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Transdermal drug delivery plays a significant part in the drug delivery system when compared to other routes of drug administration. The function of the stratum corneum (SC) is a barrier. Recently, numerous methods have been thrived to improve the perforation of drugs across the skin. The most effective method is to use enhancers since these agents enhance skin permeability. Natural penetration enhancers like essential oils demonstrate higher enhancement activity and are more widely accepted than synthetic penetration enhancers. High potential in the expansion and interaction with the SC intercellular lipids has led to an increasing interest in these oils as penetration enhancers. This article gives an overview of a few essential oils, including their mode of action and important parameters for permeation improvement. The present work can provide essential oils as alternative enhancers, and this could be useful in transdermal administration.

In some school, teacher-centered is commonly found in the learning process. The learning process itself is still in the form of direct transfer of knowledge from teacher to students. Actually, students will learn better if they are engaged in meaningful learning activity. STEM project-based learning is one of alternative teaching strategies that engaged students in meaningful learning. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of STEM project-based learning on students' creativity in the topics of light and optics. The study used qualitative research with narrative design. Data collection technique that used is observation. The population is eight grade students in one of Junior Secondary School that is located in Bandung, Indonesia. The sample consist of 25 students that chosen based on purposive sampling technique. The data is obtained through Creativity Product Analysis Matrix (CPAM). There are three creativity dimension that used in this study which are resolution, elaboration and novelty dimension. Students’ creativity is obtained as much 76% which categorized as good. Based on the result, STEM project-based learning give the good impact on students' creativity. STEM project-based learning can be used as alternative teaching strategies in Junior Secondary School.

Tuberculosis of the thyroid gland is rare, and tuberculous granulomatous inflammation of the parathyroid glands is even rarer. The present study reports a rare case of primary hyperparathyroidism caused by tuberculous granulomatous inflammation. A 58-year-old female patient presented with generalized body pain persisting for 1 year. She had a history of recurrent renal stones (>20 times) and an incidental finding of multinodular goiter involving the parathyroid on neck ultrasound. A blood analysis revealed elevated levels of serum calcium (11.26 mg/dl) and parathyroid hormone (154.7 pg/ml). The patient underwent the resection of the affected left thyroid lobe under general anesthesia. A histopathological examination revealed parathyroid adenoma with caseating granulomatous inflammation involving the adenoma with focal lymphocytic thyroiditis of the left thyroid gland. Although granulomatous parathyroid disease with parathyroid adenoma causing hypercalcemia is an extremely rare event, it can occur. The treatment of choice is surgical resection., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright: © Salih et al.)