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Cavernous hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor occurring in all parts of the urinary system, including the kidney, bladder, prostate, ureter, and rarely urethra. Urethral cavernous hemangiomas are mostly seen in male patients, and only a few cases of female urethral hemangiomas are reported. Herein, we present the management and follow-up course of 3 cases of female urethral cavernous hemangioma. All 3 cases were menopause women complaining of lower urinary tract symptoms. Definitive diagnosis is made by histopathologic evaluation. In case of large or pedunculated masses, initial surgical resection is highly recommended. Regular follow-up of patients in order to prevent any recurrence is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer management has become increasingly challenging due to the emergence of a personalized approach that requires careful assessment, multidisciplinary efforts, and experienced physicians. Objectives: Because of the COVID-19 pandemic's effect on executing all medical meetings as well as multidisciplinary tumor boards (MTB), we decided to design, perform, and evaluate a teaching scholarship in virtual MTB forurologic cancer patients. Methods: In this prospective study from December 2020 to July 2022, the authors evaluated the designing, implementation, and learning efficacy of a virtual tumor board in the Urology Department of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU). All the faculty members (N = 25) and urology residents (N = 35) were included in this investigation. To make the sessions multidisciplinary, other related departments including pathology, radio-oncology, medical oncology, radiology, and nuclear medicine were also included. Virtual tumor boards were implanted monthly in 20 sessions. Results: A short interview was conducted for the needs assessment. The faculty members' and residents' statements were divided into high, intermediate, and low importance. After implementation, a satisfaction questionnaire based on the first level of the Kirkpatrick model was recorded and the means were 76% and 71% in faculty members and residents respectively for virtual execution. The results of evaluating the intervention according to the second level of the Kirkpatrick model and through the tests before and after tumor boards were recorded and the mean differences evaluated by paired t test were statistically significant. In the last step for external evaluation, the satisfaction rate of 5 arbitrators was 75% for executing a proper virtual MTB. Conclusions: A virtual board is an effective learning method for the medical education of urology residents. It could help the practitioner to coordinate and discuss with different specialties and lead to the best decision for urologic cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Neurotec® herbal capsule (100 mg twice a day for 3 months) on the tinnitus symptoms in comparison with the placebo. Design: A double‐blind randomised clinical trial. Setting: Otolaryngology clinic of Baqiyatallah Hospital. Participants: Patients suffering from subjective tinnitus. Main Outcome Measures: Pure tone audiometry was measured at.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 kHz frequencies before and after the third month of intervention. In addition, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) questionnaire as well as visual analogue scale (VAS) for tinnitus loudness, daily annoyance, daily life or sleep disturbance, daily perception and mood alteration were evaluated. Results: Finally, 103 (69 males and 34 females) patients with a mean age of 51.33 ± 13.91 years were analysed. In contrast with control group, patients in intervention group showed a remarkable decrease in THI score after 3 months of treatment (p <.05). Although both groups had improvements in VAS scores, mood disturbance, daily tinnitus perception and daily life alteration scores were only improved in the intervention group. The mean pure tone air and bone conduction were not significantly different between the control and the intervention group at baseline and 3 months after the intervention at.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz (p >.05). Conclusion: A 3‐month treatment with Neurotec capsules in addition to patient education is of benefit for managing symptoms in patients with chronic tinnitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although significant research has been done to find effective drugs against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), no definite effective drug exists. Thus, research has now shifted towards immunomodulatory agents other than antivirals. In this review, we aim to describe the latest findings on the role of type I interferon (IFN)-mediated innate antiviral response against SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the use of IFNs as a medication for COVID-19. A growing body of evidence has indicated a promoting active but delayed IFNs response to SARS-CoV-2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in infected bronchial epithelial cells. Studies have demonstrated that IFNs' administration before the viral peak and the inflammatory phase of disease could offer a highly protective effect. However, IFNs' treatment during the inflammatory and severe stages of the disease causes immunopathology and long-lasting harm for patients. Therefore, it is critical to note the best time window for IFNs' administration. Further investigation of the clinical effectiveness of interferon for patients with mild to severe COVID-19 and its optimal timing and route of administration can be beneficial in finding a safe and effective antiviral therapy for the COVID-19 disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, national health authorities temporarily closed cultural, religious, and educational institutions such as universities and schools. Children and adolescents with ADHD were challenged with the restrictions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic such as homeschooling and reduced physical activity. The present narrative review aimed to summarize the state-of-the-art regarding associations between COVID-19-related social restrictions and possible psychological and behavioral issues in children and adolescents with ADHD. Additionally, we discussed the underlying possible reasons of the association focusing on the role of parental influence and physical activity, vulnerabilities of individuals with ADHD to Covid-19 infection and to school closure and remote learning. Method: To collect data for the present narrative review, recent publications on these topics between February 1st, 2020 and January 10th, 2021 were retrieved from the most popular search engines (PubMed; Scopus; Google Scholar; Psych Info; Embase) through a comprehensive search using relevant keywords. Results: During confinement, children and adolescents with ADHD reported increased behavioral and ADHD-related symptoms and overall decreased psychological well-being. Factors negatively impacting children's and adolescents' behavioral symptoms and well-being were: less physical activity, adverse parental behavior, difficulties in coping with preventive guidelines, and school closure and remote learning consequences. Conclusion: Children and adolescents with ADHD and their caregivers faced both specific and general psychological issues related to the school lockdowns and homeschooling. Additionally, Individuals with ADHD seem to be more vulnerable to Covid-19 infection which highlights the need for better healthcare adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fournier's gangrene (FG) is a type of necrotizing fasciitis affecting the external genitalia or perineum. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) has been reported as a prognostic factor to evaluate the outcomes of various diseases. This study aimed to investigate the utility of GNRI in predicting the mortality of FG patients., Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated the patients admitted to a referral hospital, during 14 years, with diagnosis of FG. The role of GNRI in predicting the mortality of these patients was studied. To further investigate the relationship of the GNRI score with patients' prognosis, we controlled for the scores of Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index (FGSI) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)., Result: 78 patients with the mean age of 60.79 ± 13.76 (range: 24 -85) years were included in the study (89.74% male). The mortality rate in this series was 23 (29.5%) cases. The survived cases had significantly higher GNRI score (p < 0.001), higher Albumin level (p < 0.001), higher weight (p = 0.04), and lower mortality risk based on FGSI score (p < 0.001). In patients with low mortality risk according to FGSI score (p = 0.036) and mild comorbidities based on CCI score (p = 0.030), the association between GNRI and final prognosis was significant. In contrast, in patients with high mortality risk according to FGSI score (p =0.074) and moderate (p = 0.118) and severe (p = 0.215) comorbidities by CCI score this association was not significant.The independent predictors of mortality in FG patients were GNRI score (OR: 1.242, 95%CI: 1.08, 1.41; p =0.001) and FGSI score (OR: 54.614, 95%CI: 6.89, 432.31; p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of GNRI score in predicting the mortality of FG patients was 0.84 (95%CI: 0.75 - 0.93). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of GNRI score at the optimal cut-off point (78.5) were, 80%, 77.9%, 60.6%, 90.4%, 3.69, and 0.255 respectively., Conclusions: Our findings indicate that among patients with mild FG, as assessed by FGSI score, and those with low comorbidities based on CCI score, the GNRI score in survivors was significantly higher than that in non-survived. Additionally, multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the GNRI score serves as an independent predictor of patient outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Introduction: The advancement of anti-cancer treatment has increased survival rates among patients, yet putting them in an increased risk for developing side-effects. In addition to early side-effects, anti-cancer treatments, in particular chemotherapeutic medications can cause long-term side-effects; fertility and sexual dysfunction included. The aim of this study was to review existing data on the effects of different chemotherapeutic agents on fertility and sexual function of male cancer survivors who received chemotherapy at different stages of life., Method: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar to detect studies focused on the effect of chemotherapy on the gonadal/testicular function and sexual function of male cancer survivors. We restricted our search to English language publications and manuscript published before the year 2000 were excluded., Results: It has been well understood that chemotherapy impairs gonadal function in major number of cancer survivors and gonadal dysfunction is not protected if chemotherapeutic agents administered before puberty in males. Moreover, effect of chemotherapy on sexual function is controversial., Conclusion: While several articles reported the worst effect of chemotherapy on sexual function of cancer survivors, some studied reported that chemotherapy do not impair sexual function. Higher levels of chemotherapy dose seem to be associated with more gonadal and sexual dysfunction.