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ABSTRAK Kristaluria merupakan salah satu gangguan yang sering ditemukan pada kucing, yang apabila tidak segera ditangani dapat menyebabkan kematian. Laporan kasus ini menyampaikan diagnosis dan terapi kucing penderita kristaluria disertai Azotemia dan Uremia. Laporan kasus ini menggunakan kucing mixdom, jantan, berumur dua tahun, bobot badan 6 kg, yang diperiksakan karena kucing tidak dapat urinasi selama 5 hari disertai nafsu makan dan minum menurun. Kucing diperiksa secara fisik dan laboratorik, serta diterapi berdasar hasil diagnosis. Hasil pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan ekspresi muka waspada, kondisi tubuh sangat gemuk dengan body condition score (BCS) 5/5. Frekuensi nafas 80x/menit; frekuensi pulsus 116x/menit; dan suhu tubuh 38,2°C. Palpasi vesica urinaria (VU) kucing teraba mengalami distensi dan terdapat respon nyeri. Saat dilakukan palpasi VU, urin dapat keluar dan tampak berwarna kemerahan (hematuria). Pemeriksaan urin di bawah mikroskop terlihat adanya kristal magnesium amonium fosfat (struvite). Urinalisis menunjukkan kucing mengalami leukosituria, proteinuria, glukosuria, dan hematuria. Pemeriksaan hematologi dan kimia darah menunjukkan kucing mengalami anemia normositik-normokromik, leukositosis dengan neutrofilia dan limfopenia, azotemia, dan uremia. Kucing didiagnosis mengalami kristaluria disertai azotemia dan uremia dengan prognosis dubius-infausta. Terapi yang diberikan adalah pemijatan VU sampai urin keluar dan VU teraba kosong. Pasien diberikan terapi Amoxicillin 10% dengan dosis 10 mg/kg bb, IM, 1 x pemberian, diphenhydramine HCl dengan dosis 1 mg/kg bb, IM 1x pemberian. Selanjutnya diberikan amoxicillin secara oral dengan dosis 12,5 mg/kg bb,diberikan 2x sehari. Obat oral Shi Lin Tong 2x sehari sebanyak 2 tablet. Kondisi kucing menurun di hari kedua pengobatan dan berujung kematian. Perubahan makroskopis organ yang teramati yaitu pulmo mengalami edema dan hemoragi, vesica urinaria mengalami distensi dan hemoragi, ginjal mengalami hemoragi pada corticomedullary junction. Hasil pemeriksaan histopatologis menunjukkan adanya perubahan/gangguan pada vesika urinaria berupa nekrosis sebagian epithel mukosa, hemoragi subepithelial, oedema submukosa, infiltasi netrofil dan limfosit di tunika mukosa sampai tunika muskularis secara diffuse Pada ginjal terlihat vakuola berbatas jelas di sitoplasama epithel tubuli derajat berat, masa homogen eosinofilik dalam jumlah sedang di lumen tubuli. Sebagian kecil epithel tubuli mengalami nekrosis. Kongesti kapiler intraglomerular. Ginjal juga terlihat dilatasi lumen tubuli dengan epithel yang memipih. Urethra terlihat hemoragi (ekstravasasi eritrosit) di subepithelial tunika mukosa disertai infiltrasi limfosit dan neutrophil di tunika mukosa sampai submucosa Gambaran nekropsi pada organ vesica urinaria, ginjal dan urethra mendukung diagnosis berdasar pemeriksaan antemortem. Kata-kata kunci: kristaluria, azotemia, uremia, struvit

Feline panleukopenia (FPL) adalah penyakitinfeksi Feline panleukopenia virus yang menyebabkan mortalitas tinggi pada kucing. Penelitianini bertujuan melaporkan diagnosis dan penanganan kasus FPL. Studi kasus ini menggunakan seekor kucing persia mix, betina, berumur empat bulan yang diperiksa secara klinis, uji FPV-Ag dan hematologi. Hasil anamnesis dan pemeriksaan klinis didapatkan bahwa kucing lesu, tidak mau makan, muntah, dan mengalami diare berwarna coklat, suhu tubuh 40,3⁰C, dehidrasi, dan selaput lendir anemis. Hasil pemeriksaan hematologi menunjukkan kucing mengalami leukopenia, anemia dan FPV-Ag test positif, sehingga kucing didiagnosis menderita FPL. Kucing diberi terapi infus Ringer Lactate 30ml/kgBB/ hari IV, enrofloxacin 5 mg/ kgBB/hari SID SC dan Amoxicilin 10 mg/kgBB dua hari sekali IM, hematopoietin 0,1 ml/kgBB BID IV, vitamin-Asam amino 0.1 ml/ kgBB BID IM. Kucing dirawat secara intensif dan mati pada hari ketiga. Disimpulkan bahwa kucing pada kasus ini didiagnosis FPL berdasar gejala klinis, leukopenia dan reaksi positip tes FPV-Ag. Kucing penderita FPL tersebut telah diberi terapi cairan, antibiotik, dan vitamin, tetapi tidak berhasil disembuhkan.

Ektoparasit merupakan problem yang sering diderita kucing, termasuk di Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi infestasi ektoparasit pada kucing dan jenisnya di wilayah Klinik Hewan Lilipoet Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan 173 pasien kucing penderita dermatitis. Data yang diambil adalah umur, jenis kelamin dan diagnosis berdasarkan pemeriksaan kulit. Sampel ektoparasit diambil dari kucing dengan metode combing. Ektoparasit diidentifikasi secara mikroskopik dari sampel kulit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 120 dari 173 (69,3%) kucing yang diperiksa ditemukan ektoparasit. Spesies ektoparasit tersebut terdiri dari: Otodectes cynotis (30%), Ctenocephalides felis felis (25,8%), Notoedres cati (25%), Lynxacarus radovskyi (15,8%), Felicola subrostratus (2,5%), dan Rhipicephalus sanguineus (0,8%). Sebanyak 16 dari 120 (13,3%) pasien kucing menderita infestasi beberapa ektoparasit. Jumlah ektoparasit yang ditemukan pada kucing umur 1-12 bulan sebanyak 86/120 (71,6%), umur12-24 bulan sebanyak 13/120 (10,8%), dan pada umur lebih dari 24 bulan sebanyak 21/120 (17,5%). Ektoparasit ditemukan pada kucing jantan sebanyak 69/120(57,5%) dan pada betina 51/120 (42,5%). Disimpulkan bahwa prevalensi infestasi ektoparasit pada kucing penderita dermatitis di klinik Lilipoet Yogyakarta adalah 69,3%. Infestasi ektoparasit banyak ditemukan pada kucing berumur dibawah 1 tahun dan lebih sering ditemukan pada kucing jantan daripada betina.

Minerals are organic substances found in nature and living things. In ruminants, minerals are one of the crucial components of the body. One of the mineral elements that is very important for the body is Zinc (Zn). The prominent role of Zn in ruminants is the synthesis and degradation of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids. Ruminants can experience Zn deficiency by showing clinical symptoms such as dermatitis, anorexia and parakeratosis, stunted growth, and nail damage. In contrast, ruminants can also experience Zn poisoning with various clinical symptoms such as general weakness, diarrhea, hemolytic anemia, and decreased body weight. Current Zn deficiency can be overcome by adding commercial supplement products containing Zn. This paper aims to add brief insights into the benefits and treatment of Zn deficiency in ruminants.

Small ruminant anaplasmosis is a blood-parasitic disease that can cause reproductive and economic problems, especially in Ettawa crossbred. In Indonesia, especially in Central Java Province, the study of this pathogen is still limited. This study examines subclinical anaplasmosis in Ettawa crossbred goats from central Java, Indonesia. Twenty adult goats underwent comprehensive physical and laboratory examinations. The physical exams assessed factors like sex, body temperature, heart rate, respiration, and rumen function. Laboratory testing involved blood smears to detect Anaplasmaspecies and complete blood counts using a hematology analyzer. The results showed that 8 goats were positive for Anaplasma, with 2 samples resembling A. phagocytophilum and 6 resembling A. marginale. Females were more likely to be infected. Infected goats did not exhibit significant changes in vital signs compared to healthy goats. However, infected goats had lower red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, as well as higher white blood cell counts, indicating subclinical anemia. This is the first study to demonstrate the impact of subclinical Anaplasma infection on Ettawa crossbred goats in this region, highlighting the potential for production losses from this overlooked disease.

Background and Aim: Antibiotics are used to improve growth, reduce disease, and decrease mortality in animals grown for food. The government regulates and prohibits the use of antibiotics, in particular, the use of antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) in livestock; however, it is not yet known whether the use of antibiotics is in accordance with regulations so that there are no antibiotic residues in food of animal origin. To ensure food safety of animal origin and to raise awareness of food safety, it is necessary to detect antibiotic residues in fish, eggs, and chicken meat from Yogyakarta Special Province through monitoring and monitoring. To ensure food safety and regulatory compliance in food samples, antibiotic residue screening techniques are essential. A number of methods, such as time-consuming and costly chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, have been developed for the detection of antibiotic residues in food samples; however, not all laboratories have these facilities. Therefore, a rapid diagnosis of food of animal origin is required. The purpose of this study was to rapidly test antibiotic residues by using Premi®test kits (R-Biopharm AG, Germany) to increase awareness of food safety of animal origin. Materials and Methods: We tested 345 animal-based food samples from traditional markets, supermarkets, and central markets in five districts of Yogyakarta Special Province for antibiotic residues using rapid test kits and observation questionnaires to identify risk factors. Results: The presence of antibiotic residues in food-animal origin samples from the Yogyakarta region had an antibiotic residue level of 9.28% (32/345), consisting of fish samples 11.3% (18/97), eggs 15.65% (1/114), and chicken meat samples 0.87% (13/102). The highest percentage of samples positive for residual antibiotics was 21.9% (7/32) from supermarket meat samples. The highest amounts of antibiotic residues were found in fish samples collected from Sleman Regency, up to 25% (8/32), whereas in supermarket fish samples, there were as high as 18.8% (6/32). Conclusion: Antibiotic residues in animal-based food can be attributed to various factors, including product source, transportation conditions, and environmental conditions. The widespread distribution of antibiotic residues in fish comes from environmental conditions during maintenance, distribution, and retailing. Monitoring antibiotic residue prevalence in food-animal origins, particularly chicken meat, eggs, and fish, is crucial for improving animal food quality and safety.

Latar Belakang: Selenium (Se) adalah unsur yang umum terdapat di alam. Selenium ditemukan di dalam tanah dan diserap oleh tanaman pada tingkat yang berbeda-beda tergantung pada spesies tanaman, penggunaan pupuk, dan curah hujan, sedangkan vitamin E banyak terdapat pada tanaman leguminosa dan rumput segar. Selenium dan vitamin E merupakan elemen penting bagi ternak ruminansia dan diperlukan untuk untuk pertumbuhan normal dan membantu mencegah gangguan kesehatan lain. Peran kedua unsur tersebut memiliki kaitan yang erat karena mampu melindungi sel dari efek oksidasi yang merugikan meskipun memiliki mekanisme dengan cara yang berbeda. Kekurangan salah satu atau kedua unsur tersebut dapat menyebabkan penyakit white muscle disease, retensi plasenta, metritis, penurunan fungsi kekebalan tubuh, dan mastitis. Meskipun demikian, hasil penelitian maupun studi lapangan juga menunjukkan bahwa Se dan vitamin E dapat menimbulkan keracunan pada ruminansia. Reviews : Tulisan ini akan mengulas secara singkat dampak defisiensi dan toksisitas Se Vitamin E pada ruminansia.

Nematodiasis adalah penyakit yang disebabkan cacing nematoda yang dapat diderita sapi perah segala usia. Penyakit ini mempunyai gejala klinis antara lain kurus, rambut kusam berdiri dan diare. Albendazole merupakan obat cacing berspektrum luas yang sering digunakan oleh peternak karena mudah didapat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan prevalensi, gejala klinis dan efektifitas albendazole terhadap nematodiasis pada sapi perah di peternakan sapi perah rakyat Kecamatan Tegalombo, Kabupaten Pacitan. Penelitian ini menggunakan 50 ekor sapi perah yang tidak bunting. Semua sapi diperiksa secara fisik meliputi kondisi umum sapi dan feses. Sampel feses diambil dan diperiksa adanya telur cacing dengan metode nativ, apung dan Mc Master. Sapi penderita nematodiasis selanjutnya diterapi albendazole dengan dosis 10 mg/kg BB satu kali pemberian secara per oral. Perkembangan hasil terapi diamati dengan cara dilakukan pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan sampel feses pada hari ke 3, 7 dan 14. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi nematodiasis sapi perah sebesar 30%. Sapi penderita nematodiasis menunjukkan feses lembek, adanya telur nematoda pada fesesnya. Telur cacing yang ditemukan adalah kelompok telur Strongyle, Toxocara sp, dan Trichuris sp. Efektivitas albendazole terhadap nematodiasis pada sapi perah masih tinggi yakni >97,87%. Disimpulkan bahwa albendazole mempunyai efektifitas yang tinggi untuk mengobati nematodiasis.

Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is a viral infectious disease caused by the feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) that affects cats of all ages. Clinical symptoms that appear in each individual cat vary greatly, depending on age, immune status, and the presence or absence of secondary infection. The aim of this research was to diagnose the FPL based on clinical signs and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cat with various ages. This study used 15 cats that showed one of clinical symptoms including lethargy, anorexia, fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. All cats were examined physically and by PCR of blood, then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that 10/15 (66.7%) cats were 1 year old. Identification by PCR showed that 100% of the samples positive, so that all of cats diagnosed FPL. Clinical signs that commonly appeared in this study included anorexia (80%), fever (80%), vomiting (73.3%), lethargy (66.7%), and diarrhea (40%). Young cats 12 months experienced anorexia and vomiting. Concluded that the predominant clinical symptoms of FPL in young cats were anorexia, fever, vomiting and lethargy, whereas in adult cats anorexia, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Clinical symptoms can be used for initial screening of FPL, but the causative diagnosis needs to be determined by polymerase chain reaction.

This community service was carried out in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, and aimed to increase farmers' knowledge, especially the Kalimporo Village farmers group, regarding the utilization and processing of agricultural waste into complete feed for livestock. Community Service was held on Sunday, 4th June 2023 in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, attended by 25 out of 30 farmers (83.3%). The method used was discourse and plot demonstration. The results of this community service were the use of several types of agricultural waste such as bran, green bean skin, corn cobs, lamtoro, cassava, copra meal, and pollard available around the village to be formulated into complete feed with added minerals and salt. The ration was tested in the laboratory and showed good quality with a crude protein content of 12.13%. The feed was highly palatable when given to the goats. Ration based on agricultural waste can be used as a complete feed for goats with economic value so as to reduce livestock production costs and improve the farmers' well-being in Kalimporo Village, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi.

Toxocariasis is an infectious disease caused by Toxocara sp. in cats that lead to deterioration of the condition and can even cause death, especially in kittens. Pyrantel pamoate is an anthelmintic that is currently being abandoned for toxocariasis. The purpose of this paper is to report the success of toxocariasis treatment in a cat using pyrantel pamoate. Female domestic cat, 3 months old, weighing 1.3 kg suffering diarrhea was used in this study. The cat examined including a physical examination, followed by laboratory examination of fecal and blood samples. The results showed the cat's body condition was thin, eye was dirty, anemic mucous membranes, dull hair/loss, and diarrhea with watery stool consistency. The cat examination revealed the presence of Toxocara sp. egg as much as 2,400 EPG in fecal sample, and the results of blood tests found that the cat had normochromic normocytic anemia. The cat was diagnosed toxocariasis with dubious prognosis. A cat treated with kaolin-pectin with 1-2 ml/kg BW orally 2 times a day for 3 days, multivitamin injection at a dose of 0.5 ml intramuscularly, and the anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate at a dose of 20mg/kg BW orally once. After 28 days of treatment, the cat was declared healthy based on better physical conditions, no diarrhea, no worm eggs in the fecal sample, and did not anemia. It concluded that cats with toxocariasis successfully cured by administering the anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate, so this drug is still recommended for the treatment of toxocariasis in cats.

Splayed leg is a condition where the legs are stretched outwards or sideways from their normal position under the body which is often suffered by young birds. This disorder is usually left untreated, because it is considered as a permanent disability condition that cannot be treated without examining the cause. Some of the splayed legs in chicks can be improved by treating both their legs in the correct position. Early diagnosis of splayed leg and continued appropriate therapy is needed so that the condition of the foot can be restored to normal. Incorrect diagnosis and therapy will cause the bird's feet to become permanently disabled, so the bird will suffer for the rest of its life. The diagnosis and treatment of splayed leg cases have been developed with varying results. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of the occurrence of splayed legs in birds, which can be used as a reference to improve bird welfare.

Scabies in cats is an infectious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei that attacks the stratum corneum layer of the cat's skin at all ages and is zoonotic. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of scabies using cat patient data from the Pemalang Animal Health Center from May 13th to July 15th, 2022, as well as morphological information of S. scabiei. The scabies diagnosis method employs two stages, namely the examination of clinical and laboratory symptoms. Purposive sampling was used to select laboratory examination samples. Cats with clinical scabies use the skin scraping technique, which involves scraping the skin in the area around the lesion, placing it on an object glass, dripping with 10% KOH, covering it with a cover glass, and examining it under a 400x microscope. The prevalence of scabies in cat patients at the Pemalang Health Center was 33.19%, and S. scabiei was found on the legs of cat patients.

This study reported the diagnosis and treatment of Strongyloidiasis in two Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus); adult male aged 23 years, weighing 100 kg and an infant female orangutan, 4 years old, weighing 13,6 kg. Samples were physically and laboratory examined for faeces using the Mini-FLOTAC method. Therapy was performed on the adult orangutan using albendazole at a dose of 400 mg individual twice a day for 4 days, orally. The infant orangutan was administered albendazole at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW once a day for 3 days orally. From several physical examinations, both orangutans looked active, body temperature and oral mucosa color were normal, green feces with solid consistency in the adult orangutan and brown with solid consistency in the infant orangutan. Microscopic faeces examination of the adult orangutan showed Strongyloides sp. as many as 1005 eggs per gram (EPG) of feces, and the infant orangutan as many as 2490 larvae per gram of feces. Both orangutans were diagnosed with severe Strongyloidiasis based on those examinations. Three days after starting treatment, the adult orangutan's EPG decreased to 890, and a week later, no Strongyloides sp. eggs or larvae were discovered. A week following treatment, no Strongyloides sp. was discovered in an infant orangutan. In conclusion, albendazole was an effective treatment for severe Strongyloidiasis in adult and infant orangutans. Strongyloidiasis can be a threat to both infant and adult orangutans without distinct clinical symptoms.

Haemoplasmosis is a bacterial infection in erythrocytes caused by Mycoplasma sp. This study aimed to report methods of diagnosis, therapy, and evaluation of therapy in cats with haemoplasmosis. The cat showed decreased appetite, conjunctivitis, presence of mucoid mucus on the eyes and nose, gum anemia with a capillary refill time of more than 2 seconds, high temperature, and weakness. Skin and hair examination reported infestations of Ctenocephalides felis and Lynxacarus sp. on the hair. Routine hematologic examination showed normochromic normocytic anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and hypoalbuminemia. A blood test examination observed Mycoplasma sp. in erythrocyte cells so the cat was diagnosed with haemoplasmosis. Treatment was performed using Oxytetracycline long-acting at 20 mg/kg BW intramuscularly for 2 weeks and revealed support to recovery during the treatment period.

Fascioliasis adalah penyakit cacing hati yang dapat menyerang sapi dan sangat merugikan, karena dapat menurunkan produktivitas. Peternakan sapi perah di Tegalombo, Pacitan merupakan peternakan rakyat yang pengelolaannya banyak melibatkan perempuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi fascioliasis pada sapi perah di kecamatan Tegalombo, kabupaten Pacitan. Sebanyak 50 ekor sapi perah digunakan sebagai sampel di dalam penelitian ini. Semua sapi diperiksa secara fisik, diambil fesesnya dan diperiksa adanya telur cacing Fasciola sp. Hasil pemeriksaan fisik sapi secara klinis menunjukkan bahwa semua sapi pada penelitian ini menunjukkan kondisi umum normal, nafsu makan baik, serta tidak ada abnormalitas yang signifikan pada semua bagian tubuh, sehingga dinyatakan sehat secara fisik. Hasil pemeriksaan sampel feses didapatkan adanya telur cacing Fasciola sp. pada 2 dari 50 ekor sapi (4%), sedangkan 48 ekor sapi lainnya (96 %) tidak ditemukan telur cacing. Kesimpulan dari peneltian ini adalah kejadian fascioliasis pada sapi perah di Tegalombo, kabupaten Pacitan rendah. Pemeriksaan secara periodik terhadap kemungkinan fascioliasis perlu dilakukan, sebagai langkah penanggulangan fascioliasis di daerah tersebut.

Vitamin C bersifat esensial untuk mamalia, termasuk manusia, primata, dan marmut, meskipun mamalia lain, seperti ruminansia, babi, kuda, anjing, dan kucing, dapat mensintesis vitamin C dari glukosa di hati. Ruminansia pada dasarnya bergantung pada sintesis endogen karena vitamin C asal pakan sebagian besar dirusak semuanya oleh mikroorganisme rumen. Dengan demikian, ruminansia lebih bergantung vitamin C endogen untuk mencukupi kebutuhan tubuhnya guna memenuhi persyaratan fisiologis dibandingkan dengan hewan lain. Meskipun demikian, ruminansia muda lebih rentan terhadap defisiensi vitamin C karena biasanya hanya memperoleh diet dengan kandungan vitamin C yang rendah. Produksi vitamin C endogen pada ruminansia muda dapat mencapai tingkat maksimal setelah umur 16 minggu. Konsentrasi vitamin C pada ruminansia muda yang rendah tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan dermatosis pada ruminansia muda. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengulas secara singkatnya defisiensi vitamin C yang terkait dengan dermatosis pada ruminansia.

Background and Aim: Fasciolosis is a significant problem in veterinary and public health, causing huge economic losses. Epidemiological studies of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Indonesia are few and existing reports primarily focus on prevalence. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and infection intensity of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 400 dairy cattle from 72 household farms in eight subdistricts. Fecal samples (n=400) were examined using the Flukefinder® kit and the simple sedimentation technique was the gold standard for fasciolosis. In-person interviews using questionnaires collected data on farmers, farms, and animal characteristics. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associated risk factors for fasciolosis, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia, was 16.50% (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.85-20.15) at the animal level (n = 400), whereas 40.28% at household farms (n = 72) level (95% CI 18.67-51.88). The relative sensitivity and specificity of the Flukefinder® kit compared with those of the gold standard were 79.49% and 92.52%, respectively, with a moderate agreement (kappa=0.59; p < 0.001). Fasciolosis was more likely in cattle originating from the Mojosongo subdistrict than from other subdistricts (odds ratio (OR)=5.28, 95% CI 1.22-22.94); from farms that did not process manure versus from those that did (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.43-4.71); and with farmers that had never attended extension programs compared with those who had (OR = 4.72, 95% CI 1.99-11.19). Studied cattle were mostly affected by light Fasciola spp. infections (92.4%, 95% CI 77.8-100%) followed by moderate (6.1%, 95% CI 0-22.2%) and heavy (1.5%, 95% CI 0-5.6%) infections. Conclusion: Fasciolosis is prevalent in dairy cattle in Boyolali, Indonesia. Control efforts should target the high-risk Mojosongo subdistrict, emphasize the importance of processing manure, and encourage farmers to attend extension programs. Flukefinder® is a practical on-site diagnostic kit for fasciolosis in Indonesian dairy farms. Parasite species identification and a malacological survey of intermediate hosts of Fasciola spp. in the farming environment are required for further research.

Background and Aim: Anthrax is a non-contagious infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. The bacteria form spores that are resistant to extreme conditions and can contaminate the environment for decades. This study aimed to detect and characterize B. anthracis found in endemic areas of anthrax in Yogyakarta and Central Java province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Soil samples were collected from Gunungkidul regency, Yogyakarta province (n=315) and Boyolali regency, Central Java province (n=100). Additional soil samples (n=10) and straw samples (n=5) were obtained from Pati regency, Central Java province. The isolation and identification of B. anthracis were performed using conventional methods: Morphology of bacteria colony in solid media, Gram staining, capsule staining, spores staining, and motility test. Isolates were further identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) against Ba813, lef (pXO1), and capC (pXO2) gene. An avirulent vaccine strain of B. anthracis (strain 34F2) was used as a control. Results: Only four samples grew on blood agar with a ground-glass appearance, white-gray colony (Gunungkidul and avirulent strain) or yellowish (Boyolali and Pati). All were Gram-positive, presented chains, square-ended rods, spores, and were then identified as B. anthracis. Boyolali, Pati, and avirulent strain isolates had slightly different characteristics, including the growth of non-mucoid in the bicarbonate agar medium, and their uncapsulated form. The PCR showed two Gunungkidul isolates which amplified three genes, including Ba813, lef, and capC. Contrarily, the other isolates did not amplify the capC gene. Conclusion: Gunungkidul isolates were identified as virulent strains of B. anthracis while Boyolali and Pati isolates were proposed as avirulent strains. This is the first report of isolation and identification of avirulent strains of B. anthracis in Central Java, Indonesia.

Kepincangan pada sapi perah yang dapat diebabkan kuku abnormal dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan dan produksi susu. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan kasus kepincangan akibat kuku abnormal pada sapi perah yang dipelihara di kandang dengan alas karet dan beton. Penelitian ini menggunakan 104 ekor sapi perah dari 23 peternak, yang terdiri dari 72 ekor dipelihara dengan alas kandang karet dan 32 beton. Semua sapi diperiksa kukunya, kemampuan berdiri dan berjalan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi kasus kuku abnormal sebanyak 26 dari 105 ekor sapi (25%) yang terdiri dari 16/72 ekor (22,2%) pada kandang alas karet dan 10/32 ekor (31,3%) pada kandang alas beton. Kondisi kuku tersebut menyebabkan sebanyak 8 ekor sapi (30,8%) kesulitan berdiri atau kesulitan berjalan dan (69,2%) masih dapat berdiri dan berjalan dengan normal. Sebanyak 6/16 ekor (37,5%) sapi pada kandang alas karet dan 2/10 ekor (20%) sapi pada kandang alas beton menunjukkan kesulitan berdiri dan berjalan. Abnormalitas kuku pada penelitian ini kemungkinan disebabkan kuku tidak dipotong tepat waktu karena peternak kurang berpengalaman. Kesimpulan dari peneltian ini adalah prevalensi problem kuku abnormal adalah 25% yang didapatkan lebih banyak terjadi pada kandang alas beton. Kepincangan akibat kuku abnormal terjadi pada 30,8% sapi perah kuku abnormal dan kejadian didapatkan lebih banyak pada sapi yang dipelihara di kandang dengan alas karet.

The West Kalimantan province in Borneo island, Indonesia belongs to endemic area of Japanese encephalitis (JE) that accounts for approximately 30% of total cases yearly. As the presence of pig holdings is uncommon in West Kalimantan, another reservoir host might have played a role in the local transmission of JE virus in this area. Current study aimed to identify the potential role of bats in the local transmission of JE by performing molecular detection of JE virus in bats and mosquitoes using RT-PCR. Sample collection was performed in 3 districts in West Kalimantan, covering 3 different ecosystems: forest, coastal, and residential areas. Bat collection was performed using mist net and harp net, while mosquito collection was carried out using animal-baited trap and human landing collection. A total of 373 blood samples from bats were tested for JE virus, among which 21 samples (5.6%) showed positive results, mainly from Cynopterus brachyotis (lesser short-nosed fruit bat) found in residential areas. Out of 53 mosquito pools, 3 JE-positive pools of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui were collected at the same location as JE-positive bats. Current study showed the first evidence of JE virus detection in several species of Megachiropteran bats in Indonesia, demonstrated the potential role of frugivorous bats in local transmission of JE in West Kalimantan. More aggressive measures are required in JE risk mitigation, particularly in initiating JE vaccination campaign and in avoiding disruption of bats’ natural habitats through changes in land-use.

Anemia adalah terjadinya defisiensi eritrosit atau hemoglobin atau keduanya hingga kemampuan darah mengangkut oksigen berkurang dan sering dijumpai pada anjing. Anjing lokal betina bernama Pogan berumur 1 tahun dengan riwayat enterektomi diperiksa dengan keluhan; lemas, kurus, nafsu makan dan minum menurun. Hasil pemeriksaan fisik; mukosa mulut dan mata anemis, dehidrasi dan kurus. Hasil pemeriksaan hematologi rutin, total protein plasma (TPP) dan albumin menunjukkan bahwa anjing mengalami anemia mikrositik hipokromik, trombositopenia, limfositosis, terjadi penurunan nilai TPP dan hipoalbuminemia. Berdasarkan anamnesa, pemeriksaan fisik dan laboratorik anjing Pogan didiagnosis menderita anemia mikrositik hipokromik yang diakibatkan oleh defisiensi zat besi (Fe). Pengobatan dengan menggunakan preparat Fe dengan dosis 1 ml/5kgbb, subcutan selama 5 hari dan terapi suportif berupa infus serum albumin manusia dengan total volume 128 ml melalui infus intravena selama ±4 jam dan Livron (Vitamin B complex) 1tab/hari, per oral selama 5 hari memberikan hasil yang baik.

Stasis urin merupakan diagnosis simtomatif yang menggambarkan tertahannya urin di dalam saluran urinaria yang biasanya ditandai dengan membesarnya vesica urinaria (VU). Gejala klinis dan hasil pemeriksaan laboratoris sangat berperan penting dalam menentukan diagnosanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kejadian stasis urin pada kucing secara klinis dan laboratoris. Materi yang digunakkan di dalam penelitian ini adalah 10 ekor kucing yang menunjukkan gejala klinis kesulitan urinasi. Semua kucing diperiksa fisik secara lege artis meliputi kondisi umum dan keadaan organ urinari khususnya VU. Kucing selanjutnya diambil sampel darahnya untuk diperiksa gambaran hematologi meliputi pemeriksaan jumlah eritrosit dan leukosit, nilai hemoglobin (Hb) dan packet cell volume (PCV). Hasil pemeriksaan pada penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa semua 10 ekor kucing (100%) menunjukkan gejala klinis tidak urinasi lebih dari 24 jam, pembesaran dan distensi VU, penurunan nafsu makan dan minum, lemas dan 3 ekor kucing (30%) menunjukkan penurunan reflek kesadaran. Semua kucing dalam penelitian ini berjenis kelamin jantan, terdiri dari 8 ekor (80%) berumur 13-24 bulan dan 2 ekor (20%) berumur lebih dari 24 bulan. Hasil pemeriksaan VU menggunakan USG didapatkan adanya peradangan dinding pada 9 ekor (90%), penebalan dinding pada 7 (70%) ekor dan adanya urolit pada 9 (90%) ekor kucing. Hasil pemeriksaan hematologi didapatkan semua parameter darah yang diperiksa dalam batasan yang normal. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa stasis urin total menunjukkan gejala klinis tidak urinasi, penurunan nafsu makan, pembesaran dan distensi VU yang pada pemeriksaan menggunakan USG menunjukkan adanya keradangan dan penebalan dinding VU dan ditemukan urolit.

Diare adalah penyakit yang sering ditemukan pada anjing dan Escherichia coli merupakan salah satu yang dianggap sebagai penyebabnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan diagnosis diare pada anjing yang disebabkan E. coli dan menentukan pilihan antibiotika sebagai terapi utama. Sebanyak 3 pasien anjing diare digunakan di dalam penelitian ini. Semua anjing diperiksa secara fisik dan E. coli diidentifikasi dari sampel fesesnya. Sampel feses dipupuk pada agar Harlequin™ E. coli/Coliform Medium dan diinkubasi pada 37 °C selama 24 jam. Koloni yang tumbuh diamati, dicat Gram dan diperiksa di bawah mikroskop. Bakteri selanjutnya diuji sensitivitasnya terhadap amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline dan enrofloxacin menggunakan metode disk difusi. Zona pertumbuhan bakteri diukur dan dibandingkan dengan standar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa E. coli ditemukan pada semua (3) sampel feses anjing diare. Semua bakteri tersebut sensitif terhadap chloramphenicol dan 1 isolat sensitif terhadap amoxicillin, tetapi isolat lainnya berifat intermedier sampai resisten terhadap amoxicillin, doxycylin dan enrofloksasin. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah E. coli dapat berperan sebagai penyebab diare pada anjing dan chloramphenicol adalah antibiotika pilihan utama untuk terapi.

Abstract Stomatitis is an inflammation that occurs in the oral mucosal tissue, characterized by ulcers. This study aims to diagnose and treat stomatitis in cat. A 7-month-old female domestic cat weighing 2.7 kg with lethargy, lost of appetite, decreased thirst, and was having sores for 2 days was examined. The cat was examined physically including anamnesis, an inspection of body condition and eating behavior, palpation of the skin, hair, and parts of the body that can be palpated, and auscultation of the thorax and abdomen. The blood sample that was examined includes the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin value, leukocytes count, and their differentials. Physical examination results showed hyperemic gingival, swollen submandibular and retropharyngeal lymphoglandula, and there were multiple ulcers on the lips and tongue. Hematological examination showed thrombocytopenia and monocytosis. The stomatitis was diagnosed in the cat with a good prognosis. Therapy was given for 5 consecutive days in the form of intramuscular injection of Amoxycillin 10 mg/kg BW twice daily, intramuscular injection of diphenhydramine HCl 1 mg/kg BW once daily, subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml vitamin C once daily, oral administration of 0.5 ml multivitamin twice daily, and povidone-iodine for gargle twice a day applied lightly to the lesion area. Stomatitis in this study was cured within 5 days by treatment with amoxicillin, diphenhydramine HCl, vitamin C, multivitamins, and topical povidone-iodine. Keywords: Amoxicillin; Cat; Stomatitis; Vitamin C. Abstrak Stomatitis merupakan radang yang terjadi pada jaringan mukosa mulut yang ditandai adanya ulser. Studi kasus ini bertujuan melakukan diagnosis dan pengobatan stomatitis pada kucing. Studi kasus ini melaporkan seekor kucing domestik betina umur 7 bulan dengan berat badan 2,7 kg dengan keluhan lesu, tidak ada nafsu makan dan minum, serta menderita sariawan sejak 2 hari sebelum diperiksa. Kucing diperiksa secara fisik meliputi anamnesa, inspeksi terhadap kondisi tubuh dan perilaku makan, palpasi terhadap kulit, rambut, dan permukaan tubuh lainnya, serta auskultasi pada daerah thorax dan abdomen. Sampel darah kucing diperiksa terhadap jumlah eritrosit kadar hemoglobin, jumlah leukosit dan diferensialnya. Hasil pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan limfoglandula submandibula dan retropharingeal bengkak, gingiva hiperemi serta adanya ulser multiple pada bibir dan lidah. Hasil pemeriksaan darah menunjukkan trombositopenia dan monositosis. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan kucing didiagnosis stomatitis dengan prognosis fausta. Kucing diberi terapi selama 5 hari berupa amoxicillin dosis 10 mg/kg BB dua kali sehari secara intramuskular, diphenhydramine HCl 1 mg/kg BB satu kali sehari secara intramuskular, vitamin C sebanyak 0,5 ml satu kali sehari secara subkutan, multivitamin sebanyak 0,5 ml dua kali sehari secara per oral, dan povidone iodine dua kali sehari dioleskan pada lesi stomatitis. Stomatitis pada kasus ini dapat disembuhkan dalam waktu 5 hari dengan pemberian amoxicillin, dipenhidramin HCl, vitamin C, multivitamin secara sistemik dan povidone iodine secara topikal. Kata kunci: Amoksisilin; Kucing; Stomatitis; Vitamin C

The dermatophytosis treatment in dogs can fail due to dermatophyte resistance to antifungals. The purpose of this study is to determine the antifungal sensitivity of dermatophyte Microsporum canis (M. canis) isolated from dogs with dermatophyte. A total of 17 M. canis dog isolates were tested for sensitivity to 25 µg fluconazole, 25 µg griseofulvin, 15 µg ketoconazole and 30 µg terbinafine, using the disc diffusion method. The M. canis isolates were cultured on Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar media, placed an antifungal disc, and then incubated at 28 C for 7 days. The diameter of inhibition zone was measured, then compared with the standard, to determine whether they were sensitive, intermediate or resistant. The results of this study indicate that 16 isolates were sensitive to fluconazole; 17 isolates were sensitive to griseofulvin, ketoconazole and terbinafine; and one isolate was intermediate to fluconazole. Based on these results, it is concluded that all 17 (100%) isolates are sensitive to the antifungals griseofulvin, ketoconazole, terbinafine, and 16 (94%) isolates are sensitive to fluconazole. Thus, the four antifungals can be selected to treat dermatophytes in dogs.

Background and Aim: Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous pathogen causing aspergillosis in poultry. This research aimed to evaluate the clinical and pathological features of aspergillosis infection in broilers. Materials and Methods: A. fumigatus infection was induced experimentally by intra-air sac inoculation of a 1.7×108 spore suspension into broilers. Infected and non-infected birds were closely observed for the development of clinical signs of infection twice daily. Pathological samples were collected 5, 14, and 30 days post-infection (dpi) and examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results: A total of 160 birds were included in this study. Clinical signs emerged at 3 dpi and became consistent at 5 dpi. A considerable decrease in severity and number of birds showing infection symptoms followed. The clinical signs of aspergillosis included anorexia (n=40; 50%), lethargy (n=32; 40%), dyspnea (n=38; 48%), and gasping (n=29; 36%). Macroscopic changes in the air sacs at 3 dpi included the development of minor lesions showing cloudiness, slight membrane thickening, and local exudates. Histopathological examination of the air sacs collected at 3 dpi indicated local inflammation surrounded by hyphae and spores. At 5 dpi, infected birds developed nodules, necrosis, and parenchymal consolidation of the lungs. Pulmonary changes, such as bronchopneumonia, spores, septate hyphae, and mild granulomatous inflammation, were also observed. At 14 dpi, multiple caseous nodules and plaques were found in the air sacs; plaque and necrosis in large areas of the lungs and severe multifocal granulomatous inflammation were noted. Conclusion: The clinical symptoms of aspergillosis emerged at 3 dpi and gradually decreased beginning at 7 dpi. Similar pathological changes were observed in the air sacs and lungs. The results of this work provide additional information on the pathogenesis of aspergillosis.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui frekuensi pulsus dan nafas saat recovery uterus sapi potong pasca beranak yang diinfusi Povidon iodine 1%. Penelitian ini menggunakan 10 ekor sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) yang beranak normal, sehat, umur 4-9 tahun, skor kondisi tubuh 2,5-3,5. Sapi dikelompokkan menjadi 2 yaitu 1). kontrol 2). infusi Povidon iodine 1%. Semua sapi diperiksa secara fisik meliputi kondisi kesehatan umum, penghitungan frekuensi pulsus dan nafas pada hari ke-3 (minggu ke-1), hari ke 38 dan hari ke 68 pasca beranak. Sapi kelompok 2 diberi infusi Povidon iodine 1 % sebanyak 250 ml per-ekor pada hari ke-3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua sapi dalam kondisi sehat dengan frekuensi nafas pada sapi kelompok kontrol hari ke-3, 38 dan 68 berturut-turut adalah 28,80 ± 5,02; 24,00 ± 0,00 dan 25,20 ± 4,38 kali/menit dan pada sapi kelompok perlakuan adalah 27,60 ± 3,29; 22,40 ± 4,34 dan 21,20 ± 5,76 kali/menit. Frekuensi pulsus pada sapi kelompok kontrol hari ke-3, 38 dan 68 berturut-turut adalah 81,60 ± 8,05; 67,20 ± 14,94 dan 62,00 ± 4,90 kali/menit dan kelompok perlakuan adalah 74,40 ± 8,05; 63,20 ± 9,01 dan 72,80 ± 9,86 kali/menit. Uji t-test didapatkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang singifikan (p> 0,05) antara sapi kontrol dan perlakukan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sapi PO sehat 3-68 hari pasca beranak mempunyai frekuensi nafas 21,20 ± 5,76 - 28,80 ± 5,02 kali/menit dan frekuensi pulsus 62,00 ± 4,90 - 81,60 ± 8,05 kali/menit.

Salah satu penyakit pada kucing dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi adalah Feline Panleukopenia (FPL). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran leukosit kucing penderita Feline Panleukopenia. Penelitian ini menggunakan 27 ekor kucing jantan dan betina berbagai umur yang didiagnosa FPL berdasar Feline Parvo Virus Ag test. Semua kucing diambil darah secara lege artis sebanyak 1 ml, diperiksa jumlah leukositnya, kemudian dianalisis secara diskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa FPL lebih banyak diderita kucing jantan (59,3 % ) dari pada betina (40,7%). Kejadian FPL lebih banyak diderita kucing umur ≤ 6 bulan, yaitu 21 ekor (77,8 %) dibanding umur > 6 bulan, yaitu 6 ekor (22,2 %). Sebanyak 19 ekor (70,4 %) FPL mempunyai jumlah total leukosit < 1.000 sel/mm3, 4 ekor (14,8 %) 1.000 – 2.500 sel/mm3 dan 4 ekor yang lain (14,8 %) > 2.500 sel/mm3. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar penderita Feline Panleukopenia mengalami penurunan leukosit berat dengan prognosis infausta, terutama pada kucing jantan dan umur muda.

Dermatophytosis, a zoonotic disease, is caused by fungi of three main genera, namely, Micropsorum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Specific lesions of dermatophyte infections are localized in the face, legs, and/or tail. Skin lesions in infected animals demonstrate localized alopecia, erythema, and crust, which are more commonly known as ringworm. Factors that affect dermatophytosis include the dermatophyte species; virulence factors of the agent; and the immune status, age, and sex of the host. High levels of cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been reported to play an important role in dermatophyte infection. This review aims to explore and understand factors that affect dermatophyte infection with an emphasis on the prevalence, clinical signs, pathogenesis, immune response, and the roles of cortisol and cytokines in companion animals infected by a dermatophyte.

Background and Aim: This paper reports a retrospective study performed in 185 cats diagnosed with feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The analyzed population involved feline patients at the Veterinary Clinic of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. This research aimed to evaluate the clinical indications and causes of FLUTD in the Yogyakarta cat population. Materials and Methods: The medical data of all feline patients were obtained to conduct this study. FLUTD diagnoses were based on physical examinations, urinalyses, ultrasound examinations, and bacterial cultures. Only cats with a complete examination were used in the study. The clinical signs were evaluated and accompanied by the results of laboratory tests in cats that showed symptoms of FLUTD. The medical history of all feline patients was analyzed thoroughly. Most of the feline's urine samples were collected by catheterization. Results: The most commonly diagnosed of FLUTD in the Yogyakarta cat population were: feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) (56%), urinary tract infection (UTI; 25%), urolithiasis (13%), urethral plugs (UP) (4.9%), and neoplasia (0.4%), respectively. The prevalence of UTI is higher than that reported in Europe or the US. Older cats more often show symptoms of UTI and neoplasia, whereas young cats more often show symptoms of FIC and UP. The prevalence of male cats experiencing FLUTD in Yogyakarta is much higher than female cats. Conclusion: The incidence rate of FLUTD cases in Yogyakarta is related to age and sex. The results of this study are similar to those of the previous research studies conducted in other countries.

Pakan merupakan faktor sangat penting dalam menunjang keberhasilan usaha peternakan. Ternak ruminansia sangat bergantung pada pakan hijauan. Di sisi lain, ketersediaan pakan hijauan sangat berfluktuasi, melimpah di musim hujan tetapi minim di saat musim kemarau.. Jerami jagung adalah produk limbah samping pertanian yang berpotensi digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk pakan ternak ruminansia. Menggunakan jerami jagung sebagai pakan ternak untuk hewan ruminansia dapat membantu menyelesaikan masalah kekurangan pakan ternak terutama di musim kemarau. Penggunaan jerami jagung sebagai pakan ternak terbatas karena daya cerna yang rendah. Berbagai metode dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi nilai gizi jerami jagung yang terbatas seperti membuat hay dan silase sehingga kandungan nutrisinya dapat ditingkatkan. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan singkat tentang metode untuk meningkatkan nilai gizi jerami jagung sehingga dapat meningkatkan produktivitas ruminansia.

Acetaminophen, commonly known as paracetamol, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used in human medicine for its antipyretic and analgesic action. As paracetamol became readily available in many over-the-counter and no-prescription products, reports of paracetamol poisoning in dogs and cats became more common. The toxicity of paracetamol is more pronounced in cats when compared to dogs. Clinical signs of paracetamol toxicity include depression, weakness, tachypnea, dyspnea, vomiting, hypothermia, facial or paw edema, hepatic necrosis, and death. The characteristics of severe paracetamol poisoning are methemoglobinemia, cyanosis, anemia, and jaundice. Although there are no specific antidotes, acetylcysteine is the drug of choice for paracetamol poisoning treatment. Symptomatic and supportive therapies play a more definitive role in the management of paracetamol poisoning. This paper aims to briefly review the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of paracetamol poisoning in dogs and cats.

Aflatoxin is a toxic compound from the fungus A. flavus which can cause a decrease in chicken productivity. This study aims to evaluate the effect of bentonite clay and activated charcoal in chicken feed as aflatoxin binders based on histopathological and immunological features in chickens. A total of 60 chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups (G0, G1, G2, and G3) each group consisted of 15 chickens. G0 as a control without the addition of aflatoxin to the feed. Groups G1, G2, and G3’s feed were added with 106 ppb of aflatoxin. G2 was treated with 5g/kg bentonite clay, G3 was treated with 5g/kg activated charcoal. Chickens were vaccinated with Newcastle Disease (ND) on day 5. On days 14 and 28 serum was collected from the specimens for titer antibody testing. At the end of the study the chickens were dissected, the liver was taken for a histopathological test. The results of the aflatoxin level in the G0, G1, G2, and G3 groups were 10.5, 106, 19.1, and 23.95 ppb, respectively. Microscopic changes show the negative effects of aflatoxin on the liver organ. Group G0 did not show any histopathological changes, Group G2 and G3 showed several mild histopathological changes, whereas group G1 was the most severe. The antibody titers against Newcastle Disease (ND) of 4-weeks old chickens in G0, G1, G2, and G3 were 64, 4, 32, 32 HI units, respectively. The G0 treatment group has a protective titer against ND disease. Group G1 has the lowest (non-protective) ND antibody titer. Whereas the G2 and G3 groups both have protective titers against ND disease. Based on this study it was concluded that the administration of bentonite clay and activated charcoal was able to produce better immunological and histopathological features than the control group.

Bovine ephemeral fever (atau 3-day sickness) adalah penyakit demam akut pada sapi dan kerbau yang disebabkan oleh Ephemerovirus dari keluarga rhabdoviridae dan ditularkan oleh vektor arthropoda. Penyakit tersebut biasa terjadi di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Dalam banyak kasus, dampak utamanya adalah pada penurunan produktivitas, produksi susu, kondisi tubuh, gangguan reproduksi, dan periode pemulihan yang lama pada beberapa hewan. Gejala klinis bervariasi pada setiap individu hewan, tetapi pada umumnya diawali dengan demam yang bersifat bifasik melanjut menjadi polifasik. Mortalitas biasanya rendah, namun, peningkatan kasus berakibat fatal telah dilaporkan dalam beberapa wabah akhir-akhir ini. Penyakit ini tersebar luas diberbagai daerah di Indonesia. Secara umum tidak menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi yang besar, asalkan segera mendapatkan pertolongan medis yang memadai sehingga tidak terjadi komplikasi dengan penyakit lain. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengulas penyebab, metode diagnosa, dan terapi yang dapat dilakukan untuk menanggulangi kejadian BEF.

Teknik sexing pada burung secara molekuler dengan metode PCR telah banyak dikembangkan, tetapi sampel yang digunakan adalah darah dan bulu yang dianggap invasif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari efisiensi sampel swab bukal sebagai sumber DNA dalam sexing dengan metode PCR. Penelitian ini menggunakan 10 ekor burung kenari (Serinus canaria) yang terdiri dari 6 ekor burung dewasa (3 jantan dan 3 betina) dan 4 ekor kenari piyikan (umur 14 – 18 hari) yang belum diketahui jenis kelaminnya serta 6 ekor merpati (Columba livia) dewasa (3 jantan dan 3 betina) dan 7 ekor merpati piyikan (umur 14 – 25 hari) yang belum diketahui jenis kelaminnya. Amplifikasi fragmen gen dilakukan menggunakan metode PCR dengan pasangan primer CHD1F/CHD1R.Hasil visualisasi produk PCR menunjukkan semua burung jantan dewasa menghasilkan satu band (± 500 bp), sedangkan burung betina dewasa menghasilkan dua band (± 500 bp dan ± 300 bp). Amplifikasi gen dari swab bukal burung kenari muda didapatkan 2 ekor jantan dan 2 ekor betina, sedangkan dari swab bukal burung merpati muda didapatkan 6 ekor jantan dan 1 ekor betina. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sampel swab bukal terbukti efisien sebagai sumber DNA dalam sexing burung khususnya burung piyikan.

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the bacteria that causing mastitis, implicate economic losses in dairy farm. Treatment of S. aureus is known to be difficult because of the mismatch of choosing the right type of antibiotic and the nature of resistance that is easily developed. The purpose of this study were to identified and characterized the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in dairy cows subclinical mastitis from Sedyo Mulyo farm, Pakem, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Bacterial identification of S. aureus from 40 milk positive CMT test was carried out through bacterial culture with MSA test, coagulase, catalase, Gram staining, Voges-Proskauer test, and colony morphology on 5% sheep blood agar plates. Identification of S. aureus resistance to several antibtiotic were carried out by the Kirby-Bauer method. The results showed that 26 of 40 milk samples tested were presumptive identified for S. aureus. The percentage of antibiotics resistance to cefixim, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, erythromycin, and oxacillin, were 100%, 96%, 61.5%, 38.4%, 23%, and 2% respectively. Whereas all presumptive S. aureus isolates still 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Monitoring and evaluation of the presence of S. aureus bacteria in subclinical mastitis milk needs to be done to prevent the potential for developing mastitis severity and antibiotic resistance. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance; S. Aureus; Subclinical mastitis Abstrak Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) adalah salah satu bakteri penyebab mastitis yang menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi pada peternakan sapi perah. Pengobatan terhadap S. aureus menjadi sulit dilakukan terutama karena ketidaksesuaian pemilihan jenis antibiotik yang tepat dan sifat resistensi terhadap antibiotik yang mudah berkembang. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi dan mengetahui karakterisasi resistensi antibiotik S. aureus pada susu mastitis subklinis dari sapi perah di kelompok ternak Sedyo Mulyo, Pakem, Sleman Yogyakarta. Identifikasi S. aureus dari 40 susu yang positif uji Californian Mastitis Test (CMT) dilakukan melalui kultur bakteri dengan uji Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), koagulase, katalase, pengecatan Gram, uji Voges-Proskauer, dan morfologi koloni pada pelat agar darah domba 5%. Identifikasi resistensi S. aureus terhadap berbagai macam antibiotik dilakukan dengan metode Kirby-Bauer. Hasil penelitian diketahui 65% (26/40) sampel susu positif uji CMT terisolasi terduga S. aureus. Persentase resistensi pada antibiotik secara berurutan cefixim, ampisilin, oksitetrasiklin, penisilin G, eritromisin, dan oxacillin yaitu 100%, 96%, 61.5%, 38.4%, 23%, dan 2%. Semua S. aureus yang diuji masih 100% peka terhadap ciprofloxacin. Lebih dari 50% susu mastitis subklinis pada penelitian ini mengandung terduga bakteri S. aureus, diketahui mayoritas isolat tersebut menunjukkan telah resistensi terhadap berbagai jenis antibiotik. Monitoring dan evaluasi keberadaan bakteri S. aureus pada susu mastitis subklinis perlu dilakukan untuk mencegah potensi berkembangnya derajat keparahan mastitis dan resistensi antibiotik. Kata Kunci: Mastitis subklinis; Resistensi antibiotik; S. aureus.

Indonesia belongs to endemic areas of Japanese encephalitis (JE), yet data regarding the true risk of disease transmission are lacking. While many seroprevalence studies reported its classic enzootic transmission, data related to the role of bats in the transmission of JE virus are limited. This current study aimed to identify the potential role of bats in the local transmission of the JE virus to aid the ongoing active case surveillance in Indonesia, in order to estimate the transmission risk. Mosquitoes and bats were collected from 11 provinces in Indonesia. The detection of the JE virus used polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Maps were generated to analyze the JE virus distribution pattern. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify risk factors of JE virus transmission. JE virus was detected in 1.4% (7/483) of mosquito pools and in 2.0% (68/3,322) of bat samples. Mosquito species positive for JE virus were Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui, whereas JE-positive bats belonged to the genera Cynopterus, Eonycteris, Hipposideros, Kerivoula, Macroglossus, Pipistrellus, Rousettus, Scotophilus and Thoopterus. JE-positive mosquitoes were collected at the same sites as the JE-positive bats. Collection site nearby human dwellings (AOR: 2.02; P = 0.009) and relative humidity of >80% (AOR: 2.40; P = 0.001) were identified as independent risk factors for JE virus transmission. The findings of the current study highlighted the likely ongoing risk of JE virus transmission in many provinces in Indonesia, and its potential implications on human health.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global concern, and is caused by pathogenic serovar Leptospira interrogans. Canine Leptospirososis is widespread worldwide, dogs can act as incidental hosts or maintenance hosts for various serovars. The purpose of this research was to identify leptospire serovars that infect healthy and suspected leptospirosis dogs in Yogyakarta. A total of 56 dogs (36 healthy dogs and 20 suspect leptospirosis dogs) sera were taken from cephalica vein as much as 3 ml. Sera were examined for leptospirosis with Microscopic Aglutination Test (MAT) which conducted at the Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor. Microscopic Aglutination Test carried out on various Leptospire serovar, namely: Ichterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Celledoni, Ballum, Pyogenes, Cynopeteri, Rachmati, Australis, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Bataviae, Hardjo, and Tarrasovi. The results showed that Celledoni serovars infected 25% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, Javanica serovar infected 19% of healthy dogs, Bataviae serovars infected 15% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, Grippotyphosa serovar infected 11% of healthy dogs, Tarrasovi serovar infected 10% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, serovars Cynopteri infects 5% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, serovar Pyrogenes infects 5% of healthy dogs and 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs, and serovar Rachmati infects 5% of suspect leptospirosis dogs. Seven healthy dogs (19%) and 2 suspect leptospirosis dogs (10%) were infected with more than 2 leptospire serovars. From the results of this study it can be concluded that Celledoni serovar of Leptospira interrogans infection causes subclinical leptospirosis, while Bataviae serovar infection causes clinical leptospirosis in dogs in Yogyakarta.

Antibiotics are substances that capable of inhibiting the growth of or killing microorganisms. The presence of residues in the tissues are associated with continuous use of antibiotics for long periods of time. The antibiotic residue that is often detected in freshwater fishery products is tetracycline. One method of analysis of tetracycline residues in fish meat is widely developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This research was aimed to validate the method of analysis of tetracycline content in tilapia meat by using HPLC Shimadzu 6.1. The mobile phase consisting of methanol: acetonitrile: oxalic acid (5:15:80) with 1 ml / min flow rate, detector UV Vis with wavelength 355 nm, and C18Shim-pack column size 150 L x 4,6 mm at temperature of 30oC. The result of this research showed values corresponding to validation criteria based on parameters of specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. Tetracycline analysis using HPLC tool has good and acurate validity as the first step in detecting the tetracycline level in tilapia meat.

Cacing nematoda gastrointestinal merupakan parasit yang memiliki peran penting pada ruminansia di negara tropis maupun subtropis. Nematoda tersebut memicu berbagai masalah kesehatan dan dapat mengakibatkan penurunan produksi karena menghambat pertumbuan, rendahnya kenaikan bobot badan, kematian pada hewan muda, biaya pengobatan tinggi dan kerugian ekonomi yang besar dalam usaha peternakan. Penggunaan golongan macrocyclic lactones yang memiliki spektrum luas telah digunakan dalam mengendalikan infeksi cacing nematoda gastrointestinal dalam industri peternakan selama empat dekade yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan resistensi antelmintik. Seiring berkembangnya resistensi terhadap anthelmintik membuat para ahli berusaha mencari metode standar untuk digunakan sebagai deteksi resistensi yang dapat diandalkan. Meskipun demikian, sebagian besar metode yang digunakan memiliki kekurangan seperti biaya tinggi, aplikasi dan interpretasi yang tidak mudah. Saat ini pedoman standar untuk deteksi resistensi anthelmintik telah dikeluarkan oleh World Association for Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP). resistensi antelmintik dapat diatasi atau ditunda dengan berbagai upaya seperti manajemen pencegahan dan pengobatan cacing pada ternak secara terpadu.

Numerous cases of acute renal failure in dogs and cats from 2004-2007 were associated with the ingestion of dog and cat pet food products and the suspected contaminant was identified as melamine and its derivatives such as cyanuric acid and melamine cyanurate. Melamine is a chemical used primarily for the manufacture of plastics, coatings, commercial filters, adhesives and compounds in the plate-making industry and kitchen appliance.But then these compounds have been abused to increase the content of nitrogen compounds in human food products and animal feed products, respectively. Increasing the content of nitrogen compounds from melamine aims to increase the value of false protein food and feed. Melamine basically has a wide security limit so it is relatively non-toxic if consumed by humans and animals. However, many studies and case reports show that melamine can cause damage to the kidneys especially if present together with cyanuric acid in the body.This paper aims to provide a simple overview and discussion in cases of damage to the urinary tract in dogs and cats that are likely caused by toxicity of melamine and its derivatives are likely to have occurred in Indonesia.

Background and Aim: Paramphistomiasis is common in tropical countries such as Indonesia and affects livestock and various endemic wild animals such as Sumatran elephants. However, the specific species of paramphistomoid worm that causes paramphistomiasis are rarely reported. The study aims at identifying paramphistomoid worm that infects Sumatran elephants. Materials and Methods: Flukes were collected from the feces of five semi-captive Sumatran elephants that lived at Tegal Yoso Elephant Response Unit in Way Kambas National Park, in 2018, after treatment of oxyclozanide 1 g at the dose of approximately 5-8 mg/kg of body weight. Eight paramphistomoid worms were flattened and stained in Semichon's carmine for morphological identification, and five other worms were used for molecular identification at second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequence. Results: Forty-five flukes were collected from five Sumatran elephants in Lampung, Indonesia. Eight paramphistomoid worms were morphologically identified as Pfenderius heterocaeca> and five isolates did not show any variation in ITS-2. Phylogenetic analysis showed that there was a close genetic relationship between our sample and Chiorchis fabaceus that had a family similar to the samples. Conclusion: Based on the morphological and molecular characteristics, the paramphistomoids found in Sumatran elephant on Way Kambas National Park are P. heterocaeca.

Mastitis is a disease caused by a wide variety of microorganisms that causes large economical loses and damages to the dairy industry by decreasing milk production and through increasing costs of antibiotic treatment and culling. In spite of the prevalence of mycotic mastitis is usually very low as compared to other agents of mastitis, but it has significantly increased during the last decade In recent years, fungal agents have been frequently reported among the causative agents for mastitis. Though moulds and yeasts are widely distributed in nature, only the yeasts are usually implicated as the cause of mycotic mastitis infections in ruminants. Given the importance of the disease, especially in terms of economic losses, in this short article we try to make a review to help practitioners and farmers in controlling and minimizing the incidence of mycotic mastitis.

Rumen adalah ekosistem yang sangat kompleks serta mengandung berbagai jenis mikroba. Kinerja ruminansia tergantung pada aktivitas mikroorganisme mereka untuk memanfaatkan asupan pakan. Namun demikian, aktivitas mikroba rumen juga merupakan sumber utama pembentukan gas metan dari bidang pertanian yang mengakibatkan efek rumah kaca. Protozoa rumen dengan penampilan yang cukup mencolok dianggap memiliki peran penting pada ruminansia sebagai hospes. Namun, terlepas dari kenyataan bahwa protozoa dapat menyumbang hingga 50% biomassa di rumen, peran protozoa sebagai salah satu mikroba dalam ekosistem rumen masih belum jelas. Meskipun peran protozoa masih belum jelas, namun protozoa dalam rumen terbukti memiliki hubungan dengan methanogen dan telah terbukti bahwa protozoa secara tidak langsung terlibat dalam produksi gas metan. Methanogen adalah satu-satunya mikroorganisme yang diketahui mampu memproduksi metan. Karena protozoa adalah penghasil hidrogen besar, yang digunakan sebagai substrat oleh simbion metanogennya untuk mengurangi karbon dioksida menjadi metana, dengan demikian dapat diasumsikan bahwa defaunasi mengurangi metanogenesis dengan jalan menurunkan kepadatan methanogen. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengevaluasi informasi terkini tentang peran protozoa di ekosistem mikroba rumen dan dampaknya terhadap lingkungan.

The study described the development of a haptoglobin-based diagnostic tool for mastitis in Ettawa crossbreed goats. Fifty eight milk samples were collected from a flock of goats in Yogyakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. All samples were tested for mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cell Count (SCC), and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to identify Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus agalactiae. The presence of haptoglobin mRNA and proteins in the milk somatic cells was detected using Sanger sequencing and SDS-PAGE, respectively. Milk haptoglobin levels were subsequently estimated using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed in this study. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to compare the sensitivity and specificity of CMT, SCC, and the ELISA using the PCR as the reference standard. Kappa test was used to determine the agreement between the three imperfect tests. Results indicated that somatic cells of goat milk expressed a haptoglobin mRNA with a size of 174 bp and two haptoglobin proteins with molecular weights of 18 kDa and 32 kDa. The PCR test showed that 81% of samples were diagnosed positive for mastitis. At a specificity level of 50%, the ROC indicated that the ELISA was more sensitive compared to SCC or CMT (consecutively, 96%, 94%, and 92%). Kappa values between haptoglobin ELISA and CMT or SCC were high (0.84 and 0.81, respectively). This study indicates that somatic cells of goat milk were capable of synthesizing and secreting haptoglobin. Milk haptoglobin can be a potential target for an early detection of mastitis in goats.

Mastitis means inflammation of the udder and is a common disease among dairy cows worldwide. It is subdivided into clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis, both influence milk quality and quantity, and mastitis is therefore of major economic concern for the farmer. The incidence rate of mastitis varies between herds and depends on the exposure to pathogens, environmental and management factors and the immune status of the cow. Mastitis is associated with release of free radicals, increased total oxidant capacity and decreased total antioxidants capacity in milk. Vitamin C, E, , α tocopherol, A, β-karoten and trace mineral (Cu, Zn, and Se) feeding, as an antioxidant, in dairy cows have shown appreciable protective effects by reducing the incidence of mastitis.The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of Vitamins C, E, α tocopherol, A, β-carotene, Cu, Zn, and Se in the incidence of mastitis.

Antimicrobial resistance is amongst the primary concern in the field of veterinary medicine worldwide. The research was conducted to evaluate the resistance of Escherichia coli due to inappropriate antibiotic treatment. Escherichia coli in this research was cultured in vitro using 5-ml Tryptone Soya Broth (TSB), which was mixed with an antibiotic, then was incubated at 37 0C for four days (stage I). Subsequently, a part of the culture was transferred into another 5-ml TSB and incubated at 37 0C for four days (stage II). This procedure was undertaken continuously for stage III, IV, V,and VI (until day 24). Antibiotics in this research was oxytetracycline with three various doses, which are lower dose (1 mg/ml), normal dose (2 mg/ml), and higher dose (8 mg/ml). The development of the antrimocobial resistance was evaluated every four days, using disk diffusion method and the data were analysed descriptively. The results showed that the normal and higher doses of oxytetracycline has the same rate (day 16) in causing E. coli resistant to oxytetracycline. Therefore, the treatment of oxytetracycline with a normal and higher doses continuously could accelerate the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli.

Reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) Javan locality has different phenotype among West Java, Central Java and East Java locality. This research aim was to study the phylogenetic of reticulated python (M. reticulatus) Java locality based on the partial gene cytochrome b sequences. Fifteen males and females adult healthy reticulated pythons (5 from West Java, 5 from Central Java and 5 from East Java) were used in this study. As much as 1 mL blood samples collected from ventral coccygeal vein, put in Eppendorf with EDTA then sent to Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University for total Deoxyrybo Nucleic Acid (DNA) extraction and DNA amplification with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. DNA sequencing was done in First Base Company Singapore by PT. Genetika Science Jakarta. The gene cytochrome b sequences were phylogenetically analysed using Neighbor joining (MEGA v. 5.0) method. The length of partial gene cytochrome b nucleotides sequence of M. reticulatus from West Java, Central Java and East Java locality was 819 bp. The phylogram using Neighbor joining method showed that Malayopython reticulatus Central Java locality was differentiated from West Java locality, while the East Java locality was undifferentiated from West Java and Central Java locality, namely in the same group. It could be concluded that reticulated python (M. reticulatus) Java locality has partial gene cytochrome b sequences with 819 bp. The phylogenetic of Malayopython reticulatus West Java and several from East Java were located at same branch with M. reticulatus GenBank, while the Central Java and several from East Java were located at different branch. It needs further research with more samples and validity of localities for better result.

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, can be occured clinically or subclinically. One of the causes of mastitis is Staphylococcus epidermidis. This study was aimed to isolate and identify Staphylococcus epidermidis in subclinical mastitis PFH dairy cows in Wukirsari, Cangkringan, Sleman, DIY. Sixteen milk samples were tested with a Californian Mastitis Test (CMT), followed by inoculation in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI), planted on a blood agar plate plate (PAD) and Mac Conkey Agar (MCA) for 24 hours at 370C. The growing colonies were then grown on sugar sugar and nutrient agar (NA) media. Gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test and DNase test as bacteria confirmation.CMT test results showed 15 (93.75%) out of 16 positive milk samples suffered from subclinical mastitis. Results of isolation showed 1 (6.66%)of 16 positive samples infected with Staphylococcus epidermidis.The results of this study indicate that incidence of subclinical mastitis in the study area showed a high rate and is likely to be caused by inadequate management practices and milking procedures. The high incidence of subclinical mastitis is probably caused by other bacteria because only 6.66% is caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis.