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In order to improve the flame retardancy of polypropylene/magnesium hydroxide (PP/MH) composites and to grasp the intensity of different influencing factors on the flame retardancy of the materials, the MH particle size, contact angle, and the amount of additive were used as the three inputs, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PP/MH composites was taken as the output. A three-layer BP neural network prediction model was established, and the orthogonal test results were used as samples to train it to predict the flame retardancy of the composites. The prediction results were verified by experiments. The results show that the effects of various factors on the flame retardancy of the PP/MH composites from large to small are MH content, MH contact angle and MH particle size. The optimal process parameters: the MH particle size is 0.2 µm, the MH contact angle is 135°, the MH content is 40%. Under these conditions, the LOI of PP/MH composite is as high as 31.5%. The BP neural network model can accurately predict the flame retardancy of composites, and the relative error between the predicted value and the experimental value is generally less than 5%. The prediction model of flame retardancy can be used to optimize the performance of materials, reduce the experimental workload, and improve the work efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC) is used extensively in bridge engineering. However, seawater can cause the cracking of BFRC bridge concrete and the corrosion of steel reinforcement inside the concrete. In this study, an efficient fabrication method of the superhydrophobic surface of BFRC was used to improve its durability. BFRC has high surface compactness, and sodium stearate can play a better role as a modifier. Through the orthogonal study, superhydrophobic BFRC was prepared, and the effects of three major factors (temperature, time, and concentration) on the wettability of BFRC were investigated. The soaking time and solution concentration were more significant than any other factor. The capillary water absorption of the superhydrophobic BFRC was reduced compared to the BFRC. In addition, the soaking method could improve BFRC corrosion resistance by analyzing the equivalent circuit. The soaking method could improve the durability of BFRC effectively. Meanwhile, BFRC with a superhydrophobic surface had self-cleaning performance and good mechanical robustness. This research extends the scope and field of BFRC and provides technical support for utilizing the existing building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the influence of temperature–time conditions, surfactants, and varied waste compositions on the curing of geopolymer gels, a foam formation with the properties of porous geopolymers. Findings reveal that a 6 h curing period leads to a density of 435 kg/m3 and strength of 0.66 MPa, with notable improvements at 12 h. Comparing 12 to 24 h curing, differences in characteristics remain within 5%, highlighting the 12 h period as more energy-efficient. Sodium stearate-based samples exhibit excellent properties, significantly boosting strength while maintaining overall properties. Microwave curing achieves the lowest density (291 kg/m3) and closely parallels properties of samples cured conventionally for 12 h. However, it leads to complete destruction in sodium stearate-modified gels due to the Dumas reaction, making it unsuitable above 200 °C. Optimal properties emerge from compositions using sodium stearate and oven curing, achieving densities of 334 kg/m3 and strengths of 1.08 MPa (Severodvinsk CHPP-1) and 373 kg/m3 and 1.17 MPa (Novocherkassk SDPP). Although microwave curing allows for high energy efficiency, its high temperature demands necessitate careful material selection. This study offers insight into enhancing geopolymer properties while emphasizing the importance of tailored curing methods for sustainable material development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the high water sorptivity of alkali-activated slag–red mud–steel slag cementitious material (AASRSS), water and aggressive ions are easily transferred to the interior of cementitious materials, which poses a significant threat to their durability. In order to limit the transfer of moisture and aggressive ions to the interior of AASRSS, sodium stearate (NaSt) was utilized in this paper to reduce its water sorptivity. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of NaSt in the AASRSS system. The changes in the compressive strength and water sorptivity of AASRSS mortar were tested by mixing different amounts of NaSt into the mortar. The changes in the hydration process and microstructure of AASRSS after mixing with NaSt were analyzed by using the test methods of the isothermal calorimetry, resistivity, SEM and MIP. The results showed that NaSt plays an important role in the pore structure characteristics of AASRSS and that the use of NaSt significantly reduces its water sorptivity. The improvement in the water sorptivity was caused by two main mechanisms, namely the optimization of the pore structure (reduction in defects of the microstructure and alteration of pore size distribution) and the introduction of a hydrophobic film on the pore surface. The addition of NaSt did not change the type of AASRSS hydration product, but it inhibited the hydration reaction, leading to a reduction in the hydration product. The combination of the increased porosity and reduced hydration products mainly accounts for the decrease in the compressive strength of AASRSS due to NaSt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Health Problems of Civilization is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the influence of temperature–time conditions, surfactants, and varied waste compositions on the curing of geopolymer gels, a foam formation with the properties of porous geopolymers. Findings reveal that a 6 h curing period leads to a density of 435 kg/m3 and strength of 0.66 MPa, with notable improvements at 12 h. Comparing 12 to 24 h curing, differences in characteristics remain within 5%, highlighting the 12 h period as more energy-efficient. Sodium stearate-based samples exhibit excellent properties, significantly boosting strength while maintaining overall properties. Microwave curing achieves the lowest density (291 kg/m3) and closely parallels properties of samples cured conventionally for 12 h. However, it leads to complete destruction in sodium stearate-modified gels due to the Dumas reaction, making it unsuitable above 200 °C. Optimal properties emerge from compositions using sodium stearate and oven curing, achieving densities of 334 kg/m3 and strengths of 1.08 MPa (Severodvinsk CHPP-1) and 373 kg/m3 and 1.17 MPa (Novocherkassk SDPP). Although microwave curing allows for high energy efficiency, its high temperature demands necessitate careful material selection. This study offers insight into enhancing geopolymer properties while emphasizing the importance of tailored curing methods for sustainable material development.

Sodium 2,2′-methylene-bis(4,6-di-tertbutylphenyl)-phosphate (NA11) is an α-type nucleating agent for improving the mechanical and crystallization performances of isotactic polypropylene (iPP). However, the limited dispersibility of NA11 inhibits its nucleation. The in-situ nucleation method was used to fabricate well-dispersed NA11. Based on the free energy of the reaction between the two precursors of 2,2′-methylene-bis-(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (MBP) and sodium stearate (NaSt) obtained via simulations, NA11 may form in situ during the melt processing of iPP. Furthermore, thermogravimetric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic results indicated that MBP and NaSt disappeared with the appearance of NA11 and stearic acid (HSt) during heating, providing favorable proofs for the formation of in-situ NA11 [NA11(IS)]. NA11(IS) exhibited better dispersion than NA11 in iPP, thus efficiently improving the mechanical and crystallization performances of iPP. At the NA11(IS) of ~ 0.1 wt%, the tensile strength and flexural modulus of iPP improved by 18.8% and 55.7%, respectively, compared to pure iPP, while equimolar NA11 prepared by traditional method mixed with iPP could not reach such achievement. Moreover, NA11(IS) increased the crystallization peak temperature of iPP by 13.6 °C, with a reduced activation energy of iPP crystallization and the accelerated crystallization rate. Therefore, well-dispersed NA11(IS) may provide more nucleation sites for iPP, resulting in the enhanced nucleation of NA11(IS) and improved performances of iPP. Based on this work, the in-situ nucleation method is potentially applied to a vast area of research, to realize high dispersion of additives in the matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the high water sorptivity of alkali-activated slag–red mud–steel slag cementitious material (AASRSS), water and aggressive ions are easily transferred to the interior of cementitious materials, which poses a significant threat to their durability. In order to limit the transfer of moisture and aggressive ions to the interior of AASRSS, sodium stearate (NaSt) was utilized in this paper to reduce its water sorptivity. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of NaSt in the AASRSS system. The changes in the compressive strength and water sorptivity of AASRSS mortar were tested by mixing different amounts of NaSt into the mortar. The changes in the hydration process and microstructure of AASRSS after mixing with NaSt were analyzed by using the test methods of the isothermal calorimetry, resistivity, SEM and MIP. The results showed that NaSt plays an important role in the pore structure characteristics of AASRSS and that the use of NaSt significantly reduces its water sorptivity. The improvement in the water sorptivity was caused by two main mechanisms, namely the optimization of the pore structure (reduction in defects of the microstructure and alteration of pore size distribution) and the introduction of a hydrophobic film on the pore surface. The addition of NaSt did not change the type of AASRSS hydration product, but it inhibited the hydration reaction, leading to a reduction in the hydration product. The combination of the increased porosity and reduced hydration products mainly accounts for the decrease in the compressive strength of AASRSS due to NaSt.

Pulmonary drug delivery (PDD) has potential for both local and systemic therapy. Our research group is focusing on the development of dry powder inhalation (DPI) systems for PDD due to their beneficial properties. Although there is not yet a marketed inhalation product for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), their therapeutic use in several lung diseases is well established and successful DPI developments have been performed with them. Sodium stearate (NaSt) is a promising excipient for DPI development, but its role in NSAIDs has not yet been investigated. Thus, the aim was to study DPI samples produced by co-spray-drying, applying meloxicam potassium (MXP) as an NSAID drug, and different concentrations (0-2 w/w%) of NaSt. Physicochemical investigations, in vitro lung deposition, and in vitro drug release measurements were performed. It can be stated that co-spray-drying of MXP with NaSt resulted in remarkable morphological differences by increasing the concentration of NaSt, which had a positive effect on cohesive work. Furthermore, applying of NaSt accelerates the dissolution in simulated lung fluid (SLF). NaSt as excipient has a future for the formulation of the DPI systems because there are in the development focus the attaintment of the higher FPF values and improvement of dissolution in SLF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method of modifying calcium carbonate particles was investigated by coating sodium stearate or sodium oleate on the surface of calcium carbonate by wet method. The results of FTIR, activation and dispersion index, dispersity in kerosene, surface wettability tests and zeta potential tests show that sodium stearate or sodium oleate has successfully coated on the surfaces of calcium carbonate. The main factors were researched and the optimal parameters were obtained for the best modification effect. Compared with common rubber, the modified calcium carbonate added rubber has larger breaking tensile strength (more than 21%) and larger elongation at break (more than 16%). This research provides a feasible way of modifying calcium carbonate for its use as filler in organic matrix, reduces the cost and has a potential application in large-scale production of modified calcium carbonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an extremely infectious disease and has already infected almost three million persons in more than two hundred countries. Based on our current knowledge of this virus and in absence of a vaccine, this article is an attempt to propose out of box ways to prevent and control COVID-19 virus, using linear lipid molecules such as sodium stearate (a major component of ordinary bar soap) or lipid esters for hand sanitization, mouth wash, gargling, steam inhaling and as lungs inhaler along with zinc and copper to trap and inactivate COVID-19. Sunbathing will boost desperately needed good immune system. The ancient Indian techniques of Yoga (Developing inherent power in a balanced manner), Pranayama (Retention and Extension of the breath), Jal-Neti (Nasal irrigation by saline water) and Havan (Holy fire ritual) may also help in controlling this epidemic (COVID-19) of gargantuan proportions by helping the immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim was to study the stability of dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations containing antibiotic with different preparation ways – carrier-based, carrier-free, and novel combined formulation – and thereby to compare their physicochemical and in vitro–in silico aerodynamical properties before and after storage. Presenting a novel combined technology in the field of DPI formulation including the carrier-based and carrier-free methods, it is the most important reason to introduce this stable formulation for the further development of DPIs. Methods: The structure, the residual solvent content, the interparticle interactions, the particle size distribution and the morphology of the samples were studied. The aerodynamic values were determined based on the cascade impactor in vitro lung model. We tested the in silico behavior of the novel combined formulated samples before and during storage. Results: The physical measurements showed that the novel combined formulated sample was the most favorable. It was found that thanks to the formulation technique and the use of magnesium stearate (MgSt) has a beneficial effect on the stability compared with the carrier-based formulation without MgSt and carrier-free formulations. The results of in vitro and in silico lung models were consistent with the physical results, so the highest deposition was found for the novel combined formulated sample during the storage. Conclusions: It can be established that after the storage a novel combined formulated DPI contained amorphous drug to have around 2.5 μm mass median aerodynamic diameter and nearly 50% fine particle fraction predicted high lung deposition in silico also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In order to improve the compatibility and dispersion of anhydrous calcium sulfate whiskers (ACSW) in polymer composites, the treatment for surface modification was studied with aqueous solution sodium stearate (SS, C 17 H 35 COONa) at hot temperature. The surface modification mechanism between stearate and ACSW was carried out by experimental and density functional theory (DFT) simulation. The surface property of modified anhydrous calcium sulfate whiskers (M-ACSW) became hydrophobic by changing the water contact angle with the calcium sulfate whisker (CSW) from 0° to 132°. The TEM and TG results proved the adsorption of stearate on M-ACSW surface, which was further confirmed by FTIR and XPS. The experimental and DFT simulation outcomes for the mechanism were interpreted by taking the reaction of the carboxyl group of stearate with Ca2+ ions to form calcium stearate on the whisker surface. Their long alkyl chains of stearate coated on the surface of whisker made ACSW improve the surface with a hydrophobic property. Thus, here it is provided details of a novel method of modifier selection for CSW and its interaction mechanism with the crystal surface. Highlights • The hydrophobic M-ACSW was obtained by treating with sodium stearate. • The modification mechanism was investigated by experiment and DFT simulation. • The carboxyl group of stearate reacted with Ca2+ ions to adsorb on surface. • The coated long alkyl chains of stearate made ACSW become hydrophobic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different modification routes using fly ash-based calcium silicate (FACS) with starch/sodium stearate were explored to mitigate the negative effect of filler on paper strength and allow for improved filler content. The morphology of the modified fillers and the properties of the filled paper were investigated. The modification route was found to be critical to the amount of starch/sodium stearate deposited on the surface of the filler particles. The most suitable modification route using FACS filler was as follows: starch (20% dosage on o.d. filler) was cooked, filler was added, and then sodium stearate was added (4% dosage on o.d. filler). The tensile index of the FACS-filled paper could be increased by 22% at 30% filler content under the best modification route. The brightness and bulk of the filled paper were also improved. However, the opacity of the filled paper was slightly decreased due to the deposition of starch/sodium stearate on the porous surface of the filler particles.

Ground calcium carbonate (GCC) was modified by starch with the aid of sodium stearate and sodium hexametaphosphate. The GCC was encapsulated within the complex. The effect of the dosages of sodium stearate and sodium hexametaphosphate on the coating weight of modified GCC and the complex utilization rate were studied. The SEM images of modified GCC were compared with that of unmodified GCC. The results showed that the dosage of these two modifiers affected the coating weight of modified GCC and the complex utilization rate.

Sb-SnO2/potassium titanate (SSP) composites were synthesized by densely coating Sb-doped SnO2 on the surface of fibrous-like potassium titanate. X-ray diffraction demonstrated that Sb was successfully doped into the crystal lattice of SnO2. To improve the dispersion of SSP composites in the acrylic resin, the as-prepared SSP was modified with sodium stearate. Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that stearate radicals existed on the surface of SSP in the form of physical adsorption. The hydrophilic degree of modified SSP was largely improved by water contact angle measurements. The properties (surface resistivity and mechanical properties) of the conductive coatings prepared by adding the obtained composites were investigated in detail. The modified SSP coatings exhibit more superior electrical conductivity due to their better dispersion in the matrix compared with SSP. Moreover, the obtained composite coatings present high pencil hardness of 4H-5H and excellent adhesion force, flexibility, and impact resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to compare the degree of biodegradation of oil contaminants present in municipal wastewater in dependence of the type of pollutants. Occurrence of oil contamination, free fatty acids (FFA) (as a result slow chemical hydrolysis of oil), and metallic soaps (as a saponification process with FFA) in wastewater may cause deposits on the walls of pipes and infrastructure. In this study, sodium acetate (CH3OONa), sodium salts of fatty acids: sodium oleate (C18H33OONa), sodium stearate (C18H35OONa), and oily wastewater were used as exemplary substrates. Sodium acetate as a single substrate and oily wastewater were similarly biodegradable: 92.6%–95.9% (the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction) and 91.2%–96% (COD reduction), respectively. Lower efficiency at the beginning of the process was observed for sodium oleate and sodium stearate as single substrates: 88.1%–97.2% and 86.3%–96.1% of COD reduction, respectively. In the case of wastewater, COD removal was obtained at a similar level: 91.2%, 91.2%–89.6%, but four main fatty acids (palmitic (C16H31OOH), oleic (C18H33OOH), linoleic (C18H31OOH), and stearic acid (C18H35OOH)) were removed at various efficiencies, depending on the acid type (the length of the carbon chain and number of double bonds). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to study a new dry powder inhaler (DPI) of tobramycin capable to simplify the dose administration maneuvers to maximize the cystic fibrosis (CF) patient care in antibiotic inhalation therapy. For the purpose, tobramycin/sodium stearate powder (TobraPS) having a high drug content, was produced by spray drying, characterized and the aerodynamic behavior was investigated in vitro using different RS01 DPI inhalers. The aerosols produced with 28, 56 or 112 mg of tobramycin in TobraPS powder using capsules size #3, #2 or #0 showed that there was quasi linear relationship between the amount loaded in the device and the FPD. An in vivo study in healthy human volunteers showed that 3–6 inhalation acts were requested by the volunteers to inhale 120 mg of TobraPS powder loaded in a size #0 capsule aerosolized with a prototype RS01 device, according to their capability to inhale. The amount of powder emitted at 4 kPa pressure drop at constant air flow well correlated with the in vivo emission at dynamic flow, when the same volume of air passed through the device. The novel approach for the administration of 112 mg of tobramycin in one capsule could improve the convenience and adherence of the CF patient to the antibiotic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The layered double hydroxides (LDHs) has been widely used as the anti-aging modifier to improve the anti aging performance of an asphalt binder, but for the different chemical and physical properties of LDHs with asphalt binder, the compatibility of them is not very well, therefore the best modification effect can not be obtained. The sodium stearate was designated to organically modify the LDHs to enhance its improvement effect on the anti aging performance of asphalt binder. The modern test instruments such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer were used to investigate the sodium stearate effect on the characteristics of LDHs. In addition, the LDHs modified styrene–butadienestyrene modified asphalt (LDHs/SBS MA) and sodium stearate organically modified LDHs (SS-LDHs) modified styrene–butadienestyrene modified asphalt (SS-LDHs/SBS MA) were prepared by the melt blending method, the thin film oven test and UV aging test were conducted to simulate the short term thermo-oxidative aging and UV aging of asphalt binder respectively. Finally, the chemical structure, viscosity, and complex modulus of LDHs/SBS MA and SS-LDHs/SBS MA before and after aging were tested respectively. The results show that the sodium stearate can improve the compatibility of LDHs with styrene–butadienestyrene modified asphalt binder (SBS MA). Both LDHs and SS-LDHs can improve the anti thermo-oxidative aging and anti UV aging performance of SBS MA. Notably, the improvement effect of SS-LDHs on the anti aging performance of SBS MA is much better than that of LDHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface modification of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) particles, which is used as a filler, significantly affects the properties of the composed materials. The effects of thermal treatment on ground calcium carbonate (GCC) particles subjected to hydrophobic modification using sodium stearate (RCOONa) were studied. The contact angle of the modified GCC particles increased from 24.7° to 118.9° when the amount of RCOONa added was increased from 0% to 5% and then decreased to 97.5° when the RCOONa content was further increased to 10%. When a large amount of RCOONa was added, RCOO − reacts with Ca 2+ and generates (RCOO) 2 Ca nuclei, which are adsorbed on the surface of the GCC particles, forming a discontinuous (RCOO) 2 Ca modified layer. After thermal treatment under sealed conditions, the contact angle of the GCC particles modified using 1.5% RCOONa/GCC increased from 112.8° to 139.6°. The thermal stability of the (RCOO) 2 Ca modified layer was increased, with the temperature increase of the mass-loss peak from 358.0 to 463.0 °C. It is confirmed that the spreading of melted (RCOO) 2 Ca nuclei on the surface of the GCC particles during the thermal treatment increased the continuity of the modified layer, converting the physical adsorption of the (RCOO) 2 Ca nuclei into chemisorption. The grafting density of RCOO − on the GCC particle surface after thermal treatment approximates to 5.00/nm 2 , which is close to the single-molecular-layer grafting density of RCOO − , indicating that excellent modification was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Solubilization of [Ni(dmen) 2 F 2 ].8H 2 O complex in micellar media of sodium stearate. • Partitioning and thermodynamic parameters' determination by UV–Vis spectroscopy and conductometery. • Increase in the CMC of surfactant in the presence of nickel fluoride complex. This study was aimed to investigate the physicochemical behavior, solubilization and interaction of coordination complex [Ni(dmen) 2 F 2 ].8H 2 O (NDC) with anionic surfactant sodium stearate (SS). The thermodynamic parameters of solubilization such as standard free energy (Δ G m 0), enthalpy (Δ H m 0) and entropy (Δ S m 0) changes of micellization were evaluated by using conductometric measurements. These parameters revealed that the phenomenon of micellization is entropy driven and spontaneous due to the more negative value of (Δ G m 0). The quantitative estimation of partitioning parameters such as partition coefficient (K x), binding constant (K b), standard energy of partition (Δ G part O) , and standard binding energy (Δ G bind O) revealed the complex-surfactant interaction. Spectroscopic study indicated the high degree of interaction and solubilization of NDC in SS micellar media.. The partitioning results not only governs the mechanism of solubilization but also gives understanding about the partitioning of NDC across membranes in biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melt or solution electrospinning is an effective and direct technique for producing nanoscale fibers. Polypropylene (PP) cannot be easily dissolved at ambient temperature. Thus, it was commonly electrospun in melt state. However, compared with solution electrospun fibers, melt electrospun PP fibers are more uneven with bigger diameters. To remedy this problem, polar additives, namely, stearic acid and sodium stearate were added into pure PP. The effects of the additives were investigated. Results showed that contrasting to those of pure PP, the fiber diameter of PP with 8 wt% stearic acid decreased by 69.3 % (from 5.4 μm to 1.6 μm). The smallest fiber diameter was 600 nm and the smallest average fiber diameter was 1.8 μm when the sodium stearate contents were 10 wt% and 8 wt%, respectively. The addition of polar compounds could alter not only the diameters of PP microfibers, but also the distribution of diameters, the processing current, and even the thermal properties of fibers. The microcosmic mechanisms for these changes were interpreted.

Waste shell stacking with odor and toxicity is a serious hazard to our living environment. To make effective use of the natural resources, the shell powder was applied as a filler of outdoor thermal insulation coatings. Sodium stearate (SS) was used to modify the properties of shell powder to reduce its agglomeration and to increase its compatibility with the emulsion. The oil absorption rate and the spectrum reflectance of the shell powder show that the optimized content of SS as a modifier is 1.5wt%. The total spectrum reflectance of the coating made with the shell powder that is modified at this optimum SS content is 9.33% higher than that without any modification. At the optimum SS content of 1.5wt%, the thermal insulation of the coatings is improved by 1.0°C for the cement mortar board and 1.6°C for the steel plate, respectively. The scouring resistance of the coating with the 1.5wt% SS-modified shell powder is three times that of the coating without modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The [1-(tannin-ether)-ethyl]stearate (TEES) was synthesized by two-stage process successfully. 1-Chloroethyl tannin ether (CTE), as an intermediate, was initially prepared with tannic acid (TA) and paraldehyde. Then, the TEES was synthesized by sodium stearate and CTE in the presence of FeCl-PEG-400 as phase-transfer catalyst. Synthetic conditions were optimized. The structural characteristics of TEES were analyzed by FTIR, H NMR and UV-vis techniques. And the thermal stability of TEES was investigated. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of TEES for linseed oil was evaluated and compared with other substance such as TA and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The results showed that the yield reached 88.19 wt% (theoretical value: 88.80 wt%, relative deviation: 0.80 ± 0.34%) under the optimized condition, in which the ratio of TA: FeCl: PEG-400 was 1 g: 0.09 g: 0.693 mL, the reaction temperature and time was 75 °C and 240 min, respectively. The antioxidant activity of TEES was higher than TA and comparable to BHA in linseed oil. The POV of oil samples with TEES, TA and BHA were 63.4, 201.3 and 84.2 meq/kg after 20 days, respectively. The reason of this was relate to the better oil solubility of TEES and its unique structure. More importantly, the interaction between the TEES and SC was weaker than that of TA and SC by the fluorescence experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fillers tends to reduce paper strength, which can limit their application. Therefore research on filler modification is of significant importance in order to overcome this limitation. In this paper, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) was modified by starch, sodium stearate, and the starch cross-linking agent sodium hexametaphosphate. The purpose of this research is to provide useful references to the industrial application of modified precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). Modified precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) was characterized by particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The analysis showed that the particle size of the modified PCC was significantly increased versus the control. The morphology of modified PCC also greatly changed. The influence of modified and unmodified PCC filled paper on paper physical performance was studied. The experimental results showed that at the same ash content, modified PCC filled paper compared with unmodified PCC filled paper had higher brightness, lower opacity, and higher physical strength. The impact of modified and unmodified PCC on stock retention and the comparison between modified and unmodified PCC were investigated. The experimental results showed that the stock filled with modified PCC had better retention compared to those filled with unmodified PCC.

The recent increase in maritime trade and transportation has increased the seriousness of environmental pollution caused by offshore oil leakage. In this study, silk fibroin (SF) powder is modified using chitosan and sodium stearate, and is used for oil–water separation. The structure of the modified SF powder is characterized through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The modified SF powder exhibits better selectivity for oil than the original SF powder, for oil–water separation. Its oil-absorption capacity for soybean oil is 5.5965 g·g−1, which is nearly twice that of the original SF powder. The oil absorption capacity for engine oil is 5.3823 g·g−1, which is more than twice that of the original SF powder. This work provides a new method and concept for the study of oil–water separation. [Display omitted] • Silk fibroin powder made from waste silk fiber was used for oil–water separation. • The oil in the oil–water mixture can be effectively separated. • The oil adsorbed by the modified silk fibroin powder can be easily removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of drinking water with different contents of sodium and potassium stearate in combination with magnesium on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in rats' organisms was examined. After that it was established that the prolonged use of water that had concentrations of potassium and sodium stearate in different doses affected the experimental animals' hepatocyte cell membranes due to the activation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system suppression. The combination of stearates and magnesium increases the toxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a numerical model for the quantitative simulation of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with insulating cathode buffer layer, in which Fowler–Nordheim and direct tunneling are the dominating injection mechanisms. In our approach, both tunneling mechanisms are covered by a simple compact model proposed by Schuegraf et al. We have found good agreement over more than seven orders of magnitude between simulated current and experimental data of a polymer OLED with sodium stearate buffer layer and aluminum cathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]