1. Ground-based optical measurements at European flux sites: a review of methods, instruments and current controversies
- Author
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Manuela Balzarolo 1, Karen Anderson 2, Caroline Nichol 3, Micol Rossini 4, Loris Vescovo 5, Nicola Arriga 1, Georg Wohlfahrt 6, Jean-Christophe Calvet 7, Arnaud Carrara 8, Sofia Cerasoli 9, Sergio Cogliati 4, Fabrice Daumard 10, Lars Eklundh 11, Jan A. Elbers 12, Fatih Evrendilek 13, Rebecca N. Handcock 14, Joerg Kaduk 15, Katja Klumpp 16, Bernard Longdoz 17, Giorgio Matteucci 18, Michele Meroni 4, Lenoardo Montagnani 20, Jean-Marc Ourcival 22, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete 23, Jean-Yves Pontailler 24, Radoslaw Juszczak 25, Bob Scholes 26, M. Pilar Martín 27, DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Via S.C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy, Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, United Kingdom, School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, DISAT, University of Milan-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy, CRI, Fondazione E. Mach, Viote del Monte Bondone, Trento, Italy, Institut für Ökologie, Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fundacion CEAM, Parque Tecnologico, Calle C.R. Darwin, Paterna, SP-46980, Valencia, Spain, Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Alterra, ESS-CC Group, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands, Department of Environmental Engineering, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy Campus, 14280 Bolu, Turkey, CSIRO, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia, Department of Geography [Leicester], University of Leicester, INRA, Grassland Ecosystem Research Unite, UR874, 63100 Clermont Ferrand, France, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), CNR, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, Via Cavour, 4-6 I-87036, Rende, Italy, JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Forest Services and Agency for the Environment, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Végétale, Université Paris Sud-Orsay, CNRS URA 1492 Bât. 362, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France, Dept. of Meteorology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649 Poznan, Poland, CSIR, Ecosystem Processes and Dynamics, PO Box 395, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa, Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CCHS), Balzarolo, Manuela, University of Exeter, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research [Pretoria] (CSIR), Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo, University of Innsbruck, Austrian Science Fund, Tyrolean Science Fund, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), European Commission, European Cooperation in Science and Technology, Martín, M. Pilar [0000-0002-5563-8461], Balzarolo, Manuela [0000-0002-7888-1501], Rossini, Micol [0000-0002-6052-3140], Arriga, Nicola [0000-0001-5321-3497], Carrara, Arnaud [0000-0002-9095-8807], Cerasoli, Sofia [0000-0002-9118-193X], Eklundh, Lars [0000-0001-7644-6517], Elbers, Jan A. [0000-0002-0631-3505], Handcock, Rebecca N. [0000-0001-5903-6620], Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P. [0000-0003-0482-6726], Juszczak, Radoslaw [0000-0002-5212-7383], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Balzarolo, M, Anderson, K, Nichol, C, Rossini, M, Vescovo, L, Arriga, N, Wohlfahrt, G, Calvet, J, Carrara, A, Cerasoli, S, Cogliati, S, Daumard, F, Eklundh, L, Elbers, J, Evrendilek, F, Handcock, R, Kaduk, J, Klumpp, K, Longdoz, B, Matteucci, G, Meroni, M, Montagnani, L, Ourcival, J, Sanchez Canete, E, Pontailler, J, Juszczak, R, Scholes, B, Martin, M, Martín, M. Pilar, Rossini, Micol, Arriga, Nicola, Carrara, Arnaud, Cerasoli, Sofia, Eklundh, Lars, Elbers, Jan A., Handcock, Rebecca N., Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., and Juszczak, Radoslaw
- Subjects
Optics and Photonics ,Time Factors ,Light ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Computer science ,Climate ,Cost-Benefit Analysis ,International Cooperation ,resolution ndvi ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,standardisation ,Review ,02 engineering and technology ,lcsh:Chemical technology ,spectral reflectance ,sensors ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,european flux networks ,protocol standardization ,optical measurements ,vegetation indexes ,co2 fluxes ,photosynthetic efficiency ,ndvi measurements ,carbon dioxide ,ecosystem ,calibration ,validation ,CARBON-DIOXIDE ,sensor ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Environmental monitoring ,lcsh:TP1-1185 ,Instrumentation ,protocole ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics] ,efficience photosynthétique ,Sampling (statistics) ,NDVI MEASUREMENTS ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Variety (cybernetics) ,Europe ,indice de végétation ,Protocol standardisation ,European flux networks ,Environmental Monitoring ,Underpinning ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY ,Climate Change ,Eddy covariance ,Biophysics ,Climate change ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,protocol standardisation ,Optical measurements ,écosystème ,VALIDATION ,dioxyde de carbone ,Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA ,optical measurement ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Radiometry ,SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE ,Remote sensing ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Protocol (science) ,FOOTPRINT ,Electronic Data Processing ,VEGETATION INDEXES ,CO2 FLUXES ,Sensors ,mesure optique ,flux de co2 ,Reproducibility of Results ,Data science ,reflectance spectrale ,GEO/10 - GEOFISICA DELLA TERRA SOLIDA ,Software deployment ,Autre (Sciences de l'ingénieur) ,capteur ,ndvi ,RESOLUTION NDVI ,ECOSYSTEM - Abstract
This paper reviews the currently available optical sensors, their limitations and opportunities for deployment at Eddy Covariance (EC) sites in Europe. This review is based on the results obtained from an online survey designed and disseminated by the Co-cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ESO903—“Spectral Sampling Tools for Vegetation Biophysical Parameters and Flux Measurements in Europe” that provided a complete view on spectral sampling activities carried out within the different research teams in European countries. The results have highlighted that a wide variety of optical sensors are in use at flux sites across Europe, and responses further demonstrated that users were not always fully aware of the key issues underpinning repeatability and the reproducibility of their spectral measurements. The key findings of this survey point towards the need for greater awareness of the need for standardisation and development of a common protocol of optical sampling at the European EC sites., This work was supported by the EU COST Office in the framework of the Action ES0903. C.Nichol’s project on spectral sensing is funded through a UK Natural Environment Research Council standard grant (NE/F017294/1). G.W. acknowledges financial support by the Austrian National Science Fund and the Tyrolean Science Fund through grants P17560-B16 and P19849-B16 and Uni-404/33 and Uni-404/486, respectively, as well as the University of Innsbruck. A.C. acknowledges financial support provide to Foundation CEAM by the programs CONSOLIDER- INGENIO 2010 (GRACCIE), and CARBORED-II (CGL2010-22193-C04-01).
- Published
- 2011
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