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Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as a promising alternative for next‐generation energy storage solutions, driven by the economic and environmental benefits of abundant sodium resources. A pivotal aspect of SIB advancement is the development of advanced electrolytes, which remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a facile and scalable synthesis method for low‐cost sodium‐difluoro(oxalato)borate (NaDFOB) is reported and explored its application as a standalone electrolyte salt for SIBs. The NaDFOB‐based ether electrolyte demonstrates exceptional electrochemical stability, solvent compatibility, and the unique capacity to form a dense, robust solid‐electrolyte interphase layer on electrode surfaces. As a result, the Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 (NFPP) cathode with NaDFOB‐based electrolyte exhibits ultrahigh cycling stability with a remarkable capacity retention of 98.7% after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, an Ah‐level hard carbon (HC)//NFPP pouch cell using NaDFOB‐based ether electrolyte shows an impressive cycle life of 500 cycles, coupled with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.9%. The pouch cells also maintain superior electrochemical performance across a broad temperature range from −40 to 60 °C, showcasing the electrolyte's versatility. This work contributes significant insights into the strategic design and application of innovative salts, paving the way for longer‐lasting SIBs with enhanced electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acids and their salts are amine compounds with great potential for the chemical absorption of CO2 via the amine method. The CO2 absorption properties of various amino acids and their salts have been previously reported. However, the detailed reaction mechanism of CO2 with basic amino acids in aqueous solutions has not yet been clarified. In this study, we focused on arginine (Arg), which has the highest basicity among the standard amino acids, and its monohydrochloride (ArgCl) and sodium (NaArg) salts for the dissolution of CO2 in the aqueous solutions of Arg, ArgCl, and NaArg. CO2 was chemically dissolved in aqueous Arg and NaArg solutions but not in the aqueous ArgCl solution. One‐dimensional 1H and 13C and two‐dimensional 1H‐13C heteronuclear multiple bond correlation nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that the final products in the aqueous Arg and NaArg solutions were protonated Arg and HCO3−. HCO3− was formed from both CO2‐bonded Arg/Arg− and CO32− intermediates in the aqueous NaArg solution but only from the CO2‐bonded Arg/Arg− intermediate in the aqueous Arg solution. In addition to their high environmental and biological compatibility, Arg and NaArg exhibit high CO2 absorption capacity, demonstrating their potential for practical use as naturally derived CO2 chemical absorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal structure of the sodium salt of mesotrione, namely, catena-poly[[sodium-μ3-2-[(4-methanesulfonyl-2-nitrophenyl)carbonyl]-3-oxocyclohex-1-en-1-olato] ethanol monosolvate], {[Na(C14H12NO7S)]C2H5OH}n, is described. The X-ray structural analysis results reveal that the coordination sphere is established by two chelating O atoms, the O atom of the coordinated ethanol molecule, and an O atom from the methylsulfonyl group of a neighboring molecule. Simultaneously, an O atom of the cyclohexane fragment serves as a bridge to a neighboring sodium ion, forming a flat Na–O–Na–O quadrangle, thereby forming a mono-periodic polymer. The structure displays O—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...O short contacts. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data indicate that the sodium salt of mesotrione decomposes in four stages.

To develop a better process for synthesizing sodium percarbonate and getting separation of the sodium salt, the equilibrium of the ternary system Na2SO4–H2O2–H2O and Na2CO3–H2O2–H2O at 5 °C was determined using the isothermal method, and the appropriate synthesis conditions for sodium carbonate from a theoretical perspective was discussed. The Na2SO4–H2O2–H2O system phase diagram contains one co-saturated point of Na2SO4·0.5H2O2·H2O and Na2SO4·10H2O. The Na2CO3–H2O2–H2O system phase diagram contains three crystal zones: Na2CO3·10H2O crystallization field, 0Na2CO3·1.5H2O2·H2O crystallization field and Na2CO3·2H2O2·H2O crystallization field. According to the phase diagram, the suitable raw material ratio of sodium percarbonate synthesis was obtained, to get the maximum of product yield, the optimal mass ratio of Na2CO3 to 30% H2O2 is 0.609. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal structure of the sodium salt of mesotrione, namely, catena-poly-[[sodium-μ3-2-[(4-methanesulfonyl-2-nitrophenyl)carbonyl]-3-oxocyclohex-1-en-1-olato] ethanol monosolvate], {[Na(C14H12NO7S)]C2H5OH}n, is described. The X-ray structural analysis results reveal that the coordination sphere is established by two chelating O atoms, the O atom of the coordinated ethanol molecule, and an O atom from the methylsulfonyl group of a neighboring molecule. Simultaneously, an O atom of the cyclohexane fragment serves as a bridge to a neighboring sodium ion, forming a flat Na-O-Na-O quadrangle, thereby forming a mono-periodic polymer. The structure displays O--H…O hydrogen bonds and C--H…O short contacts. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data indicate that the sodium salt of mesotrione decomposes in four stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deepening understanding of hypertension, more and more evidence suggests that the blood pressure levels of hypertensive patients are closely related to sodium salts. The gut microbiome is made up of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa and viruses, also known as the gut microbiome, intestinal flora and its metabolites, as a hot research direction in hypertension, play an important role in the relationship between sodium and blood pressure. Excessive sodium salt can change the type and proportion of intestinal microbiota, affect the level of inflammation and metabolism of the body and accelerate the occurrence and development of hypertension. Sodium control is a low-cost and effective way to control blood pressure. This article reviews the complex relationship between sodium salts, gut microbiota, and hypertension, hoping to provide theoretical support for the prevention, treatment, and control of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 3′‐sialyllactose (3′‐SL) sodium salt as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 3′‐SL (sodium salt), but it also contains sialic acid, d‐glucose, d‐lactose, 3′‐sialyllactulose and 6′‐sialyllactose sodium salts and a small fraction of other related saccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain (Escherichia coli NEO3) of E. coli W (ATCC 9637). The information provided on the identity, manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, including infant formula and follow‐on formula, food for special medical purposes and food supplements (FS). The target population is the general population. The applicant applies for the same uses and use levels as already assessed for 3′‐SL sodium salt produced by a genetically modified strain of E. coli K‐12 DH1, with the exception for the use in FS, which is proposed to be higher (from 0.5 to 1.0 g/day) in individuals from 3 years of age. Since the NF as a food ingredient would be consumed at the same extent as the already assessed 3′‐SL sodium salt, no new estimates of the intakes have been carried out. The Panel notes that the maximum daily intake of 3′‐SL from the proposed use of the NF in FS for individuals from 3 years of age (1.0 g/day) is lower than the estimated highest mean daily intake of 3′‐SL in breastfed infants. FS are not intended to be used if other sources of 3′‐SL are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 3′‐sialyllactose (3′‐SL) sodium salt as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 3′‐SL (sodium salt), but it also contains sialic acid, d‐glucose, d‐lactose, 3′‐sialyllactulose and 6′‐sialyllactose sodium salts and a small fraction of other related saccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain (Escherichia coli NEO3) of E. coli W (ATCC 9637). The information provided on the identity, manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, including infant formula and follow‐on formula, food for special medical purposes and food supplements (FS). The target population is the general population. The applicant applies for the same uses and use levels as already assessed for 3′‐SL sodium salt produced by a genetically modified strain of E. coli K‐12 DH1, with the exception for the use in FS, which is proposed to be higher (from 0.5 to 1.0 g/day) in individuals from 3 years of age. Since the NF as a food ingredient would be consumed at the same extent as the already assessed 3′‐SL sodium salt, no new estimates of the intakes have been carried out. The Panel notes that the maximum daily intake of 3′‐SL from the proposed use of the NF in FS for individuals from 3 years of age (1.0 g/day) is lower than the estimated highest mean daily intake of 3′‐SL in breastfed infants. FS are not intended to be used if other sources of 3′‐SL are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 6′‐sialyllactose (6′‐SL) sodium salt as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 6′‐SL (sodium salt), but it also contains sialic acid, d‐glucose, d‐lactose, 6′‐sialyllactulose sodium salt, 3′‐sialyllactose (3′‐SL) sodium salt and a small fraction of other related saccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain (Escherichia coli NEO6) of E. coli W (ATCC 9637). The information provided on the identity, manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, including infant formula and follow‐on formula, food for special medical purposes and food supplements (FS). The target population is the general population. The applicant applies for the same uses and use levels already assessed for 6′‐SL sodium salt produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain of E. coli K‐12 DH1. Therefore, since the NF would be consumed at the same extent as the already assessed 6′‐SL sodium salt, no new estimates of the intake have been carried out. Similarly, FS are not intended to be used if other foods with added 6′‐SL or human milk are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand the dietary intake of high-risk population with hypertension in Haikou, and to analyze the relationship between dietary intake and blood pressure, especially the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure, so as to provide a scientific basis for salt reduction. Methods: A multi-stage cluster sampling was used from July to December 2021 to collect 3-4 community service centers from each of the four districts in Haikou. A total of 15 community service centers were collected, and 295 permanent residents aged 55-74 were recruited from 15 community service centers, with 20 eligible subjects from each community. The subjects underwent general physical examination and laboratory tests, and a dietary survey was conducted using the self-developed Android phone APP "Nutrition Assistant" (registration number: 2021SR1547832). SPSS 21.0 was used for t test, χ² test and multiple regression analysis. Results: In Haikou, 69.4% of the subjects had energy intake above energy requirement, and 44.8% had fat intake above the acceptable range of macronutrients. There were only differences in energy, carbohydrate, vitamin B 6 and sodium intake (t=-2.174, -1.990, 2.333, -5.442, P=0.031, 0.048, 0.021, <0.001, respectively). There were significant differences in BMI, family history of chronic diseases, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (F value or χ² value=4.260, 19.045, 139.916, 36.864, P value=0.015, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, respectively). Multiple regression analysis analysis showed that 24h sodium excretion was significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (t = 12.964, P<0.001), and for every 1 mmol increase in sodium excretion, systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased by 0.135 mmhg and 0.068 mmhg, respectively. Conclusion: The dietary intake of the middle-aged and elderly people at high risk of hypertension in the Haikou community was unbalanced, and the intake of sodium salt was strongly correlated with blood pressure, so it is necessary to continue to promote salt reduction as one of the key ways to prevent and control hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study concerns hydrophobic surface treatments with silane-based coating on concrete surfaces against external ionic transport. The nano-modification and organic–inorganic modification were carried out on it and applied to the mortar matrix and concrete matrix. Lithium-based protective coating (PC1, PC2), nano-modified coating (NC1, NC2) and organic–inorganic composite coating (OL1) were prepared. The salt erosion resistance of the mortar matrix and concrete matrix was tested, compared with the blank group and the market. The test results found that the organic–inorganic modified OL1 and LC1 coatings have the greatest influence on the chloride penetration resistance of the mortar matrix, in which the chloride penetration depth of 28 days is reduced by 73.03% and 63.83%, respectively, compared with the blank group. The rate of mass change of the blank group, PC1 and PC2 coatings, and NL1 and NL2 coatings were 0.17%, 0.08%, and 0.03%, respectively. The result demonstrated that the lithium-based coating could effectively delay the penetration rate of chloride ions and sulfates into the mortar, and the nano-modified properties could improve the salt resistance. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that coating treatment would promote the secondary hydration of cement-based materials, by reducing the content of Ca (OH) 2 in hydration products of cement-based materials and producing C-S-H gel, which is conducive to strength enhancement and pore refinement. The nano-component would promote the reaction degree, while the organic–inorganic coating would have the respective advantages of the two components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The refractory complex gold concentrate produced by a foreign gold mine is treated by fine grinding-cyanidation method and roasting-cyanidation method.The gold recovery rates are 26.99 % and 79.97 % respectively, and the recovery effect is not satisfactory.What’s more, other valuable elements are difficult to be recovered effectively and comprehensively, resulting in a waste of resources.The technology of the efficient recovery of valuable elements of gold and silver from the gold concentrate is studied.The results show that by secondary roasting with sodium salt, acid leaching, flotation enrichment, high cyanide leaching of gold and silver concentrate, cyanide residue recycling, and cyanide leaching of flotation tailings, and under the optimum conditions, the gold grade of cyanide slag is 1.78 g/t, the silver grade is 54.10 g/t, the total recovery of gold is 96.29 %,and the total recovery of silver is 92.01 %;the iron grade of tailings reaches 63.20 %,which can be used as the raw material for the preparation of high-quality iron-making pellets, realizing the efficient and comprehensive recovery of gold concentrate resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase equilibria in the NaVO3–Na2WO4 two-component system and in the NaCl–NaVO3–Na2EO4 (E = Mo or W) three-component system were studied. The phase assemblages of the NaCl–NaVO3–Na2EO4 (E = Mo or W) three-component systems were analyzed. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed that the binary system is a eutectic system and the three-component systems are partitioned by the compound Na3ClEO4 into two secondary triangles, in each of which eutectics were found. The percentages of the components in the ternary eutectics and their melting points were determined. Phase equilibria were described for all elements of the phase diagrams studied in this work. The Na2WO4 crystallization field is represented by α, β, and γ phases, and the Na2MoO4 crystallization field, by δ, γ, and β phases. The smallest crystallization field in the ternary systems belongs to low-melting NaVO3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on 6′‐sialyllactose (6′‐SL) sodium salt as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is mainly composed of the human‐identical milk oligosaccharide (HiMO) 6′‐SL (sodium salt), but it also contains sialic acid, d‐glucose, d‐lactose, 6′‐sialyllactulose sodium salt, 3′‐sialyllactose (3′‐SL) sodium salt and a small fraction of other related saccharides. The NF is produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain (Escherichia coli NEO6) of E. coli W (ATCC 9637). The information provided on the identity, manufacturing process, composition and specifications of the NF does not raise safety concerns. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods, including infant formula and follow‐on formula, food for special medical purposes and food supplements (FS). The target population is the general population. The applicant applies for the same uses and use levels already assessed for 6′‐SL sodium salt produced by fermentation by a genetically modified strain of E. coli K‐12 DH1. Therefore, since the NF would be consumed at the same extent as the already assessed 6′‐SL sodium salt, no new estimates of the intake have been carried out. Similarly, FS are not intended to be used if other foods with added 6′‐SL or human milk are consumed on the same day. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use.

The concern about environmental problems has inspired a of energy storage devices from natural sources. In this study, solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films made from corn starch doped with different compositions of sodium iodate (NaIO3) were prepared via the solution casting technique. The effect of dopants on the structure, morphology and electrical properties of SPE films was analysed using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. From the XRD, it shows that the amorphous state would influence the conductivity values of SPE films. Then, the SEM observations revealed that the films seem to be rough, porous and having branch structure, which may affect the conductivity of SPE films. The maximum conductivity of SPE film is obtained from 3 wt.% of NaIO3 with a value of 1.08 × 10−4 Scm−1 at room temperature (303K). From the results, this SPE is proposed to have a great potential in future energy storage applications.

The present study concerns hydrophobic surface treatments with silane-based coating on concrete surfaces against external ionic transport. The nano-modification and organic–inorganic modification were carried out on it and applied to the mortar matrix and concrete matrix. Lithium-based protective coating (PC1, PC2), nano-modified coating (NC1, NC2) and organic–inorganic composite coating (OL1) were prepared. The salt erosion resistance of the mortar matrix and concrete matrix was tested, compared with the blank group and the market. The test results found that the organic–inorganic modified OL1 and LC1 coatings have the greatest influence on the chloride penetration resistance of the mortar matrix, in which the chloride penetration depth of 28 days is reduced by 73.03% and 63.83%, respectively, compared with the blank group. The rate of mass change of the blank group, PC1 and PC2 coatings, and NL1 and NL2 coatings were 0.17%, 0.08%, and 0.03%, respectively. The result demonstrated that the lithium-based coating could effectively delay the penetration rate of chloride ions and sulfates into the mortar, and the nano-modified properties could improve the salt resistance. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that coating treatment would promote the secondary hydration of cement-based materials, by reducing the content of Ca(OH)2 in hydration products of cement-based materials and producing C-S-H gel, which is conducive to strength enhancement and pore refinement. The nano-component would promote the reaction degree, while the organic–inorganic coating would have the respective advantages of the two components.

In this work deep insights on ion transport parameters based on EIS and FTIR were presented. MC based biopolymer was used as the host material to prepare solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). The XRD equipment was used to study the structural changes happening in the SPE films upon addition of various rate of NaSCN salt. The polymer-salt interactions were observed from the shifting and changing of intensity of FTIR transmittance peaks. The EIS plots were fitted with EECs to detect the electrical properties of the films. Transport parameters including number density (n), mobility (μ) and diffusion coefficient (D) were evaluated using impedance and FTIR methodologies. The percentage of free ions was found to influence the transport parameters utilizing FTIR approach. The maximum DC conductivity of 3.6 × 10−6 Scm−1 was obtained for the MC film incorporated with 40 wt% of NaSCN salt. The temperature variation of DC conductivity follows Arrhenius behavior model. The dielectric properties of the films were studied at ambient temperature. The effects of temperature on dielectric properties were examined on the highest conducting sample. The relaxation processes were analyzed in terms of loss tangent and electric modulus. Broad peaks of M'' pattern and tanδ plot are marks for non-Debye type relaxation of Na+ ions. The ion conduction mechanisms as a complicated subject in SPEs were focused in this work. The noticeable results achieved from the dielectric properties and electric modulus indicated the coupled motion between cations of the dissolved salt and polymer segmental motions. The transport of ions followed Arrhenius model in which polymer chains assist ion jumping.

KCl and CaCl2 were used as partial substitutes for NaCl during pickling salted eggs process in this study. The effects on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, textural properties and sensory quality of the salted eggs were evaluated, while comparing with the 18% NaCl group (Na group). The 3% replacement of NaCl by KCl reduced the Na content (p < 0.05), accelerated the water migration (p < 0.05) in salted eggs and increased the apparent oil yield and oil exudation of salted egg yolk (p < 0.05); but the rheological properties and microstructure of salted egg yolk were minimally affected. The 3% replacement of NaCl by CaCl2 reduced the Na content (p < 0.05), delayed the water migration rate (p < 0.05) in salted eggs and decreased the apparent oil yield and oil exudation of salted egg yolk (p < 0.05). Additionally, the process of egg white thinning and egg yolk hardening were delayed. The results indicate that the partial substitution of NaCl by KCl or CaCl2 during the pickling process of salted eggs could effectively inhibit the infiltration of Na+, and the presence of KCl could improve the quality of salted eggs. Still, the presence of CaCl2 delay the ripening of salted eggs. Practical Application: KCl and CaCl2 as substitutes of sodium salt could play the role of reducing Na content but not affecting saline taste of salted eggs, which is conducive to the development of low‐sodium salted eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Electrides are interesting and promising materials with cavity-trapped electrons which can be used as source of electron donor in different systems. Hereby, we have explored the possible formation of electride materials based on tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) backbone at MP2 computational level. This is achieved by systematic addition of up to four Na atoms to TCNE backbone. Our results predict high thermodynamic stability in the Nan@TCNE (n=1-4) systems. Moreover, based on the evaluation of four criteria, non-nuclear attractor (NNA), electron localization function (ELF), electron density laplacian (∇^2 ρ(r)), and non-linear optical (NLO), TCNE-Na1 and TCNE-Na2 and TCNE-Na4 species are conventional donor-acceptor systems (lithium salt). In contrast, the TCNE-Na3 species can be introduced as sodium electride with cavity-trapped electrons. Therefore, Na:TCNE ratio is very significant factor to provide species with electride feature through the addition of Na atoms to TCNE backbone.

Photocatalyst fabrication process plays the central role in photocatalytic hydrogen (H 2) evolution reaction. Herein, we synthesize Na+ functionalized porous graphitic carbon nitride nanorods (Na-CNNR) via a facile one-pot calcination method. The morphology and size of Na-CNNR are controllable by changing the amount of sodium salt; both sodium salt and air are essential to the unique structure and oxygen doping. The obtained Na-CNNR contains abundant oxygen in the graphitic carbon nitride (CN) plane. The optimized Na20-CNNR (20 wt% Na 2 S 2 O 3 •5H 2 O to dicyanamide) photocatalyst exhibits a high surface area with enhanced visible light absorption. Besides, Na20-CNNR displays fast charge transfer and high carrier separation rate characterized by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and electrochemical test. Through time-resolved transient absorption spectra analysis, the trapped unreactive electron accumulation can be highly restrained, favoring efficient active electron de-trapping and transfer. The optimized Na20-CNNR sample exhibits the highest photocatalytic H 2 evolution rate of 7.46 mmol/h/g under visible light irradiation (>400 nm, 100 mW/cm2), which is up to 85 times that of the bare CN and 27 times that of Na+ doped graphitic carbon nitride nanoparticles (Na20–CNNP). Meanwhile, the cyclability tests indicate that Na20-CNNR displays robust stability over 24 h. [Display omitted] • The Na and O Doped porous g-C 3 N 4 nanorod structure was obtained after washing with water without tedious treatment. • Sodium salt and air are essential for g-C 3 N 4 nanorod structure formation and oxygen doping. • Photogenerated electron transfer is highly improved from the picosecond level. • Na20-CNNR exhibits a highly improved photocatalytic H 2 evolution rate of 7460 μmol/h/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, [Na(μ-C6F5BH3)(C4H8O)2]2, represents a dimeric structure of sodium and organoborohydride, located about a centre of inversion. The Na...B distances of 2.7845 (19) and 2.7494 (18) Å were apparently longer than the Li...B distances (2.403–2.537 Å) of the lithium organotrihydroborates in the previous reports. Moreover, an interaction between the sodium atom and one fluorine atom on the 2-position of the benzene ring is observed [Na—F = 2.6373 (12) Å]. In the crystal, the dimeric molecules are stacked along the b-axis via a π–π interaction between the benzene rings.

Bridging the energy gap between batteries and capacitors, while in principle delivering a supercapacitor-like high power density and long lifespan, sodium-ion capacitors (SIC) have been considered promising energy storage devices that could be commercialized in the near future due to the natural abundance of sodium sources and the performance superiority of SIC devices. Therefore, in the past decade, substantial research efforts have been devoted to their structure and property improvements. With regard to the electrochemical performance of an ion capacitor, except for the electrode, the composition and structure of the electrolytes are also of great importance. Thus, in this mini review, we present a brief summary of the electrolytes developed recently for high performance SIC, including aqueous, organic, and ionic liquid based electrolytes. The influence factors such as ionic conductivities, electrolyte concentrations, electrochemical stable windows, as well as the cost and safety issues are discussed. Furthermore, the future perspectives and challenges in the science and engineering of new electrolytes are also considered. We hope that this review may be helpful to the energy storage community regarding the electrolytes of advanced SIC systems.

At rest, administration of the short-chain fatty acid acetate suppresses fat oxidation without affecting carbohydrate utilization. The combined effect of increased acetate availability and exercise on substrate utilization is, however, unclear. With local ethics approval, we studied the effect of ingesting either sodium acetate (NaAc) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) at a dose of 4 mmol·kg-1 body mass 90 min before completing 120 min of exercise at 50% VO2peak. Six healthy young men completed the trials after an overnight fast and ingested the sodium salts in randomized order. As expected NaAc ingestion decreased resting fat oxidation (mean ± SD; 0.09 ± 0.02 vs. 0.07 ± 0.02 g·min-1 pre- and post-ingestion respectively, p < .05) with no effect upon carbohydrate utilization. In contrast, NaHCO3 ingestion had no effect on substrate utilization at rest. In response to exercise, fat and CHO oxidation increased in both trials, but fat oxidation was lower (0.16 ± 0.10 vs. 0.29 ± 0.11 g·min-1, p < .05) and carbohydrate oxidation higher (1.67 ± 0.35 vs. 1.44 ± 0.22 g·min-1, p < .05) in the NaAc trial compared with the NaHCO3 trial during the first 15 min of exercise. Over the final 75 min of exercise an increase in fat oxidation and decrease in carbohydrate oxidation was observed only in the NaAc trial. These results demonstrate that increasing plasma acetate concentration suppresses fat oxidation both at rest and at the onset of moderate-intensity exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion is a promising method for treating the rapidly increasing food wastes. However, the high level of sodium salt in food waste significantly inhibited the anaerobic digestion process. In this study, acclimation was conducted to adapt to the high sodium food waste. The evolution of microbial community during acclimation process was characterized by high-throughput sequencing based on the 16S rRNA gene. The results revealed that the predominant phyla were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Thermotogae, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and Synergistetes. The increase of functional genera Kosmtoga, Levilinea and Longilinea during the process potentially promoted the biodegradation of organics. As for the archaea community, the mixotrophic methanogens Methanosaricina was almost replaced by hydrogenotrophic methanogens Methanobacterium and Methanocorpusculum. The variations of pH and volatile fatty acid during acclimation provided additional information on the adaptation of microorganisms to the high sodium environment. The biogas production of food waste inoculated with acclimated sludge was increased by 63.6% compared with the raw sludge. The evolutions of bacterial and archaea communities during acclimation at the phylum level [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We report herein the crystal structures of a monohydrate of Colour Index Pigment Red 48 (P.R.48) (systematic name: monosodium 2‐{2‐[3‐carboxy‐2‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydronaphthalen‐1‐ylidene]hydrazin‐1‐yl}‐4‐chloro‐5‐methylbenzenesulfonate monohydrate), Na+·C18H12ClO6S−·H2O, and a dihydrate, Na+·C18H12ClO6S−·2H2O. The two monosodium salt hydrates of P.R.48 were obtained from in‐house synthesized P.R.48. Both have monoclinic (P21/c) symmetry at 173 K. The crystal packing of both crystal structures shows a layer arrangement whereby N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds are formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, [Na(μ-C6F5BH3)(C4H8O)2]2, represents a dimeric structure of sodium and organoborohydride, located about a centre of inversion. The Na...B distances of 2.7845(19) and 2.7494(18)Å were apparently longer than the Li...B distances (2.403-2.537Å) of the lithium organotri­hydro­borates in the previous reports. Moreover, an inter­action between the sodium atom and one fluorine atom on the 2-position of the benzene ring is observed [Na-F = 2.6373(12)Å]. In the crystal, the dimeric mol­ecules are stacked along the b-axis via a π-π inter­action between the benzene rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical salts of poorly soluble drugs typically dissolve faster than their corresponding free acid or base, resulting in supersaturation under some circumstances. The key questions relevant to drug bioavailability "does the salt invoke the supersaturated state?" and, if so, "does precipitation occur?" remain. To answer these questions, different types of dissolution equipment are often used at different stages of the development process. To compare the dissolution behaviour of ibuprofen and its sodium and lysine salts in the USP 2 apparatus and the µDISS Profiler™ apparatus. The dissolution, supersaturation of the salt forms and precipitation to the free acid of ibuprofen were characterized along with the dissolution of the free acid form. Media containing different concentrations of the salt-forming counterions - sodium and lysine - were used to investigate the influence of the type of dissolution apparatus used for the study on dissolution, supersaturation and precipitation behaviour. Supersaturation was observed for both the sodium and lysinate salts of ibuprofen in all USP 2 apparatus and µDISS Profiler™ experiments. However, precipitation tended to be far greater in the µDISS Profiler™ than in the USP 2 apparatus. The difference was most pronounced in pH 4.5 acetate buffer, in which precipitation was observed exclusively in experiments with the µDISS Profiler™. Choice of dissolution apparatus can affect the dissolution/supersaturation/precipitation characteristics of pharmaceutical salts. This has to be carefully taken into account when investigating salts over different stages of pharmaceutical research and development. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Catalytic effects of Na/K/Ca on G-type lignin steam gasification were explored. • Gaseous hydroxides are key to the excellent catalytic effects of Na 2 CO 3 /K 2 CO 3. • High-melting CaO results in poor catalytic performance of CaCO 3. • 5 mmol Na+ loading showed the best catalytic effect on lignin steam gasification. • Na 2 CO 3 outperformed Na 2 SO 4 , NaHCO 3 , and NaAlO 2 in catalytic effectiveness. This work studies the effects of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species (AAEMs) (Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 , and CaCO 3), Na+ impregnation amount (2, 5, and 7 mmol) and sodium salts (NaHCO 3 , Na 2 SO 4 , and NaAlO 2) on the gasification characteristics and product distribution of G-type lignin in a fixed-bed system for continuous gasification. The results showed that six catalysts all could improve lignin gasification performance by increasing total gas yields, syngas yields, H 2 /CO ratios, and carbon conversion rates. Na 2 CO 3 had the strongest catalytic ability, followed by NaHCO 3 and K 2 CO 3 , while CaCO 3 , Na 2 SO 4 and NaAlO 2 had poor catalytic abilities. Gaseous AAEMs, especially NaOH and KOH, could enhance tar cracking, volatiles reforming, coke gasification, the water-gas shift reaction, and methane steam reforming. The high melting points of CaO and NaAlO 2 greatly reduced the catalytic capacities of CaCO 3 and NaAlO 2. AAEMs could combine with the carbon matrices to form carboxylate structures or phenol/aldehyde structures which might volatilize to catalyze homogeneous reactions. Moderately increasing Na+ impregnation amount to 5 mmol was beneficial to lignin gasification, but excessive impregnation reduced the gasification parameters. In addition, all six catalysts had effects on the tar composition, especially K 2 CO 3 and NaAlO 2 , which could effectively catalyze tar cracking and reduce heavy compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on taste bud cells and brain stem relay nuclei suggest that alternative pathways convey information regarding different taste qualities. Building on the hypothesis that amiloride (epithelial Na channel antagonist)-sensitive neurons respond to palatable salt (low-concentration) and amiloride-insensitive neurons respond to aversive salt (high-concentration), we investigated the histological distribution of taste-sensitive neurons in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract in rats and their NaCl and amiloride sensitivities. We recorded neuronal activity in extracellular single units using multi-barrel glass micropipettes and reconstructed their locations on the rostrocaudal and mediolateral axes. Seventy-three taste-sensitive neurons were categorized into the best-taste category. The amiloride sensitivities of the 31 neurons were examined for 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 M NaCl. The neuronal distribution of amiloride-sensitive neurons was located in the lateral region, while amiloride-insensitive neurons were located in the medial region. The amiloride-sensitive neurons responded to low salt concentrations, signaling the NaCl levels required by body fluids. Amiloride-insensitive neurons were silent at low salt concentrations but may function as warning signals for high salt concentrations. Low-threshold and/or high-response neurons were located in the rostrolateral region. In contrast, high-threshold and/or low-response neurons were located in the caudal-medial region., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Inspired by the mechanism of plant roots for the fixation of inorganic salts, we developed a novel method for the removal of sodium and potassium salts including chloride, nitrate, and sulfate under pseudo-natural conditions. In this method, a plant was first cultured in NaCl, NaNO3, or Na2SO4-containing aqueous solution. Subsequently, simulated adsorptions or precipitations under pseudo-physiological conditions were conducted based on the elemental composition of the plant's root after cultivation. The key species likely involved in the fixation of these inorganic salts were studied by using additional simulated adsorptions or precipitations. The results showed that oxalic acid and tartaric acid were effective for the fixation of Na+ and K+ ions, respectively. In addition, calcium phosphates were demonstrated to be effective for the fixation of NaCl, KCl, NaNO3, and KNO3 at a pH range of 7-7.5. The removal percentage increased with increasing initial concentrations of these salts and decreasing temperatures. The mechanism for the removal of NaCl, KCl, NaNO3, and KNO3 is through their adsorption on formed calcium phosphate floccules that have a large surface area. With the aid of Coulombic interaction, the adsorption and growth of a tested salt on the formed calcium phosphate floccules continues until it reaches an equilibrium with solvation interaction. Meanwhile, Ca2+ was an effective salt-fixing species for potassium sulfate, and the removal percentage increased with increasing concentration of SO4 2- ions. The removal mechanism is attributed to the formation and precipitation of insoluble potassium-calcium sulfate. In addition, a high removal efficiency could be achieved by removing the formed precipitate promptly from the treated aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Skeletal Tailoring of Two-Dimensional π-conjugated Polymer (g-C 3 N 4) has been done through sodium salt to activate n - π * electronic transition. • The performance of sodium doped g-C 3 N 4 has been investigated to treat real industrial effluent under natural solar light. • The novelty of this work is the use of solar powered continuous flow reactor immobilized with photocatalysts. Abstract Structural modification of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) by addition of sodium salt has been investigated for solar light-driven photocatalysis. The results from optical study indicates that the incorporation of sodium ions decreases band gap energy along with upward shifts of conduction and valence band. However, no substantial increment in surface area was observed, but morphological and optical studies confirm that the structural deformation of g-C 3 N 4 through sodium salt activates the n - π * electronic transition, which can extend the absorbption range to the red region attributing towards a reduced charge recombination, narrow band gap, and high conduction band edge. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of sodium doped g-C 3 N 4 (0.6Na-g-C 3 N 4) was examined under solar light for different operational conditions in terms of phenol degradation of real tannery effluent, and it was found that under optimum experimental conditions, i.e., 5 h solar irradiance, pH 5, H 2 O 2 concentration 800 mg/L with a flow rate of 4 L/h, 0.6 Na- g-C 3 N 4 exhibits 84.22% reduction in phenol while for g-C 3 N 4 only 63.53% was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Salt has been shown to affect Cd translocation and accumulation in plants but the associated mechanisms are unclear. This study examined the effects of salt type and concentration on Cd uptake, translocation and accumulation in Carpobrotus rossii. Methods Plants were grown in nutrient solution with the same Cd concentration or Cd2+ activity in the presence of 25 m m NaNO3, 12.5 m m Na2SO4 or 25 m m NaCl for ≤10 d. Plant growth and Cd uptake were measured and the accumulation of peptides and organic acids, and Cd speciation in plant tissues were analysed. Key Results Salt addition decreased shoot Cd accumulation by >50 % due to decreased root-to-shoot translocation, irrespective of salt type. Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that, after 10 d, 61–94 % Cd was bound to S-containing ligands (Cd–S) in both roots and shoots, but its speciation was not affected by salt. In contrast, Cd in the xylem sap was present either as free Cd2+ or complexes with carboxyl groups (Cd–OH). When plants were exposed to Cd for ≤24 h, 70 % of the Cd in the roots was present as Cd–OH rather than Cd–S. However, NaCl addition decreased the proportion of Cd–OH in the roots within 24 h by forming Cd–Cl complexes and increasing the proportion of Cd–S. This increase in Cd–S complexes by salt was not due to changes in glutathione and phytochelatin synthesis. Conclusions Salt addition decreased shoot Cd accumulation by decreasing Cd root-to-shoot translocation due to the rapid formation of Cd–S complexes (low mobility) within the root, without changing the concentrations of glutathione and phytochelatins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of polymer modifiers (re-dispersible powder, multifunctional additives, methylhydroxyethylcellulose) on the rheological behavior of emulsions, saturated of calcium hydrosilicates to simulate a hydrating cement structure. The subjects of the study were modified emulsions which had varied concentrations of each additive and they were examined comparatively to a base emulsion. Tests were performed with a CR-rheometer (“Himpribor-1”, Tula, Russia) applying the Searle measuring principle at various shear rates to characterize viscosity properties. The performance of modified mixtures within the operating period was analyzed by using two parameters—effective viscosity (η) and the proportion of structural failure (|m|). The test results showed that the most important factor influencing rheological characteristics is the addition of methylhydroxyethylcellulose additive—the higher additive amount in the emulsion, the higher the viscosity. Furthermore it was noted in the work that adding olefin sulfonate sodium salt causes reduced viscosities as well as lower shear moduli. If ethylhydroxyethylcellulose and ethylene vinyl acetate additives are used in the same mixture together, the rate of structural failure |m| can be relatively similar and low regardless of whether the mixture has large or small viscosity values.

Sodium salt is one of the important additives in food processing. However, excessive intake of sodium salt may cause a series of cardiovascular diseases. Nowadays, sodium intake in most countries is higher than the World Health Organization recommends maximum consumption (5 g/d). 20% of the sodium intake in diets comes from meat products. Therefore, reducing the content of sodium salt in meat products and developing sodium salt-reduction meat products have attracted more and more attention for consumers. In this paper, the roles of sodium salt in meat product processing were reviewed. At the same time, sodium salt reduction strategies and existing problems were summarized and discussed. Multiple factors need to be considered to improve the salt-reduction meat product's quality. Relying on a single technology has a narrow application area, and it is difficult to achieve salt reduction. Therefore, a combination of multiple strategies could obtain a more ideal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compatible green polymer electrolytes based on methyl cellulose (MC) were prepared for energy storage electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) application. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was conducted for structural investigation. The reduction in the intensity of crystalline peaks of MC upon the addition of sodium iodide (NaI) salt discloses the growth of the amorphous area in solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). Impedance plots show that the uppermost conducting electrolyte had a smaller bulk resistance. The highest attained direct current DC conductivity was 3.01 × 10−3 S/cm for the sample integrated with 50 wt.% of NaI. The dielectric analysis suggests that samples in this study showed non-Debye behavior. The electron transference number was found to be lower than the ion transference number, thus it can be concluded that ions are the primary charge carriers in the MC–NaI system. The addition of a relatively high concentration of salt into the MC matrix changed the ion transfer number from 0.75 to 0.93. From linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), the green polymer electrolyte in this work was actually stable up to 1.7 V. The consequence of the cyclic voltammetry (CV) plot suggests that the nature of charge storage at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces is a non-Faradaic process and specific capacitance is subjective by scan rates. The relatively high capacitance of 94.7 F/g at a sweep rate of 10 mV/s was achieved for EDLC assembly containing a MC–NaI system.

Incineration of high-content sodium salt organic waste liquid will corrode the refractory material in the incinerator, causing the refractory material to peel off and be damaged. A thermodynamics method was used to study the thermodynamic properties of three common sodium salts (NaCl, Na2CO3 and Na2SO4) on the corrosion of refractory materials (MgO·Cr2O3, MgO·Al2O3, Al2O3, MgO and Cr2O3). The results determined that MgO has the best corrosion resistance and is not corroded by the three sodium salts. On this basis, the thermodynamic corrosion experiments of NaCl corrosion of magnesium oxide at three temperatures of 600, 1000 and 1200 °C were carried out. Analysis of the corrosion product by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed no corrosion product formation. Studies have shown that thermodynamic calculation can accurately predict the thermodynamic mechanism of alkali metal corrosion to refractory materials, and MgO is a good anti-alkali metal corrosion refractory material.