode statistique type (l'analyse en composantes principales); sa validite conceptuelle et sa validite de critere ont ete verifiees. Resultats: Le dernier indice est base sur neuf variables de defavorisation socioeconomique disponibles pour un peu plus de 4 millions d'habitants. Il est calcule pour 24 000 petites regions contenant un nombre median d'environ 90 personnes. L'indice de defavorisation a une valeur de 1 (faible) a 10 (elevee). Il est mis en correspondance avec les zones administratives standard, et il est disponible gratuitement. L'indice est facile a visualiser, et les cartes de defavorisation sont largement utilisees. L'indice a de nombreuses applications pour la recherche et l'epidemiologie sociale, et le ministere neo-zelandais de la Sante s'en sert couramment, tant pour analyser les ecarts de sante au pays que pour affecter les fonds du gouvernement central aux personnels soignants locaux. Les geographes des administrations locales en ont rapidement reconnu l'utilite pour visualiser la diversite et les besoins des collectivites locales, et de la comme outil d'urbanisme et de planification des services. Conclusion: L'indice neo-zelandais de defavorisation par petite region (NZDep) est largement utilise dans la recherche sur la mortalite, la morbidite et les determinants des problemes de sante, ainsi que pour l'appreciation des besoins, l'allocation des ressources, et la promotion et la defense des droits. Mots cles: statut socioeconomique; Nouvelle-Zelande; allocation de ressources; inegalites, The New Zealand small-area index of relative socio-economic deprivation (NZDep) is a national index derived from census data. To date, it has been created from four censuses: 1991, 1996, 2001 [...]

Objectives: To evaluate whether education, occupation and overqualification (defined as having a level of educational attainment higher than the skill level required for an occupation) are associated with risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Method: A prospective study of the association between overqualification and all-cause and CVD mortality was undertaken in the Canadian Census Mortality Follow-up study (1991-2001), a 15% sample of Canadian adults who completed the 1991 census long-form questionnaire (n=1,091,800, 39% women, baseline age 35-64 years). Education, occupation and all confounders (age, income adequacy, marital status, years since immigration, ethnicity, Aboriginal origins, province of residence, and community size) were measured at study baseline, with subsequent follow-up for mortality. Results: Sex-specific age-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models showed an inverse association between education and all-cause mortality (women: hazard ratio (HR)=1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45-1.66; men: HR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.87-2.01, for Conclusions: Increasingly, Canadians are pursuing high levels of education; however, the occupational distribution in the labour market has not changed to the same extent. Results from this study suggest that the resulting increase in workers who are overqualified for their occupation will not lead to increased all-cause or CVD mortality. Key words: Canada/epidemiology; socioeconomic factors; mortality; cardiovascular diseases Objectifs : Determiner si l'instruction, la profession et la surqualification (definie comme le fait d'avoir un niveau d'instruction superieur au niveau de competence exige pour une profession) sont associees au risque de mortalite toutes causes confondues et de mortalite due aux maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV). Methode : Une etude prospective de l'association entre la surqualification et la mortalite toutes causes confondues et due aux MCV a ete menee dans l'Etude canadienne de suivi de la mortalite selon le recensement (1991-2001), un echantillon de 15 % des Canadiens d'age adulte ayant rempli le questionnaire complet du Recensement de 1991 (n=1 091 800, 39 % de femmes, 35 a 64 ans au debut de l'etude). L'instruction, la profession et tous les facteurs confusionnels (age, niveau adequat du revenu, etat matrimonial, annees depuis l'immigration, ethnicite, origines autochtones, province de residence et taille de la communaute) ont ete mesures au debut de l'etude, et un suivi ulterieur a ete fait pour la mortalite. Resultats : Des modeles des risques proportionnels de Cox rajustes selon l'age et le sexe ont montre une association inverse entre l'instruction et la mortalite toutes causes confondues (femmes : coefficient de danger (CD)=1,55, intervalle de confiance (IC) de 95% : 1,45-1,66; hommes : CD=1,94, IC de 95% : 1,87-2,01, Conclusions : De plus en plus, les Canadiens font des etudes poussees, mais la repartition professionnelle sur le marche du travail n'a pas change dans la meme proportion. D'apres les resultats de notre etude, l'augmentation des travailleurs surqualifies pour leur profession n'entrainera pas de hausse de la mortalite toutes causes confondues ni de la mortalite due aux MCV. Mots cles : Canada/epidemiologie; facteurs socioeconomiques; mortalite; maladies cardiovasculaires, There is strong evidence demonstrating an inverse association between socio-economic position (SEP) and mortality. (1) In epidemiologic studies, SEP is typically measured as education, occupation or income. (2) These indicators [...]

Mikania micrantha or mile-a-minute is regarded as a major invasive weed in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and is now the target of a biological control program. As part of the program, distribution and physical and socioeconomic impacts of M. micrantha were studied to obtain baseline data and to assist with field release of biological control agents. Through public awareness campaigns and dedicated surveys, M. micrantha has been reported in all 15 lowland provinces. It is particularly widespread in East New Britain, as well as in West New Britain and New Ireland. A CLIMEX model suggests that M. micrantha has the potential to continue to spread throughout all lowland areas in PNG. The weed was found in a wide range of land uses, impacting on plantations and food gardens and smothering papaya, young cocoa, banana, taro, young oil palms, and ornamental plants. In socioeconomic surveys, M. micrantha was found to have severe impacts on crop production and income generated through reduced yields and high weeding costs, particularly in subsistence mixed cropping systems. About 89% of all respondents had M. micrantha on their land, and 71% of respondents had to weed monthly. Approximately 96% of respondents in subsistence mixed cropping systems used only physical means of control compared with 68% of respondents in other farming systems. About 45% of all respondents estimated that M. micrantha causes yield losses in excess of 30%. These studies suggest that there would be substantial benefits to landholders if biological control of M. micrantha were to be successful., Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae), commonly known as mile-a-minute, is a neotropical invasive plant from South and Central America and the Caribbean. The weed has spread from its native range to [...]

ABSTRACT This article examines the interplay of agency, culture and context in order to consider the social embeddedness of money and trade at the margins of South Africa's economy. Focusing [...]

Many believe that we ought to neutralize (or at least mitigate (1)) inequalities in socioeconomic prospects that are the result of unchosen features of our circumstances. According to this view, [...]

Background/Objectives: Low calcium and vitamin D intakes have been associated with health risks in childhood and adulthood. This study aims to investigate dietary sources of calcium and vitamin D intake, and its associated sociodemographic, economic and lifestyle factors among preschoolers. Subjects/Methods: Three-day estimated diet records from 696 Flemish preschoolers 2.5-6.5 years old (51% boys) were used (66% of 1052 collected diaries). Contribution of 58 food groups to calcium and vitamin D intake were computed. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations of intakes with sociodemographic, economic and lifestyle factors. Results: Mean calcium intake (844 mg per day) was above, and mean vitamin D intake (2.0 [micro]g per day) largely below the Belgian recommendations. Milk, sweetened milk drinks and cheese were the main sources of calcium intakes (26, 25 and 11%, respectively). Butter and margarine were the main vitamin D sources (26%), followed by growth milk (= fortified milk) (20%) and fish (15%). Calcium and vitamin D intake were negatively associated with participants' age, and calcium positively with parental education and family size. The child's gender, supplement use and physical activity level, and the employment status and smoking behaviour of the parents were not associated with calcium or vitamin D intake. Conclusions: Flemish preschoolers had too low vitamin D intakes while most had adequate calcium intakes. Milk (including sweetened, fortified/growth milk) was the main food source of calcium intake and the second important source of vitamin D intake after butter and margarine. Calcium intake was positively associated with parental education, while vitamin D intake was not. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.71; published online 11 May 2011 Keywords: dietary sources; vitamin D; calcium; child; sociodemographic; economic, Introduction Although clinical consequences of adverse bone health are predominantly seen in older age, accumulating evidence indicates that many predisposing factors arise in childhood (Davies et al., 2005). Bone mineral [...]

Background/Objectives: The goal of the present study was to assess whether geographic factors affect the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and adherence to the French National Nutritional Health Programme (Programme National Nutrition Sante (PNNS)) guidelines. Subjects/Methods: The MONA LISA-NUT study (2005-2007) is a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample from northern, northeastern and southwestern France. Educational level and household income tax were recorded by trained interviewers. Food intake was assessed with a 3-day food diary in 3188 subjects aged from 35-64 years. Adherence to the PNNS guidelines was assessed with a validated score (the French score of indicators of the PNNS objective (FSIPO)). Multivariate analyses were adjusted for gender, age, marital status, body mass index, energy intake and medically prescribed diets. Results: The FSIPO score was higher in southwestern France than in the two other regions (P< 0.0001). The FSIPO score was correlated with the educational level in northern and northeastern France (P< 0.0001) but not in southwestern France (region- education interaction: P< 0.001). This interaction was accounted for by fruit and vegetable (P< 0.0001), calcium (P = 0.03), saturated fatty acid (P< 0.0001), and fibre (P = 0.0001) components of the FSIPO score. In contrast, the income tax level and the FSIPO score were positively correlated (P Conclusions: The relationship between educational level and adherence to the national nutritional health guidelines differs from one region of France to another, suggesting that nutrition education programmes should perhaps be adapted on a regional basis. In contrast, guideline adherence is correlated with income tax level independently of geographical factors, suggesting that financial constraints on food choices are uniform across France. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.73; published online 18 May 2011 Keywords: food score; dietary patterns; Mediterranean diet; geographical determinants; educational level; fruit, Introduction Diet is an important determinant of health in general and in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in particular (Joint WHO/FAO Experts, 2003;World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for [...]

Background/Objectives: Socioeconomic disparities in diet quality are well established. This study tested the hypothesis that such disparities are mediated, in part, by diet cost. Subjects/Methods: The Seattle Obesity Study (S.O.S) was a cross-sectional study based on a representative sample of 1266 adults of King County, WA, conducted in 2008-09. Demographic and socioeconomic variables were obtained through telephone survey. Income and education were used as indicators of socioeconomic position. Dietary intake data were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Diet cost was calculated based on retail prices for FFQ component foods. Energy density (KJ/g) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were used as two indices of overall diet quality. Results: Higher income and education were each associated with lower energy density and higher MAR scores, adjusting for covariates. Higher income and education were also associated with higher energy adjusted diet cost. Higher quality diets were in turn associated with higher diet costs. All these associations were significant (Po 0.0001). In formal mediation analyses, diet cost significantly mediated the pathway between income and diet quality measures, adjusting for covariates (Po0.05 each). Further, income-diet cost-diet quality pathway was found to be moderated by education level. Conclusions: The social gradient in diet quality may be explained by diet cost. Strategies to improve diet quality among lower socioeconomic strata may need to take food prices and diet cost along with nutrition education into account. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.72; published online 11 May 2011 Keywords: socioeconomic position; diet cost; energy density; MAR; diet quality; mediation analysis, Introduction That groups of higher education and incomes tend to consume higher quality diets is well known (Shimakawa et al., 1994;Galobardes et al., 2001;Groth et al., 2001;Giskes et al., 2002;Kant [...]

The debate about racial residential preferences has two open questions. First, are neighborhood racial preferences truly racial, or is race a proxy for socio-economic factors? Second, are in-group or out-group preferences more salient? Using the Houston Area Survey, we employ a factorial experiment to assess the effect of racial composition on neighborhood desirability independent of crime, school quality and property values. We survey whites, blacks and Hispanics to examine in-group vs. out-group preferences. Results show that independent of proxies, whites find neighborhoods less attractive as the proportion black or Hispanic increases; the proportion Asian has no impact. Racial composition has little effect on Hispanics' and blacks' neighborhood preferences. We find no evidence of ingroup preferences; rather, results suggest that whites express negative out-group preferences toward black and Hispanic neighborhoods., Racial residential segregation persists. Despite small to moderate declines in the separation between whites and blacks, these declines are smallest in areas with the largest minority populations (Logan 2001). In [...]

We evaluate the importance of judgments about work for the attainment process in the 'new economy.' Findings show continuing links between social origins and work orientations at age 21/22, as well as significant effects of work orientations on occupational outcomes at age 31/32. Higher socio-economic status background, and stronger self-perceived ability, are tied to weaker extrinsic orientations. Young women are more intrinsically oriented than young men. Stronger intrinsic orientations predict holding jobs that offer more intrinsic rewards, self-direction and security. Stronger extrinsic orientations predict higher biweekly earnings (largely via work hours), but not more prestigious, better paying or more secure jobs. Judgments about work, and especially intrinsic orientations, thus remain important precursors of occupational attainments, despite economic turbulence and change in the transition to adulthood., Origins and Outcomes of Judgments about Work A bedrock tenet of sociological analysis is that individual behavior is rooted in goal-directed action (Mead 1934; Weber 1947). In recent years, life [...]