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Since the fall of the communist bloc, the Russian Federation has constantly sought to reassert itself on the international political scene as a global actor, using a wide range of means and actions in this direction, some even exceeding the scope of legality and legitimacy of action. The Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict, which broke out in February 2022, is one of the most heated contemporary issues in International Relations that generated regional repercussions in political, economic and social terms, echoing in the entire international political system. As a consequence, this armed aggression generated fundamental changes in the Black Sea Region, especially from a social perspective, as it created a migratory wave of Ukrainian citizens who wanted nothing more than to flee the path of war. In this article, I want to investigate the immediate effects of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation on Ukraine from a social point of view – against the background of the huge migration wave in the European states – and politically – the coalition of the member countries of the European Union in providing support to the Ukrainian forces in order to survive in front of the Russian invading forces. Moreover, using the scenario method on the present data available on open source, I would like to explore the possible outcomes of the war and their implications from the social, economic, and political standpoints. This will allow me to foresee how the “new normal” would look like for the nations and which measures they need to adopt for a sustainable future.

The research is conducted in two major regions of Somalia: Lower and Middle Shabele in order to get a deep insight in the idea of socio-economic rural-urban migration patterns. People from rural areas prefer to move toward big cities under different socioeconomic factors. This research study revolves around the concept of rural-urban migration from the countryside of Somalia. It is briefly defining the concept of rural-urban migration. As urbanization is the process by which rural communities starts growing in an urban area or cities for the growth of expansion, for their standards of living, for excellent health facilities, for high education, jobs and several other social and economic reasons. The target areas from Lower and Middle Shabele are: Marka, Barawe, while from Afgoi Province the researcher will include Johar, Balcad, because these are the cities where people used to migrate immensely. The sample size will be 100 people from different areas. This research will be based on quantitative. Data is collected through questionnaire. Results will be presented in tabulation and percentage form. The suggestions will be presented by the researcher according to the results of the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desalination offers options to augment water supplies for growing urban and industrial demand. Yet these facilities and related infrastructure projects have significant impacts on environmental, economic, and social sustainability. However, few studies examine how key actors in the sector understand or incorporate sustainability ideas and practices into the design, construction, and operation of desalination facilities. This study fills this gap by examining stakeholder perspectives on sustainability in the desalination sector using Q-method. We identified three dominant social perspectives on these topics. Factor 1 views desalination as important for the long-term sustainability of water supply. Factor 2 sees the social and environmental impacts of desalination as too big of a sustainability risk when there are other water resources to consider. Factor 3 indicates that the parties pursuing desalination have the responsibility of addressing sustainability concerns through their proposals and project specifications. These perspectives reveal how desalination stakeholders understand sustainability, key challenges, and responsibility for ensuring sustainable desalination projects. The findings provide insight into how desalination stakeholders can improve sustainability processes and outcomes.

Evolving technology and human-machine interaction are two major stances that question human centricity as a core dimension for the future placement of human variables and social perspectives inside intelligent systems. The present paper explores present challenges and an up to date research synthesis concerning social sciences dimensions, theories, concepts and implementation with regard to the study of human centred artificial intelligence. The main scope consists of drawing several red lines for future research and theoretical social insights on artificial intelligence at work. Following a scholarly literature insight and several reference works, the study explores major topics of interest analysed so far and proposes new directions for the evaluation of human variables and machine learning at work in an organizational setting. Results showed there is a vital need for expanding research from human centricity point of view on the present matter, where studies are still scarce and heterogenous. Moreover, concept clarification and theoretical explanations are yet to be sufficient in explaining people interactions and management of artificial intelligence at the workplace. In conclusion human empowerment at work through ethical and person oriented intelligent systems in a given organizational context can ensure a fair and efficient development of people’s skills, professional objectives or level of performance while promoting human values, ethical principles and preserving the well-being. The paper presents also several practical implications of social sciences domain on artificial intelligence exploration and a few future directions for research.

Since the fall of the communist bloc, the Russian Federation has constantly sought to reassert itself on the international political scene as a global actor, using a wide range of means and actions in this direction, some even exceeding the scope of legality and legitimacy of action. The Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict, which broke out in February 2022, is one of the most heated contemporary issues in International Relations that generated regional repercussions in political, economic and social terms, echoing in the entire international political system. As a consequence, this armed aggression generated fundamental changes in the Black Sea Region, especially from a social perspective, as it created a migratory wave of Ukrainian citizens who wanted nothing more than to flee the path of war. In this article, I want to investigate the immediate effects of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation on Ukraine from a social point of view - against the background of the huge migration wave in the European states - and politically - the coalition of the member countries of the European Union in providing support to the Ukrainian forces in order to survive in front of the Russian invading forces. Moreover, using the scenario method on the present data available on open source, I would like to explore the possible outcomes of the war and their implications from the social, economic, and political standpoints. This will allow me to foresee how the "new normal" would look like for the nations and which measures they need to adopt for a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approved Mental Health Professionals (AMHPs) undertake key functions under the Mental Health Act 1983 (2007) and are legally required to be 're-approved' by local authorities every five years. A narrative review of the academic literature pertaining to the process of AMHP re-approval was conducted to explore relevant themes and opportunities for improvement. The absence of a standardised process for AMHP re-approval and the wider national policy context around the AMHP role indicates a review of this issue is particularly timely. The review identified a lack of existing material explicitly relating to the issue of AMHP 're-approval', with only four articles generated via the initial search parameters of 'AMHP' and 're-approval' or comparators. An expansion of the search terms generated 57 articles with reference to 're/approval' in the context of AMHP practice, from which three emergent themes were identified - (1) policy guidelines - namely the National Workforce Plan for AMHPs (2) service user and carer involvement (3) the social perspective. The TAPUPAS framework of knowledge evaluation was applied to a source from each theme to explore opportunities for improvement. The review indicates considerable scope for further exploration of AMHP practice in general and the issue of AMHP re-approval in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults highly interfere with function in multiple dimensions, increasing the economic burden associated with ADHD. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of ADHD in Spanish adults and estimate the associated economic burden within the healthcare, social, economic, and legal domains. Methods: An economic model was developed from a social perspective using a bottom-up approach, based on the scientific literature and a multidisciplinary expert group. Results: The cost incurred per diagnosed adult patient with ADHD included an annual cost of €15,652 and a one-time cost of €7,893 (3,035 M€ and 1,531 M€ for Spain, respectively). Regarding the annual cost, 50% was attributed to costs within the economic domain, of which 53% were work-absenteeism-related. Moreover, 28% was attributed to costs within the social domain, of which 74% were substance-abuse-related. Regarding the one-time cost, 52% was attributed to costs within the healthcare domain, of which approximately 50% were hospitalization-related costs. Moreover, 42% was attributed to costs within the legal domain, of which 62% were imprisonment-related costs. Conclusions: This is the first report on the socioeconomic burden of ADHD in Spanish adults, shedding light on the large burden that adult ADHD poses on the healthcare system and society at large, as symptoms have been shown to impact almost every aspect of life. This is particularly important for undiagnosed/untreated patients with ADHD in Spain, as appropriate treatments have shown positive results in these areas and may reduce its associated socioeconomic burden.

The research on Society 5.0 (s5.0) and Industry 5.0 (i5.0) is a relatively new and emerging domain where researchers are still striving to explore the influence within distinct contexts, worldwide. The study investigates the impact of two major models of industrialization, that is, s5.0 and i5.0 to understand the insights into how it triggers the firms' sustainable development by showing empirical examinations from the Chinese industrial sector drawing on normative stakeholder theory perspective. The results asserted that the i5.0 model positively affects sustainable performance (SSP). The empirical analysis confirmed a positive association of s5.0 model toward SSP. In addition, it found that s5.0 and i5.0 models have a positive correlation with the economic perspective of SSP. Second, the findings asserted the positive linkage between i5.0 and s5.0 from a social perspective. Finally, the study found a significant correlation between i5.0 and s5.0 on the environmental factors, respectively. This study equipped both frameworks to empirically conduct the contextual examination showing insights into the embodiment of such capabilities that may support achieving SSP. This study shows insights into certain policy implications. For instance, i5.0 and s5.0 both models support shaping innovative ecosystems, encouraging ethical and sustainable practices, encouraging effective infrastructure, empowering citizen participation, and supporting work for the betterment of society. Finally, the study enlists certain managerial and theoretical recommendations for the industries together with possibilities of future research for scholars of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala is the property of Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is unanimously accepted that disease and health are the result of the interaction between biological, psychological and social factors (Wade, Halligan, 2017); however, in specialized practice, the social perspective is very poorly highlighted. Here we quote Read (2005, 597) who recalls Sharfstein’s reply that the bio-psycho-social model has become the bio-bio-bio model. The contribution of the social worker, as a professional in mental health issues, although specified in Law 487/2002 on the protection of people with mental illnesses, remains unknown. In this study we examine the important role that the social approach has in the necessary support for the family of the psychiatric patient. The case study allows the description of the impact of psychiatric illness on the family and the need for a social approach in organizing and empowering the family. The mental illness of a member creates stress, depression, helplessness, basically it is perceived as a burden (Gubman, Tessler, 1987; Snow, Austin, 2009) producing disorganization with serious effects on the level of family functionality. This study suggests the necessity and importance of the social perspective for the families of psychiatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Sociedad Colombiana de Oftalmología is the property of Sociedad Colombiana de Oftalmologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a rare, debilitating, and potentially fatal disease. This study aims to quantify the economic burden of PAH in Spain. Methods The study was conducted from a societal perspective, including direct and indirect costs associated with incident and prevalent patients. Average annual costs per patient were estimated by multiplying the number of resources consumed by their unit cost, differentiating the functional class (FC) of the patient. Total annual costs per FC were also calculated, taking the 2020 prevalence and incidence ranges into account. An expert committee validated the information on resource consumption and provided primary information on pharmacological consumption. Unit costs were estimated using official tariffs and salaries in Spain. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the uncertainty of the model. Results The average annual total cost was estimated at €98,839 per prevalent patient (FC I-II: €65,233; FC III: €103,736; FC IV: €208,821), being €42,110 for incident patients (FC I-II: €25,666; FC III: €44,667; FC IV: €95,188). The total annual cost of PAH in Spain, taking into account a prevalence between 16.0 and 25.9 cases per million adult inhabitants (FC I-II 31.8%; FC III 61.3%; FC IV 6.9%) and an incidence of 3.7, was estimated at €67,891,405 to €106,131,626, depending on the prevalence considered. Direct healthcare costs accounted for 64% of the total cost, followed by indirect costs (24%), and direct non-healthcare costs (12%). The total costs associated with patients in FC I-II ranged between €14,161,651 and €22,193,954, while for patients in FC III costs ranged between €43,763,019 and €68,391,651, and for patients in FC IV between €9,966,735 and €15,546,021. In global terms, patients with the worst functional status (FC IV) account for only 6.9% of the adults suffering from PAH in Spain, but are responsible for 14.7% of the total costs. Conclusions PAH places a considerable economic burden on patients and their families, the healthcare system, and society as a whole. Efforts must be made to improve the health and management of these patients since the early stages of the disease.

Despite the expanding scientific understanding that green spaces are substantially beneficial to urban communities and their host cities, along with the evidence that some global cities are making progress to include nature as part of mainstream planning, this article argues that social perceptions also play a critical part in the successful planning and realization of urban green space provision in practice, especially in the Global South. This research thus reflected on the pedagogical effect on the social perception of the presence of green spaces in an urban area. To understand the impact of social perceptions on the valuation of green spaces, this article investigated the views of a convenience sample of professionals working in the Built Environment in South Africa and employed frequency distribution, two-way frequencies, and statistical measures to draw conclusions pertaining to the perception of green space value. The research illustrated that social perceptions inform how urban risks are perceived and that these perceptions of green space are often limited due to a lack of knowledge and awareness. The research exemplified that the actual community benefit provided by green spaces should be better articulated to gain traction in practice and that the appreciation and use of these urban green spaces should also be understood from a context-based and personal valuation perspective, to position these spaces as the critical resource and public good. This research concluded that social perceptions should be comprehensively understood, especially in the quest of realizing green(er) spaces and cities in the Global South.

This article presents the results of a quantitative survey conducted on 4000 electric energy consumers in Spain, France, Italy, and Denmark. The results demonstrate differences in the effects of additional remuneration for using vehicle-to-grid (V2G) stations, depending on users' reasons for saving electricity. Individuals with extrinsic financial motivations are sensitive to such incentives; the higher the remuneration is, the more willingness they demonstrate to use V2G. Although individuals with intrinsic (the desire to control spending) and ecological (caring for the environment) motivations are also interested in using V2G, no relationship can be observed between the sizes of the rewards and individuals' desire to use the technology. Users are similarly encouraged by low (an extra 2.5% of energy for free) and high (an extra 20%) rewards. In contrast, individuals who display intrinsic general modesty (willingness to not waste things) motivations may even be discouraged: the higher the reward, the less interest they demonstrate in V2G. The article illustrates how different types of motivation can affect users' interest in the innovative V2G concept, as well as underlining the importance of constructing intrinsic and altruistic motivations in the process of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In clinical practice, patients who are strongly dissatisfied with the condition or appearance of their body are common. Many of them try to shape their body according to their own ideals by means of body practices. However, this is about much more than mere appearance. The body is a central element of one's identity. The relationship we have with our body is socially shaped and reflects questions about who we are and how we want to be perceived. The needs for attachment and control represent central motives here: In the need for attachment, body practice primarily serves social recognition, whether to stand out positively or not negatively. In the case of the need for control, the body serves as a docile object of self-empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a rare, debilitating, and potentially fatal disease. This study aims to quantify the economic burden of PAH in Spain. Methods: The study was conducted from a societal perspective, including direct and indirect costs associated with incident and prevalent patients. Average annual costs per patient were estimated by multiplying the number of resources consumed by their unit cost, differentiating the functional class (FC) of the patient. Total annual costs per FC were also calculated, taking the 2020 prevalence and incidence ranges into account. An expert committee validated the information on resource consumption and provided primary information on pharmacological consumption. Unit costs were estimated using official tariffs and salaries in Spain. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the uncertainty of the model. Results: The average annual total cost was estimated at €98,839 per prevalent patient (FC I-II: €65,233; FC III: €103,736; FC IV: €208,821), being €42,110 for incident patients (FC I-II: €25,666; FC III: €44,667; FC IV: €95,188). The total annual cost of PAH in Spain, taking into account a prevalence between 16.0 and 25.9 cases per million adult inhabitants (FC I-II 31.8%; FC III 61.3%; FC IV 6.9%) and an incidence of 3.7, was estimated at €67,891,405 to €106,131,626, depending on the prevalence considered. Direct healthcare costs accounted for 64% of the total cost, followed by indirect costs (24%), and direct non-healthcare costs (12%). The total costs associated with patients in FC I-II ranged between €14,161,651 and €22,193,954, while for patients in FC III costs ranged between €43,763,019 and €68,391,651, and for patients in FC IV between €9,966,735 and €15,546,021. In global terms, patients with the worst functional status (FC IV) account for only 6.9% of the adults suffering from PAH in Spain, but are responsible for 14.7% of the total costs. Conclusions: PAH places a considerable economic burden on patients and their families, the healthcare system, and society as a whole. Efforts must be made to improve the health and management of these patients since the early stages of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'social perspective' was inserted into the Mental Health Act 1983 Code of Practice (2008a) to ensure that skills and perspectives associated with the Approved Social Worker (ASW) were adequately transferred to the broadened role of Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHP). Nonetheless, there is a lack of clear guidance on how the 'social perspective' should be enacted in AMHP practice which causes several misalignments with how AMHPs balance other obligations in their decision making. Aspects of the Least Restrictive Option and Human Rights Legislations (such as the European Convention on Human Rights) are inconsistent with the objectives of the 'social perspective' and have replaced the 'social perspective' as a dominant feature of AMHP practice. Consequently, the 'social perspective' has avoided a clear definition, and meaningful guidance on how it should translate into practice. The 'social perspective' is often neglected in law reforms and policy decisions limiting both commissioning advancing the 'social perspective' and reducing its safeguarding function to the service user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E‐waste is currently identified as the world's fastest‐growing waste stream. The key driver behind this trend is the rapid technological advancement and socio‐economic development. When hazardous chemicals are not properly handled, e‐waste may harm ecosystems and human well‐being. Direct effects include releases of acids, heavy metal toxicity, carcinogens and indirect effects such as heavy metal bio‐enlargement, acids enlargement and toxicity problems. In this study, a specific type of system is utilised to collect and transport the different types of hazardous e‐waste using sustainable transportation with the decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL). The proposed method of DEMATEL is utilised to identify the relationship and the degree of impact among determined e‐waste recycling barriers. The experimental results suggest input material, lack of funds and most affecting factors that are required to be addressed for the improvement of e‐waste recycling infrastructure.

Community structure, including relationships between and within groups, is foundational to our understanding of the world around us. For dissimilarity-based data, leveraging social concepts of conflict and alignment, we provide an approach for capturing meaningful structural information resulting from induced local comparisons. In particular, a measure of local (community) depth is introduced that leads directly to a probabilistic partitioning conveying locally interpreted closeness (or cohesion). A universal choice of threshold for distinguishing strongly and weakly cohesive pairs permits consideration of both local and global structure. Cases in which one might benefit from use of the approach include data with varying density such as that arising as snapshots of complex processes in which differing mechanisms drive evolution locally. The inherent recalibrating in response to density allows one to sidestep the need for localizing parameters, common to many existing methods. Mathematical results together with applications in linguistics, cultural psychology, and genetics, as well as to benchmark clustering data have been included. Together, these demonstrate how meaningful community structure can be identified without additional inputs (e.g., number of clusters or neighborhood size), optimization criteria, iterative procedures, or distributional assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Although the choice of the comparator is one of the aspects with a highest effect on the results of cost-effectiveness analyses, it is one of the less debated issues in international methodological guidelines. The inclusion of an inappropriate comparator may introduce biases on the outcomes and the recommendations of an economic analysis. Although the rules for cost-effectiveness analyses of sets of mutually exclusive alternatives have been widely described in the literature, in practice, they are hardly ever applied. In addition, there are many cases where the efficiency of the standard of care has never been assessed; or where the standard of care has demonstrated to be cost-effective with respect to a non-efficient option. In all these cases the comparator may lie outside the efficiency frontier, so the result of the CEA may be biased. Through some hypothetical examples, the paper shows how the complementary use of an independent reference may help to identify potential inappropriate comparators and inefficient use of resources.

Copyright of Gharee for Economics & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A great nation, besides having a large number of people, also consists of people who can maintain their traditions and evaluate the values of their ancestral heritage to be developed and conserved over time. Those heritage values serve as a cultural identity for the next generation to maintain and defend their existence and uphold the dignity of the nation. Alongside dealing with the existing national moral crisis in the country, seen in the form of radicalism, corruption, etc., Indonesia needs to socially control values. This study aims to revive the country's ancestral heritage with its high moral values as a promising solution to contemporary issues, seen from ideal perspectives. By employing qualitative phenomenology and four informants, this research explores the Tembang Macapat text which is comprised of Tembang Sinom and Tembang Pangkur. The result of this analysis revealed moral values viewed through three perspectives, namely a cross-cultural perspective, a social perspective, and a social change perspective. The implications of how these three perspectives of seeing the moral values contained in the Tembang Macapat could help cope with the problems of radicalism and corruption are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (Mipyme) representan un porcentaje muy importante del sector empresarial, contribuyendo a la generación de empleo y aportando al producto interno bruto. En los países en desarrollo se caracterizan por una administración empírica, lo que genera un alto grado de fracaso empresarial. El objetivo del artículo es reflexionar sobre las Mipyme y la administración del capital de trabajo desde una perspectiva social, a partir de la revisión y análisis documental, de carácter transversal, para fundamentar la propuesta preliminar de la perspectiva social de la administración del capital de trabajo, a través del vínculo con el contexto actual. The micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) represent a very important percentage of the business sector, contributing to the generation of employment and contributing to the gross domestic product. In developing countries, they are characterized by an empirical management, which generates a high degree of business failure. The aim of the article is to reflect on MSME and the management of working capital from a social perspective, based on a cross- sectional review and analysis of documents to support the preliminary proposal of the social perspective of the management of working capital, through the link with the current context. As micro, pequenas e médias empresas (MPME) representam uma porcentagem muito importante do setor empresarial, contribuindo para a geração de emprego e contribuindo para o produto interno bruto. Nos países em desenvolvimento, eles são caracterizados por um gerenciamento empírico, que gera um alto grau de insucesso empresarial. O objetivo do artigo é refletir sobre as MPME e a gestão do capital de giro a partir de uma perspectiva social, a partir de uma revisão transversal e análise de documentos para subsidiar a proposta preliminar da perspectiva social da gestão do capital de giro, através do link com o contexto atual.

We use homeostasis, the maintenance of steady states in an organism, to explain some of the decisions made by participants in a business process. We use Vickers’ Appreciative System to model the homeostatic states with Harel’s statecharts. We take the example of a doctoral student recruitment process formally defined between a faculty member, a graduate student candidate and a doctoral school. We analyze some gaps in the process caused by a misfit between norms of the process participants. We present a rationale for the anticipation and resolution of these misfits. We extend the traditional operational model with an appreciative model. This model represents the appreciative systems of process participants. Understanding these appreciative systems is necessary to make explicit the misfit between the model and the observed reality. The operational model represents the “technical” perspective on the business process, the one that can be automated. The appreciative model represents the “social” perspective, the one that explains the participants’ behavior as a result of their individual and collective norms. By combining these two perspectives, we can appreciate the richness of the development of socio-technical systems.

Introduction: The symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults highly interfere with function in multiple dimensions, increasing the economic burden associated with ADHD. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of ADHD in Spanish adults and estimate the associated economic burden within the healthcare, social, economic, and legal domains., Methods: An economic model was developed from a social perspective using a bottom-up approach, based on the scientific literature and a multidisciplinary expert group., Results: The cost incurred per diagnosed adult patient with ADHD included an annual cost of €15,652 and a one-time cost of €7,893 (3,035 M€ and 1,531 M€ for Spain, respectively). Regarding the annual cost, 50% was attributed to costs within the economic domain, of which 53% were work-absenteeism-related. Moreover, 28% was attributed to costs within the social domain, of which 74% were substance-abuse-related. Regarding the one-time cost, 52% was attributed to costs within the healthcare domain, of which approximately 50% were hospitalization-related costs. Moreover, 42% was attributed to costs within the legal domain, of which 62% were imprisonment-related costs., Conclusions: This is the first report on the socioeconomic burden of ADHD in Spanish adults, shedding light on the large burden that adult ADHD poses on the healthcare system and society at large, as symptoms have been shown to impact almost every aspect of life. This is particularly important for undiagnosed/untreated patients with ADHD in Spain, as appropriate treatments have shown positive results in these areas and may reduce its associated socioeconomic burden., (© 2024 The Authors.)

There is an extensive body of empirical research that focuses on the societal monetary value of a quality-adjusted life year (MVQALY). Many of these studies have found the estimates to be inversely associated with the size of the health gain, and thus not conforming to the linearity assumption imposed in the QALY model. In this study, we explore the extent to which the MVQALY varies when it is associated with different types and magnitudes of quality of life (QoL) improvements. To allow for a comprehensive assessment, we derive the MVQALY corresponding to the full spectrum of health gains defined by the EQ-5D-3L instrument. The analysis was based on a large and representative sample of the population in Spain. A discrete choice experiment and a time trade-off exercise were used to derive a value set for utilities, followed by a willingness to pay questionnaire. The data were jointly analysed using regression analyses and bootstrapping techniques. Our findings indicate that societal values for a QALY corresponding to different EQ-5D-3L health gains vary approximately between 10,000€ and 30,000€. MVQALY associated with larger improvements on QoL was found to be lower than that associated with moderate QoL gains. The potential sources of the observed non-constant MVQALY are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Turkish theatre had been dominant until adopting Western style theatre in Turkey after the Tanzimat reform. In addition to humor, traditional Turkish theater is based on pun, singing, dancing and jester. That is why, the concept of artist in traditional theater includes the meddah (public storyteller), orta oyunu (light comedy) and the one playing Karagoz as well as juggler, cengi (dancer) and jester. In this period, the image of theatre artist in the society was highly negative except for the meddahs. In the western style theater adopted with the Tanzimat, the staging of a Muslim man or woman as an artist was difficult probably due to the reasons for this negative image. The absence of theatre artist characters in the Tanzimat novel does not enable the analysis of reflections of the theatre artist in the novel. Following the establishment of the Republic, Ataturk's support to theater and theater artists and his encouragement solved the problems of the Turkish theater to a great extent. The reflections of the image of theatre artists in society over Turkish novel in the Republican period implies whether the negative image of the artist in the past changed or not. This study will examine the novels written between 1923 and 1960 and whose protagonists are theatre artists. These novels are Mahser by Peyami Safa (1924), Sinekli Bakkal by Halide Edip Adivar (1936), Yolgecen Hani by Resat Enis Aygen (1936), Lale by Muazzez Tahsin Berkand (1945), Sahnenin Disindakiler by Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar (1950) and Son Siginak by Resat Nuri Guntekin (1961). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisations spend enormous amounts of money on leadership development. Yet, these organisations do not necessarily know exactly in which leadership development programmes or areas they should invest for each level of work (leadership). The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a measure of the maturity of the organisational leadership development process that is fit for use in southern Africa across the different levels of leadership. This measure consists of two instruments, namely the qualitative Social Perspective Profiling and the quantitative Leadership Development Process Maturity Index. Both these instruments were validated against two large multinational southern African organisations and revealed different levels of maturity of the leadership development process across the levels of leadership in these organisations. As a result, southern African organisations are now able to measure themselves against the benchmark areas that represent the maturity of the leadership development process. This will allow these organisations to close the gap between their leadership development process status quo for each level of leadership and what is most or least critical from a leadership development point of view, which will result in an improved return on learning and the increased success of these organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the history of tetraethyllead (TEL) from its discovery as an antiknock agent in gasoline till its worldwide ban. It is worth revisiting how a much applauded discovery of science actually turned out to be a doom for mankind causing severe health hazards to generation after generation over a period of about 75 years. The article highlights the discovery, synthesis and antiknock properties of tetraethyllead, along with its severe toxic effects to human body which finally resulted in is ban. It also examines the phaseout and ban of tetraethyllead from the viewpoint of the Environmental Kuznets curve. In addition, the article discusses the importance of prohibition of leaded gasoline from a social perspective. It puts forward the relation between the use of tetraethyllead and violence in the society. Also, it explores how tetraethyllead caused a drop in IQ level, especially among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All human languages change over time and therefore there is no such language which is unchanged or in its initial form. Language change can be traced at different linguistic levels like phonology, morphology, grammar, and semantics, this happens due to the way language is used and acquired by individuals or group of people in the society. This is an outcome of socio-political contacts, such as language policy, language planning, transportation, immigration, etc. Notably, the need for technological advancement and the use of the internet plays a significant role in language change. Consequently, new vocabularies are included in the dictionaries, glossaries, and thesauri to meet the need of time and new technological discoveries such as transport, domestic appliances, and industrial equipment, sports, entertainment, and healthcare. Language change takes place in different situations, such as language learning, language contact, social differentiation, nature and attitudes. Therefore, this paper deals with the factors responsible for language change in Urdu spoken in and around the vicinity of Bulandshahr districts, especially from the phonological point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study supports the foundation curriculum focused on skills in three ways: a) content-centred approach; b) centered approach to learning process; c) social interactions centred approach. These approaches correlate, according to the authors, to the model-centred instructional offered by one who teaches (Logocentric training system) the experience and knowledge of the learner (Empiriocentric training system), but also social valences learning (Sociocentric training system). The data collected shows that most students have a traditional training focused on skills of memorization and reproduction of information. It is necessary to change the methodology so that students acquire self-organization skills, Homing, and lifelong learning. Research methods used were observation, survey-based questionnaire and the experiment. After analysing quantitative and qualitative results, we could make relevant conclusions on the role of pedagogical training program to portray the competence of the teacher. The results were reported in the following aspects: theoretical; auto management learning skills; attitudinal-motivational training.

The micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) represent a very important percentage of the business sector, contributing to the generation of employment and contributing to the gross domestic product. In developing countries, they are characterized by an empirical management, which generates a high degree of business failure. The aim of the article is to reflect on MSME and the management of working capital from a social perspective, based on a crosssectional review and analysis of documents to support the preliminary proposal of the social perspective of the management of working capital, through the link with the current context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this article is based on the identification, from the theoretical and empirical order with the application of multivariate statistics, of the essential variables that intervene in the technical services processes of the hotel industry and with it the conformation of a theoretical model for the management of said process. Design/methodology/approach: The designed methodology, used for the processing of the research, consists of three phases of development that allow the selection of the variables that from the theoretical order coexist in the consulted literature, which in an integral way are subjected to an analysis of experts to confirm its existence in the practical object of study. Subsequently, the design of the evaluation methods of the selected variables is carried out, culminating with the analysis of relationships and influences between variables, all of the above under the multivariate statistics approach. Findings: The main results of this research are achieved after the systematic application of the designed methodology, observing the existence of three essential perspectives that affect the management of technical services in hotel industries, and that include 35 variables corroborated from multivariate statistics. This allowed the elaboration of a theoretical model for the management of this process, contributing from the logistic approach with the integration of this subsystem as part of the business management of the hotel sector. Originality/value: The originality of this material lies in the experimental identification of the main limitations explicit and (or) implicit in contemporary theory, to address the process of technical services in the hotel industry. Based on the contributions made as part of this research, we can identify the incidental variables in this process, as well as their grouping into three perspectives, resulting from the above in the possibility of illustrating the performance of this process from the theoretical model proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represent a theoretical approach on the processes of economic development and all the macroeconomic indicators are used as components of the big picture that defines the two researched entities, the European Union and the United States of America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The National Health Service in the UK is set up under the principle of "equal access for equal need", where those with identical medical needs should be given equal priority in receiving health care. However, non-medical needs may also be relevant in health care decision-making. This paper considers how members of the general public value access to a health service given equal medical needs, where some service users have additional non-medical needs. There are three primary research questions. First, are public preferences regarding access to a health care service symmetric and inequality averse? Second, are public preferences asymmetric across different needs groups? And third, which individual characteristics of respondents are predictive of different public preferences in this domain? An online survey of the UK general public was conducted in January 2017 using binary choice questions. The hypothetical scenarios involved allocating extra resources from a social perspective, to reduce the waiting time to access a mental health service for the unemployed, for the employed, or for both groups. Based on a valid sample of 662 respondents, the study found that the three main preference categories were: inequality averse and symmetric, inequality averse and asymmetric in favour of the unemployed, and inequality seeking and asymmetric in favour of the unemployed, with the first group being the largest. Respondents' current labour market status was found to explain their preferences so that those who were currently job-seeking were more likely to demonstrate preferences that favoured the unemployed, and those who were currently unemployed were less likely to demonstrate asymmetric preferences that favoured the employed. The implications from these findings are that health policies in the UK that support equal access for equal medical need are likely to be received most favourably, yet a non-trivial minority may support policies favouring those with other, non-medical needs. Highlights • We elicit public preferences on equality of access to a mental health care service. • Preferences are elicited based on equal medical but unequal employment needs. • The modal preference observed was equal access for equal medical need. • Where preferences deviated from symmetry, support was greater for the unemployed. • Current labour market status significantly influenced stated preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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E-mobility sustainability assessment is becoming more comprehensive with research integrating social aspects without focusing only on technical, economic, and/or environmental perspectives. The transportation sector is indeed one of the leading and most challenging greenhouse gas polluters, and e-mobility is seen as one of the potential solutions; however, a social perspective must be further investigated to improve the perception of and acceptance of electric vehicles. This could consequently lead to the European Green Deal’s holy grail: faster decarbonization of the transportation sector. Another way to achieve it is by promoting more comprehensive sustainable development goals. Therefore, this paper combines a systematic review of recent research with research emphasis focused on social aspects of electric vehicles and their interconnection with specific UN Sustainable Development Goals. By knowing the current research focus mainly related with “perception” of electric vehicles and assessing their social “impact” as well as an emerging area of “user experience” and their relations with UN Sustainable Development Goals enables better insight on the current and future directions of electric vehicle social sustainability research. The current priority is identified as “climate actions”. Increasingly important “sustainable cities and communities” shows potential for becoming one of the future research, policy, and community priorities.

The digital transformation of business models is a process which helps traditional business solutions reach new functionalities through innovative technologies. Digital transformation is now crucial to the development of the rail transport sector. The main rail market entities are railway undertakings, infrastructure managers, entities in charge of maintenance, or certification bodies. Digitalization creates new opportunities to shape the business ecosystem in the rail transport sector. The aim of the research is to identify and indicate key social perspectives related to the development of digital business models functioning in railway enterprises. Technological aspects and relational determinants related to the strong mutual cooperation required between railway undertakings and infrastructure managers have particular significance in this context. In this approach, the digitalization of processes is important. The approach also reveals a significant process of business model socialization, which is conceptualized and operationalized through the evolution of social factors based on digital transformation.

Central America has an elevated seismic risk, resulting from the vulnerability of the building stock and steady population growth. Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) aims to provide warning in advance of imminent shaking, allowing recipients to take action and reduce casualties during damaging motions. The Swiss Seismological Service (SED) has been collaborating with local seismic agencies to develop national EEW systems across Central America, which can potentially benefit nearly 47 million inhabitants. We conducted a public survey to comprehend the desire for EEW, the preferences for EEW attributes, and the current behaviour of people during earthquakes and the driving factors behind it. We recruited participants from Nicaragua (N = 513), Costa Rica (N = 1350), Guatemala (N = 559), and El Salvador (N = 491). In all four countries, participants consider it necessary to have an EEW system, are tolerant of false alerts, and are likely to react promptly to alerts. The desirable alert threshold is for low felt intensities, ranging between MMI III to IV. We found that a significant number of respondents already take protective action when earthquakes strike, and appropriate reactions are expected to increase when EEW is available. Our survey is unique in providing insights into the social dimension of EEW systems in low-income regions with high earthquake risk and where no operational EEW system yet exists. • A public survey conducted in Central America reveals strong enthusiasm for Earthquake Early Warning (EEW). The findings indicate that the public is tolerant to false alerts and is likely to react promptly to alerts. • The public reports experiencing significant and damaging shaking, consistent with strong events occurring in living memory. The survey shows the elevated seismic hazard and seismic vulnerability in Central America. • Recommended protective actions are already being practised across Central America and can be expected to increase when EEW becomes available. • Participants exhibit general awareness of the threat posed by earthquakes, for example through previous experience of damaging shaking, participations in preparedness planning and being aware of living in vulnerable housing. These examples influence whether people take protective actions and their opinion of EEW, including its perceived benefit, acceptable warning times, and tolerance for false, late and missed alerts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]