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The aim of this research is to explore how social housing associations can introduce circular strategies and integrate social elements, next to ecological elements, within these strategies. In order to investigate this aim, this paper first explores the circular strategy options that can be adopted by housing associations. Thereafter, the paper explores how social elements can be integrated within these strategies via the establishment of relationships with communities in the network of housing associations. By performing an in-depth case study, we identified potential circular strategies for housing associations and indicate how community relationships could be established within these strategies. The findings highlight that community relationships in the vision formulation and activities involved in the execution of circular strategies may assist in creating synergies between the ecological aims of circular strategies and the perspectives and needs of communities. On the other hand, the results indicate that not establishing relationships with communities or only establishing relationships in the strategy outcomes may be detrimental to both community needs and the ecological aims of circular strategies. ? 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

La Organización mundial de la Salud clasifica la adolescencia como el período de crecimiento y desarrollo humano qué se produce después de la niñez y antes de la edad adulta, entre los 10 y 19 años, por lo que diferentes estudios demuestran que es una etapa importante y de especial protección para el desarrollo de la persona, sin embargo los embarazos adolescentes ha sido una problemática preocupante para la sociedad debido a las cifras qué anualmente se presentan, de esta forma en un contexto donde la mayor responsabilidad sobre la planificación familiar recae sobre la mujer la presente investigación pretende conocer los elementos sociales, culturales y de salud que influyen en la participación de los adolescentes masculinos en la prevención del embarazo adolescente en el barrio De Juan Atalaya de la ciudad de Cúcuta. La metodología utilizada es de enfoque cualitativo, con paradigma interpretativo y diseño fenomenológico a través de las herramientas de recolección de información como lo son la entrevista, la observación y el diario de campo, la muestra fue de 10 adolescentes entre los 15 y 20 años del barrio Juan atalaya ubicado en el municipio de San José de Cúcuta. Los resultados demostraron qué en la sociedad siguen existiendo distintos factores que influyen en la baja participación del adolescente masculino en la prevención del embarazo tanto a nivel social cómo cultural pero mayormente a nivel institucional, es decir desde el ámbito de la salud, pues sí bien siguen conservándose ideologías patriarcales sobre la planificación cómo que está le corresponde explícitamente a la mujer, se pudo analizar qué los factores de salud tienden a ser los que mayormente limitan la participación del adolescente en cuanto a la prevención del embarazo ya que su atención va dirigida de manera prioritaria a las mujeres excluyendo al sexo masculino de estos procesos, por otra parte existe hasta el momento muy pocos métodos de planificación masculinos lo que limita de cierta forma qué el hombre adolescente pueda tomar un papel 100% activo y responsable ante la prevención del embarazo adolescente. The World Health Organization classifies adolescence as the period of human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood, between 10 and 19 years of age, so different studies show that it is an important stage and of special protection for the development of the person, however adolescent pregnancies have been a worrying problem for society due to the figures that are presented annually, in this way in a context where the greatest responsibility for family planning falls on women This research aims to know the social, cultural and health elements that influence the participation of male adolescents in the prevention of adolescent pregnancy in the De Juan Atalaya neighborhood of the city of Cúcuta. The methodology used is of a qualitative approach, with an interpretive paradigm and phenomenological design through information collection tools such as the interview, observation and the field diary, the sample was of 10 adolescents between 15 and 20 years of age. Juan atalaya neighborhood located in the municipality of San José de Cúcuta. The results showed that in society there are still different factors that influence the low participation of male adolescents in the prevention of pregnancy both at a social and cultural level but mostly at an institutional level, that is, from the health field, since they continue to preserving patriarchal ideologies about planning as it is explicitly for the woman, it was possible to analyze which health factors tend to be those that most limit adolescent participation in terms of pregnancy prevention since their attention is directed in a way that priority to women, excluding males from these processes, on the other hand there are very few male planning methods so far, which limits in a certain way that adolescent men can take a 100% active and responsible role in the prevention of adolescent pregnancy

Study success can be influenced by following factors: (i) social elements (social class position, parents' education, parents' profession, parents' income) (ii) student-related factors (motivation, aptitude, effort, IQ, time spend on study, opportunity to learn, pre-university education) (iii) quality of instruction (organisation, course material, communication, assignments, exams, grading, course outcomes) (iv) curriculum (number of courses, sequence of courses, test schedule, system-block or parallel) (v) government (grant, student accommodation). In the paper the influence of these factors on study success is presented. Social and academic integration are central aspects. In the research we found out that "social elements" greatly influence the decision to enrol, but have less influence on marks received and the duration of study. Grants also greatly influence study success. We were surprised when we found out that factors from the "quality of instruction" group can only explain 12.3% of the variance of exam results. Na uspeh študentov lahko vplivajo naslednji elementi: (i) socialni elementi (socialni razred, izobrazba staršev, poklic staršev, dohodki staršev) (ii) elementi, vezani na študenta (motivacija, odnos, trud, inteligenčni kvocient, čas, porabljen za študij, možnosti za študij, srednješolska izobrazba) (iii) kakovost izvedne izobraževalnega procesa (organizacija, učno gradivo, komunikacija, naloge, izpiti, ocenjevanje, rezultati) (iv) kurikulum (število predmetov, zaporednost predmetov, urnik izpitov, sistem - blokovni ali paralelni) (v) država (štipendija, nastanitev). V prispevku je prikazan vpliv navedenih elementov na uspešnost študenta. Ugotovili smo, da socialni elementi vplivajo predvsem na odločitev posameznika za študij, na pa toliko na prejete ocene in čas trajanja študija. Uspeh je povezan tudi s prejemanjem štipendije. Presenečeni pa smo nad ugotovitvijo nizkega vpliva elementov kakovosti izvedbe izobraževalnega procesa na rezultate študentov.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T18:10:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andreia Mesquita.pdf: 8321611 bytes, checksum: 678c6bd1deda16691e20e9845b41170d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-19 Ever since mankind began to modify Nature s landscape to be settled in a certain spot, they had already caused some sort of impact to the environment, however it suffice to say that this impact took a global scale position only after the Industrial Revolution (18th Century). It is not coherent to conceive sustainable development without planning; therefore urban planning is the basic setting tool of every town planning process and urban development politics, which is compulsory to towns of twenty thousand inhabitants or more and with touristic attractions. Home of more than fifty thousand inhabitants, the city of Barreirinhas is placed in a environmental protection also dependant on touristic activities, named Lençois Maranhenses National Park, thence, area planning is extremely required to organize the region development. The present work regards the importance to investigate if the environmental issues have been receiving proper attention over the urban planning at Barreirinhas, using the Municipal Master Plan and the Area Law (Lei de Zoneamento) as guidelines, mapping the city fragilities and potentials together with the relation between the social elements and urban dynamics. The survey revealed that the mentioned city, though being one of Maranhão state post cards, still lacks basic needs such as infrastructure, health and education. The quick development of the city induced the social elements a tighter relationship, but at the same time distant from tourism, which someway feels that its activity influences the city dynamics, but does it still under its potential. The natives, who first saw the tourism as a propeller of the local economy, notice the lost of some traditions due to the constant cultural changes. Desde que o homem começou a modificar a paisagem para fixar-se em um determinado local, já provocava algum tipo de impacto ao meio, mas pode-se dizer que foi a partir da revolução industrial (século XVIII) que esse impacto atingiu uma escala global. Não é possível pensar em desenvolvimento sustentável sem planejamento, dessa forma, o Plano Diretor é o instrumento básico e regulador de todo processo de planejamento municipal e da política de desenvolvimento urbano, sendo obrigatório nas cidades com mais de vinte mil habitantes em áreas de interesse turístico. Com mais de cinquenta mil habitantes, o município de Barreirinhas está em uma região de proteção ambiental também muito valorizada pelo turismo, que é o Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses, portanto um planejamento territorial é imprescindível para ordenar o desenvolvimento da região. O presente trabalho reconhece a importância de investigar se as questões ambientais têm recebido a devida atenção no planejamento urbano do município de Barreirinhas, tomando como parâmetro o Plano Diretor Participativo e a Lei de Zoneamento, identificando as fragilidades e potencialidades do município e a relação entre os atores sociais e a dinâmica urbana. A pesquisa revelou que o município, embora seja um dos cartões postais do Maranhão, ainda é muito carente em aspectos básicos como infraestrutura, saúde e educação e o crescimento acelerado da região proporcionou aos atores sociais uma relação próxima, mas ao mesmo tempo distante do turismo. Este sente que, de uma forma ou de outra, a atividade influencia a dinâmica municipal, mas ao mesmo tempo não usufrui durante o seu lazer da maior parte da estrutura do setor, o morador, ao mesmo tempo que viu no turismo o propulsor da economia local, observa a perda de algumas tradições em função da constante troca cultural.

Bu çalışma Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi boyunca Türk vatandaşlığının kuruluşu ve evrimi ile ilgilidir. Vatandaşlığın nasıl tanımlandığı ve hangi vatandaşlık modelinin kullanıldığı ana sorulardır. Türkiye deneyiminde modernleşme ve vatandaşlaştırma süreci yukarıdan olduğu için, devlet asıl kurucu aktör olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu nedenle, hukuki belgeler, parlamentodaki tartışmalar ve dönemin belli başlı aydınlarının vatandaşlık üzerine yaptıkları çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Türkiye'de ulusun kuruluşu ve vatandaşlaştırma süreci birlikte ilerlediğinden, Türk milli kimliğinin oluşumuyla ilgili kanunlar da kullanılmıştır. Sosyal ve siyasal gelişmeler bir arkaplan olarak ele alınarak, Türk vatandaşlığı anlayışındaki değişimler ve dönüşümler araştırılmıştır. Türk vatandaşlığının bugün karşılaştığı problemlerin kökleri, Türk vatandaşlığının yukarıdan ve ödevlere önem veren cumhuriyetçi anlayışla kurulduğu erken Cumhuriyet döneminde yatmaktadır. Bugün daha liberal bir vatandaşlık anlayışı viiçin istemler ile cumhuriyetçi vatandaşlar arasında bir çatışma bulunmaktadır. Bugün karşı karşıya kalman problemlerin özünde, devletin Türk vatandaşlığım Kemalist modernleşme arzusu ve resmi Türk milli kimliğinden ayrı bir kavram olarak ele alamaması yatmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Vatandaşlık; sivil, siyasal, sosyal öğeler, cumhuriyetçi vatandaşlık; liberal demokratik vatandaşlık, milli kimlik. vu This study deals with the construction and evolution of Turkish citizenship throughout the history of the Turkish Republic. How citizenship was defined, and which model was adopted for Turkish citizenship are the major questions. The state is taken as the major constructive actor as the modernization and citizenization process was from above in the Turkish case. Therefore, the legal documents, parliamentary debates, and studies of the prominent intellectuals on citizenship are analyzed. As the nation building and citizenization process went hand in hand in Turkey, those laws related with the construction of a Turkish national identity are also utilized. By taking the social and political developments into account as a background, the changes and shifts in the understanding of Turkish citizenship are traced. The problems Turkish citizenship encounters today has its roots in the early Republican period, where Turkish citizenship was developed from above and in a republican understanding that emphasized duties towards the state. Today there is a clash between aspirations for a more liberal understanding of citizenship and the republican citizens. In the core of the problems faced today, lies the reluctance of IVthe state to view Turkish citizenship as a notion distinct from the quest for Kemalist modernization and official Turkish national identity. Key Words: Citizenship; civil, political, social elements; civic republican; liberal democratic; national identity 268